ECONOMIC INDICATORS: COUNTRY COMPARISONS

CRS Report for Congress
Economic Indicators: Country Comparisons
September 5, 2000
Shawn Waddoups
Research Associate
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Economic Indicators: Country Comparisons
Summary
Policymaking in this time of globalization often requires information about the
economic output of various countries, how those countries’ economies compare with
one another, and where the United States stands relative to the rest of the world. This
report provides a summary of output measures, explaining their strengths and
weaknesses, and various cross-country comparisons. It does not delve into any of
several other measures of economic performance that also may be of use depending
on the focus of a particular line of inquiry.
Although perhaps seemingly straight forward, comparing the economic output
of national economies can be complicated for several reasons. First, there are
different indicators to choose from when contrasting national economies. These
include gross national product (GNP), per capita GNP, purchasing power parity
(PPP) per capita GNP, and (for contrasting purposes) the human development index
(HDI). Each measure has relative strengths and weaknesses and no one measure
provides a complete picture for comparative purposes.
Second, while all country data originate from national governments, comparing
them raises numerous problems. The World Bank is a primary source for cross-
country economic (and social) data and is the source of data comparison used in this
report--with the exception of one table constructed from United Nations data. As a
single comprehensive source, the World Bank has many advantages: standardization,
reliability, and completeness. Perhaps most importantly, using a single consistent
source when comparing national economies reduces the possibility of distortion from
varying data collection and report methods that can occur when multiple sources are
being used.
According to these measures, the United States ranks first in total gross national
product (GNP), tenth in per capita GNP, fourth in per capita GNP adjusted for
purchasing power, and third using a broader indicator of economic and social well
being.
After discussing the merits of various output measures, this report provides a
detailed comparison of economic output among the world’s economies, including
tables summarizing GNP, per capita GNP, PPP GNP, and HDI, along with
comparisons of selected countries by each category. This report concludes with a list
of sources and appendix of acronyms and abbreviations.

Contents
Statistical Data Sources...........................................1
Measures of National Economic Output...............................3
Gross National Product (GNP).................................4
Gross Domestic Product (GDP).................................5
Real GNP/GDP and Other Adjustments...........................5
Per Capita Measurement......................................6
Purchasing Power Parity Gross National Product (PPP GNP)..........7
Human Development Index (HDI)...............................8
Tables of National Economic Indicators...............................9
Gross National Product......................................10
Per Capita Gross National Product..............................11
Gross National Product Rankings...............................12
Per Capita GNP Rankings....................................13
Purchasing Power Parity Per Capita GNP Rankings.................14
Comparison of Various Measures..............................15
Human Development Index Rankings............................16
Sources for Statistical Tables..................................17
Appendix A. Acronyms and Abbreviations............................18

Economic Indicators: Country Comparisons
Congressional interest in international affairs frequently turns to cross-country
comparisons of economic performance. In particular, policymaking in this time of
globalization often requires information on the economic income and output of
various countries, how those countries’ economies compare with one another, and
where the United States stands relative to the rest of the world. This report responds
to this interest by presenting selected indicators of economic output, clarifying how
they are measured and interpreted, and providing comparative data among various
countries. It also presents one broader indicator of human development to highlight
the fact that economic output, although useful, is limited as a measure of economic¹
and social well being. According to these measures, the United States ranks first in
total gross national product (GNP), tenth in per capita GNP, fourth in per capita GNP
adjusted for purchasing power, and third using a broader indicator of economic and
social well being.
Statistical Data Sources
International economic data is available from many reliable sources including: the
World Bank (WB); the International Monetary Fund (IMF); United Nations (U.N.);
the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); and others.
This report relies heavily on data from the World Bank because it is a frequently-cited
source.² In addition, even though it may appear at times that a domestic source
provides more current or accurate data (U.S. economic statistics, for example), the
World Bank is a highly accurate cross-national source known for its standardized,
reliable, and comprehensive information.
A single consistent data series allows for meaningful cross-country comparisons³
and the World Bank offers several advantages in this regard because its data:
^!must be reported using a common methodology and standardized
procedures;

¹ The report does not delve into other broad macroeconomic and social indicators. For a
discussion of some, see CRS Report RL30449: Debt and Development in Poor Countries:
Rethinking Policy Responses, by J. F. Hornbeck. March 1, 2000. pp. 1-4. For inquiries
related to this report, contact Jeff Hornbeck.
² World Bank data may be found in: World Development Indicators, World Development
Report, and World Development Indicators CD-ROM. Selected portions of the CD-ROM
are available on-line at [http://www.worldbank.org/data]
³ World Bank. World Development Report 1999/2000, 2000, p. 227.

^!reflect World Bank primary data collection efforts, working with
member country statistical sources;
^!incorporate information from other international organizations and
research institutes such as the U.N., IMF and OECD, when
necessary;
^!reflect collective professional judgement regarding data reliability and
consistency, particularly with some (often smaller developing)
countries for which this would otherwise prove difficult;
^!allow for meaningful ranking of countries by various measures. (A
note of caution, however. These are rankings of order only – the
rankings alone do not necessarily provide a complete indication of
the relative strength or weakness of national economies.)
Despite the World Bank’s concerted effort to provide consistent and accurate
data, collecting large quantities of information from many sources remains inherently
problematic. The World Bank points to the many local factors limiting data
usefulness, noting that “although international standards of coverage, definition, and
classification apply to most statistics reported by countries and international agencies,
there are inevitable differences in coverage, currentness, and the capabilities and
resources devoted to basic data collection and compilation.”⁴ When contrasting
economic indicators derived from various countries it is important to realize that
“Considerable effort has been made to standardize the data, but full compatibility
cannot be assured, and care must be taken in interpreting the indicators.”⁵
Care must also be taken in comparing figures collected by the World Bank with
those provided by other agencies. Mixing data from various reporting agencies may
reflect different collection methods and basic sources, and although the data may be
equally accurate, it may not be suitable for direct comparison. Data reported by
separate agencies may vary because of differences in definitions, methodology, and
presentation.
Another source that this report uses is the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP). This organization publishes the human development index
(HDI), which is used as a broad measure of development contrasted herein with
narrower indicators of economic output. As discussed later, the rankings generated
by the human development index can vary greatly from those of the other indicators
in this report.

⁴ Ibid.
⁵ Ibid., p. 273

Measures of National Economic Output
There are several indicators that can be used to compare economic output across
countries. Two commonly used measures are gross national product (GNP) and per
capita gross national product. The World Bank has also developed a method called
purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita gross national product. Another helpful
measure in conducting cross-national comparisons is the UNDP’s Human
Development Index (HDI). Since the HDI uses PPP GNP per capita as one of its
variables, it is related to these other measures of output, but the comparison is
expanded by adding two social factors (life expectancy and education) to provide a
broader, although crude, measure of comparative development.
The several measures are not interchangeable. When comparing the output of
different countries, analysts must ensure that they are using identical figures from a
common source. Similarly, national rankings vary from measure to measure. For
example, the United States far outpaces all other countries in total GNP, but ranks
tenth in per capita GNP, fourth in PPP per capita GNP, and third in the HDI. Two
other examples, Russia and Gabon, illustrate even more dramatically how ranking can
vary depending on the measure used. The following chart shows the ranking for each
country in four different measures:
Chart 1. Economic Performance: A Comparison of Russia and Gabon
RUSSIAGABON
Measure Rank Measure Rank
GNP 16^th GNP 107^th
Per Capita GNP97^thPer Capita GNP72^nd
PPP GNP83^rdPPP GNP89^th
HDI 62^nd HDI 123^rd
Source: World Bank and United Nations (HDI).
The variation evident in these rankings is the product of several factors:
^!In the case of Russia, the country remains one of the world’s largest
economies with a GNP ranking 16th, but that GNP is spread across
a large population, leading to a relatively low per capita GNP.
However, that is somewhat compensated for by the cost of living, as
shown by the higher ranking for PPP GNP. Furthermore, the HDI
rank indicates that Russian quality of life is somewhat higher than
what you would expect based on the per capita GNP ranking alone,
but considerably lower than the total GNP would seem to indicate;
^!In the case of Gabon, the difference between the GNP and per capita
GNP ranks indicates that the country is producing more per person
than other countries with a similar GNP. However, the lower PPP

GNP per capita indicates that the cost of living in Gabon is high in
comparison to the per capita GNP. Perhaps most tellingly, the HDI
rank for Gabon is much lower than the per capita GNP would lead
one to believe it should be.
(See table 6, page 15, for a comparison of the top twenty countries ranked by overall
GNP, per capita GNP and per capita PPP GNP.)
These cases emphasize the importance of looking to various economic indicators
when comparing countries. Depending on which measure is used, a country may rank
higher or lower on a relative scale.
Gross National Product (GNP)
GNP is the broadest measure of economic output by one nation. It is “the value
of final goods and services produced by domestically owned factors of production
within a given time period.”⁶ It is reported as an annual rate. A particular country’s
GNP is the sum of the output generated by domestically-owned enterprises plus
profits earned abroad by foreign subsidiaries of domestic parent companies and
returned to the home country. GNP also accounts for taxes (less subsidies) that are
not counted as part of the production.⁷ It does not include the profits generated by
foreign-owned corporations or individuals and taken out of the country. The World
Bank uses the output approach to measure a country’s GNP (rather than the demand
approach or total purchases plus inventory accumulation).⁸ In broad terms, this
method measures the value added at each stage of a good’s production.
For comparative purposes, the World Bank converts all GNP figures into U.S.
dollars. The Bank uses its Atlas Method of conversion to minimize the impact of
currency fluctuations.⁹ Instead of using the exchange rate of the dollar against a
particular country’s currency on a given day, the Atlas Method takes an average
exchange rate over the previous three years to calculate the current value in dollars
for the country’s GNP. Fluctuations in the dollar’s value can sometimes give the
impression of growth or recession in foreign economies when, in fact, the changes are
caused by variations in the dollar’s worth relative to the local currency.
(See table 1, page 10, for an alphabetical listing of countries and their GNP. See
table 3, page 12, for country rankings by GNP.)

⁶ Dornbusch, Rudiger, and Stanley Fischer. 1994. Macroeconomics Sixth Edition. New York:
McGraw-Hill. p. 31.
⁷ World Bank. 2000. World Development Report 1999/2000. New York: Oxford University
Press. p. 274.
⁸ World Bank. 2000. World Development Report 1999/2000. New York: Oxford University
Press. p. 274.
⁹ For a discussion of the Atlas Method of currency conversion, see the World Development
Report 1999/2000, p. 287-288.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
GDP is similar in nature to GNP, but measures all production within the borders
of one country. Formally defined, it is “the value of all final goods and services
produced in the country within a given time period,”¹⁰ usually one year. Production
by all firms, governments and individuals, regardless of their national origin, is¹¹
counted in the GDP. This means that the production of British companies and
Japanese citizens operating in the United States are measured as part of the U.S.
GDP. Similarly, the production of American firms operating in Brazil is not counted
as part of the U.S. GDP, but as part of the Brazilian GDP. The United States began¹²
using GDP to measure domestic economic performance in December 1991.
GNP and GDP both reflect the output of national economies in terms of market
prices, so inflation can distort the picture over the long run. Therefore, when
evaluating the growth in either GNP or GDP, it is important to use figures that are
adjusted for inflation, known as real GNP or real GDP. For international
comparisons, the adjustment for inflation is calculated using deflators published by the
International Monetary Fund.
Real GNP/GDP and Other Adjustments
Both GNP and GDP measure the value of products that are bought and sold in
the marketplace. Measuring only market transactions leads to undercounting because
of the following:
^!GNP and GDP measure only the formal economy. In most developed
countries, this is a limited concern. In many developing countries,
however, the informal economy or the exchange of goods and
services between individuals “off the books” plays an important role
in and composes a significant share of the “actual” economy. There
have been attempts to measure the contribution of the informal
economy to national production, but a significant portion of some
national economies goes unmeasured by GNP or GDP.
^!Neither GNP nor GDP measures the value of services or goods that
individuals provide for themselves. If that same good or service is
provided in the marketplace, these measures do capture its value.
Thus, GNP and GDP fail to capture the output generated by self-
provision.
^!GNP and GDP also fail to measure the value of leisure time to
consumers or the value of a clean environment. Although these may

¹⁰ Dornbusch, Rudiger, and Stanley Fischer. 1994. Macroeconomics Sixth Edition. New
York: McGraw-Hill. p. 29.
¹¹ Ibid, p. 29-30.
¹² Executive Office of the President. Council of Economic Advisors. 1992 Economic Report
of the President. Washington, D.C.: GPO. p. 246.

enhance the quality of life, GNP and GDP do not reflect this value to
individuals.
^!Countries that receive high levels of foreign aid have infusions into
their economy that are not measured by GNP or GDP. Thus, the
consumption level can be much higher than either of these measures
of production would suggest.
The major difference between GNP and GDP is what is included in calculating
the figures (in technical terms, net foreign factor income). As noted above, the U.S.
government now uses GDP to track the performance of the domestic economy. The
switch from GNP to GDP was made because “GDP corresponds more closely to
other indicators of domestic short-term economic performance.”¹³ However, the
World Bank continues to use GNP to make cross-country economic comparisons.¹⁴
This is important to note. The comparison of one country’s GDP with another
country’s GNP can present a distorted picture, especially if there is a large difference
in the level of income taken out of or brought into the two countries.
For some countries, there is little difference between the level of GNP and GDP.
This is true in most industrialized countries, such as the United States, because
domestic firms return approximately the same amount of income from abroad as
foreign firms derive from the local economy. For developing countries, however,
there can be a substantial difference between the two measures for two reasons:
^!Some countries have many citizens who work abroad. High levels
of international earnings can cause GNP to be higher than GDP.
^!Other countries have high levels of foreign investment in their
economy with little or no corresponding investment abroad. This can
lead to large profits being repatriated without the balancing effect of
foreign earnings flowing back into the local economy. In this¹⁵
situation, GNP may be low in relation to GDP.
Per Capita Measurement
Demographic factors can also complicate cross-country economic comparisons.
Contrasting the overall GNP of the United States ($7.9 trillion) with the next largest
economy in the world, Japan ($4.1 trillion), shows that the U.S. GNP is almost twice
that of Japan’s. But this does not take into consideration that the population of the
United States (270 million) is roughly twice that of Japan’s (126 million). GNP is
useful when considering geopolitical and strategic policies. It is an indicator of the

¹³ Executive Office of the President. Council of Economic Advisors. 1992 Economic Report
of the President. Washington, D.C.: GPO. p. 248.
¹⁴ World Bank. 2000. World Development Report 1999/2000. New York: Oxford University
Press. p. 274.
¹⁵ Executive Office of the President. Council of Economic Advisors. 1992 Economic Report
of the President. Washington, D.C.: GPO. p. 246.

total strength and mobilization potential of a nation. GNP is less useful when
considering questions of individual standard of living or marketing potential. In these
cases, a more accurate comparison between two countries is the amount of
production per person. This is called per capita GNP.
Per capita GNP is derived by dividing the overall GNP by the population of the
country. Using per capita figures allows meaningful comparisons between countries
that vary greatly in population. Returning to the example of the United States and
Japan, Japanese per capita GNP is actually higher than that of the United States--
$32,350 versus $29,240. But neither country ranks first in per capita GNP--Japan
ranks seventh and the United States tenth in the world. Luxembourg has the highest¹⁶
per capita GNP with $45,100 (but obviously has little geopolitical power).
Per capita GNP does have its shortcomings, however. It does not measure how
well the production of a particular country is distributed across its population, how
much an individual could purchase with the per capita GNP amount, or the level of
development in the country. It also fails to reflect the differences in the quality of life
enjoyed by the inhabitants of different countries. Although the per capita GNP of
Japan is greater than that of the United States, housing costs, a major quality of life
consideration, are also much higher. This, to some extent, negates the difference
between the two countries. Other factors, such as the cost of food, clothing, and
commuting, also escape the calculations of per capita GNP. These differences in
costs can be accounted for by adjusting GNP for differences in purchasing power.
(See table 2, page 11, for an alphabetical listing of countries and their per capita GNP.
See table 4, page 13, for country rankings by per capita GNP.)
Purchasing Power Parity Gross National Product (PPP GNP)
PPP GNP adjusts GNP to account for how much people can buy for their money
in a given country. The PPP GNP can be divided by population to determine it on a
per capita basis. Instead of simply measuring total output, the PPP GNP method
attempts to gauge how much a person would have to pay in the local currency for a
set basket of goods. That amount is then converted to the equivalent value in U.S.
dollars, sometimes also called international dollars, so that analysts can make cross-
country standard of living comparisons. This procedure compensates somewhat for
the fact that exchange rates do not always accurately reflect differences in relative
prices. PPP rates facilitate a comparison of real price levels among countries.¹⁷
PPP GNP per capita is a crude measure. Although it does allow standard of
living comparisons, it does not accurately represent the actual amount of personal
income in U.S. dollars available in the foreign country. It reflects how much it costs
to buy a set of goods in a particular country or how much income the average

¹⁶ World Bank, 2000 World Development Indicators CD-ROM (GNP per capita 1998, Atlas
method and PPP). Available at [http://www.worldbank.org/data/databytopic/
databytopic.html#MACRO ECONOMICS AND GROWTH].
¹⁷ World Bank. 2000. World Development Report 1999/2000. New York: Oxford University
Press. p. 274.

individual from that country would have were he to buy that set of goods in the
United States. Also, it does not consider that norms related to such things as housing
and transportation can vary greatly among countries. It does measure the
comparative cost of living in various countries, but still does not completely portray
the amount of goods that individuals can purchase with their local currency salaries.¹⁸
(See table 5, page 14, for country rankings by per capita PPP GNP.)
Human Development Index (HDI)
Additionally, this report includes a listing of world ranking based on the human
development index. This measure, developed by the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP), is a departure from the other measures discussed in this paper
because it is not a simple indicator of economic output and income nor is it a World
Bank statistic. It was originally developed as an alternative measure of development,
serving to supplement indicators such as GNP. One of the HDI’s developers,
Mahbub ul Haq, describes it as a measure “of the same level of vulgarity as GNP--
just one measure--but a measure that is not blind to social aspects of human life as¹⁹
GNP is.”
This approach emphasizes that economic factors are not the only factors that
affect an individual’s standard of living. The HDI takes into account two other²⁰
factors that play a role in how well the average person lives in a particular country.
The HDI incorporates three variables to estimate a country’s standard of living:
life expectancy; educational attainment; and income. Life expectancy is measured as
longevity from birth. Educational attainment is measured by joining the adult literacy
rate with a combined score for gross primary, secondary, and tertiary school
enrollment ratios. Income is taken as per capita PPP GNP.²¹ These values are then
used to compute a score between 0 and 1 for each country.²² The closer to one on
the scale, the higher the level of development.
One way to apply the HDI is in concert with the per capita PPP GNP. Because
per capita PPP GNP is part of the HDI index, if a country has a higher HDI rank than
per capita PPP GNP rank, for example, the UNDP concludes that the country is using
its income (resources) efficiently to meet development goals. Ninety-seven of the 174
countries the UNDP evaluated ranked higher in the HDI than per capita PPP GNP.
Conversely, sixty-nine of the countries had a lower HDI rank than per capita PPP

¹⁸ For more on PPP GNP and other development measures, CRS Report 97-759 F.
Comparing Countries’ Levels of Development, by Jonathan E. Sanford.
¹⁹ United Nations Development Programme. 1999. Human Development Report 1999. New
York: Oxford University Press. p. 23.
²⁰ United Nations Development Programme. 2000. Human Development Report 2000. New
York: Oxford University Press.
²¹ Ibid. p. 144-145.
²² For further discussion of the method used to calculate HDI scores, see the technical note in
the UNDP’s Human Development Report 2000.

GNP rank, indicating that there are some inefficiencies in converting economic output
into a higher standard of living.²³
Because of the inclusion of other variables, countries with similar per capita PPP
GNP levels can have very different HDI scores. On the other hand, countries with
widely different per capita PPP GNP levels can have similar HDI scores. The UNDP
acknowledges that the HDI is a very rough estimator of a country’s standard of living.
However, the HDI is a simple enough measure to allow meaningful comparison
among countries without becoming bogged down in regional or cultural differences.
The UNDP has created other indexes to measure national standards of living in light
of gender, poverty and equality issues. However, the HDI is the most widely used of
these indexes.
(See table 7, page 16, for a listing of countries ranked by HDI levels.)
Tables of National Economic Indicators
The following tables contain information compiled from World Bank and the
Untied Nations Development Programme publications. Full source citations are
included following the tables.
The tables are meant as a quick reference only. For a more comprehensive and
extended treatment of the subject, please refer to the source publication.

²³ United Nations Development Programme. 2000. Human Development Report 2000. New
York: Oxford University Press. p. 148.

Table 1
Gross National Product
(In billions of U.S. dollars as of 1998)
GNP Rank GNP Rank GNP Rank
^Albania^2.7¹³⁵^Germany^2179.8³^Norway^152.1²⁵
^Algeria^46.4⁵¹^Ghana^7.3⁹⁶^Pakistan^61.5⁴⁴
^Angola^4.6¹¹⁵^Greece^123.4³²^Panama^8.3⁹⁰
^{Antigua and Barbuda}^0.6¹⁸²^Grenada^0.3¹⁹²^{Papua New Guinea}^4.1¹²⁰
^Argentina^290.3¹⁷^Guatemala^17.8⁷¹^Paraguay^9.2⁸⁷
^Armenia^1.7¹⁵⁵^Guinea^3.8¹²⁵^Peru^60.5⁴⁵
^Australia³⁸⁷¹⁴^{Guinea-Bissau}^0.2²⁰⁰^Philippines^78.9⁴¹
^Austria^216.7²¹^Guyana^0.7¹⁷⁹^Poland^151.3²⁶
^Azerbaijan^3.8¹²³^Haiti^3.2¹³¹^Portugal^106.4³³
^Bahrain^4.9¹⁰⁸^Honduras^4.6¹¹⁶^Romania^30.6⁵⁹
^Bangladesh^44.2⁵³^{Hong Kong, China}^158.2²⁴^{Russian Federation}^331.8¹⁶
^Barbados^2.1¹⁴⁵^Hungary^45.6⁵²^Rwanda^1.9¹⁵⁰
^Belarus^22.3⁶²^Iceland^7.6⁹⁵^Samoa^0.2²⁰¹
^Belgium²⁵⁹¹⁹^India^427.4¹¹^{Saudi Arabia}^143.4²⁷
^Belize^0.6¹⁸⁰^Indonesia^130.6³⁰^Senegal^4.7¹¹²
^Benin^2.3¹⁴¹^{Iran, Islamic Rep.}^102.2³⁴^Seychelles^0.5¹⁸⁴
^Bhutan^0.4¹⁹⁰^Ireland^69.3⁴³^{Sierra Leone}^0.7¹⁷⁵
^Bolivia⁸⁹³^Israel^96.5³⁶^Singapore^95.5³⁷
^Botswana^4.8¹¹¹^Italy¹¹⁵⁷⁶^{Slovak Rep.}^19.9⁶⁶
^Brazil^767.6⁸^Jamaica^4.5¹¹⁷^Slovenia^19.4⁶⁷
^Bulgaria^10.1⁸⁴^Japan^4089.1²^{Sao Tome & Principe}^0.04²⁰⁶
^{Burkina Faso}^2.6¹³⁸^Jordan^5.3¹⁰⁶^{Solomon Islands}^0.3¹⁹¹
^Burundi^0.9¹⁷⁰^Kazakhstan^20.9⁶³^{South Africa}^136.9²⁸
^Cambodia^2.9¹³²^Kenya^10.2⁸²^Spain^555.2¹⁰
^Cameroon^8.7⁸⁹^Kiribati^0.1²⁰³^{Sri Lanka}^15.2⁷⁵
^Canada^580.9⁹^{Korea, Rep.}^398.8¹²^{St. Kitts and Nevis}^0.3¹⁹⁵
^{Cape Verde}^0.5¹⁸⁵^{Kyrgyz Rep.}^1.8¹⁵²^{St. Lucia}^0.6¹⁸³
^{Central African Rep.}^1.1¹⁶⁶^{Lao PDR}^1.6¹⁵⁹^{St.Vincent&Grenadines}^0.3¹⁹⁴
^Chad^1.7¹⁵⁷^Latvia^5.9¹⁰²^Sudan^8.2⁹¹
^Chile^73.9⁴²^Lebanon¹⁵⁷⁶^Suriname^0.7¹⁷⁶
^China^923.6⁷^Lesotho^1.2¹⁶⁴^Swaziland^1.4¹⁶²
^Colombia^100.7³⁵^Lithuania^9.4⁸⁶^Sweden^226.5²⁰
^Comoros^0.2¹⁹⁹^Luxembourg^19.2⁶⁸^Switzerland^284.1¹⁸
^{Congo, Dem. Rep.}^5.4¹⁰⁴^{Macedonia, FYR}^2.6¹³⁷^{Syrian Arab Rep.}^15.5⁷⁴
^{Congo, Rep.}^1.9¹⁴⁹^Madagascar^3.7¹²⁶^Tajikistan^2.3¹⁴⁰
^{Costa Rica}^9.8⁸⁵^Malta^3.8¹²⁴^Tanzania^7.2⁹⁸
^{Cote d'Ivoire}^10.2⁸³^{Marshall Islands}^0.1²⁰⁴^Thailand^131.9²⁹
^Croatia^20.7⁶⁴^Malawi^2.2¹⁴²^Togo^1.5¹⁶⁰
^Cyprus⁹⁸⁸^Malaysia^81.3³⁹^Tonga^0.2²⁰²
^{Czech Rep.}⁵³⁴⁸^Maldives^0.3¹⁹³^{Trinidad & Tobago}^5.8¹⁰³
^Denmark^175.2²³^Mali^2.6¹³⁶^Tunisia^19.2⁶⁹
^Dominica^0.2¹⁹⁷^Mauritania¹¹⁶⁷^Turkey^200.5²²
^{Dominican Rep.}^14.6⁷⁷^Mauritius^4.3¹¹⁸^Uganda^6.6⁹⁹
^Ecuador^18.5⁷⁰^Mexico^368.1¹⁵^Ukraine^49.2⁴⁹
^{Egypt, Arab Rep.}^79.2⁴⁰^{Micronesia, Fed. Sts.}^0.2¹⁹⁸^{United Arab Emirates}^48.7⁵⁰
^{El Salvador}^11.2⁸⁰^Moldova^1.7¹⁵⁸^{United Kingdom}^1264.3⁵
^{Equatorial Guinea}^0.5¹⁸⁷^Mongolia¹¹⁶⁸^{United States}⁷⁹⁰³¹
^Eritrea^0.8¹⁷⁴^Morocco^34.4⁵⁶^Uruguay^19.9⁶⁵
^Estonia^4.9¹¹⁰^Mozambique^3.5¹²⁷^Uzbekistan^22.9⁶¹
^Ethiopia^6.2¹⁰¹^Namibia^3.2¹²⁹^Vanuatu^0.2¹⁹⁶
^Fiji^1.7¹⁵⁴^Nepal^4.9¹⁰⁹^Venezuela^82.1³⁸
^Finland^125.1³¹^Netherlands^389.1¹³^Vietnam^26.5⁶⁰
^France^1465.4⁴^{New Zealand}^55.4⁴⁶^{West Bank & Gaza}^4.3¹¹⁹
^Gabon^4.9¹⁰⁷^Nicaragua^1.8¹⁵³^{Yemen, Rep.}^4.6¹¹⁴
^{Gambia, The}^0.4¹⁸⁹^Niger²¹⁴⁶^Zambia^3.2¹²⁸
^Georgia^5.2¹⁰⁵^Nigeria^36.4⁵⁵^Zimbabwe^7.2⁹⁷

Table 2
Per Capita Gross National Product
(In 1998 U.S. dollars)
^{PC GNP}^Rank^{PC GNP}^Rank^{PC GNP}^Rank
^Albania⁸¹⁰¹³⁹^Germany^26,570¹³^Nigeria³⁰⁰¹⁸¹
^Algeria¹⁵⁵⁰¹¹³^Ghana³⁹⁰¹⁶⁴^Norway^34,310⁴
^Angola³⁸⁰¹⁶⁵^Greece^11,740⁴⁶^Pakistan⁴⁷⁰¹⁵⁸
^{Antigua and Barbuda}^8,450⁵²^Grenada^3,250⁸⁴^Panama^2,990⁸⁸
^Argentina^8,030⁵⁵^Guatemala^1,640¹¹¹^{Papua New Guinea}⁸⁹⁰¹³⁸
^Armenia⁴⁶⁰¹⁶⁰^Guinea⁵³⁰¹⁵⁴^Paraguay^1,760¹⁰⁶
^Australia^20,640²³^{Guinea-Bissau}¹⁶⁰²⁰¹^Peru^2,440⁹⁴
^Austria^26,830¹²^Guyana⁷⁸⁰¹⁴¹^Philippines^1,050¹³²
^Azerbaijan⁴⁸⁰¹⁵⁶^Haiti⁴¹⁰¹⁶²^Poland^3,910⁷⁴
^Bahrain^7,640⁵⁸^Honduras⁷⁴⁰¹⁴⁶^Portugal^10,670⁴⁸
^Bangladesh³⁵⁰¹⁷³^{Hong Kong, China}^23,660²¹^Romania^1,360¹¹⁹
^Barbados^7,890^..^Hungary^4,510⁷¹^{Russian Federation}^2,260⁹⁷
^Belarus^2,180⁹⁹^Iceland^27,830¹¹^Rwanda²³⁰¹⁹²
^Belgium^25,380¹⁵^India⁴⁴⁰¹⁶¹^Samoa^1,070¹³¹
^Belize^2,660⁹⁰^Indonesia⁶⁴⁰¹⁴⁹^{Saudi Arabia}^6,910⁶⁰
^Benin³⁸⁰¹⁶⁵^{Iran, Islamic Rep.}^1,650¹¹⁰^Senegal⁵²⁰¹⁵⁵
^Bhutan⁴⁷⁰¹⁵⁸^Ireland^18,710²⁷^Seychelles^6,420⁶²
^Bolivia^1,010¹³⁴^Israel^16,180³²^{Sierra Leone}¹⁴⁰²⁰²
^Botswana^3,070⁸⁷^Italy^20,090²⁵^Singapore^30,170⁹
^Brazil^4,630⁶⁸^Jamaica^1,740¹⁰⁸^{Slovak Rep.}^3,700⁷⁷
^Bulgaria^1,220¹²⁵^Japan^32,350⁷^Slovenia^9,780⁵⁰
^{Burkina Faso}²⁴⁰¹⁹¹^Jordan^1,150¹²⁸^{Sao Tome & Principe}²⁷⁰¹⁸⁶
^Burundi¹⁴⁰²⁰²^Kazakhstan^1,340¹²⁰^{Solomon Islands}⁷⁶⁰¹⁴⁴
^Cambodia²⁶⁰¹⁸⁷^Kenya³⁵⁰¹⁷³^{South Africa}^3,310⁸³
^Cameroon⁶¹⁰¹⁵²^Kiribati^1,170¹²⁷^Spain^14,100³⁹
^Canada^19,170²⁶^{Korea, Rep.}^8,600⁵¹^{Sri Lanka}⁸¹⁰¹³⁹
^{Cape Verde}^1,200¹²⁶^{Kyrgyz Rep.}³⁸⁰¹⁶⁵^{St. Kitts and Nevis}^6,190⁶³
^{Central African Rep.}³⁰⁰¹⁸¹^{Lao PDR}³²⁰¹⁷⁹^{St. Lucia}^3,660⁷⁹
^Chad²³⁰¹⁹²^Latvia^2,420⁹⁵^{St.Vincent & Grenadines}^2,560⁹¹
^Chile^4,990⁶⁶^Lebanon^3,560⁸⁰^Sudan²⁹⁰¹⁸³
^China⁷⁵⁰¹⁴⁵^Lesotho⁵⁷⁰¹⁵³^Suriname^1,660¹⁰⁹
^Colombia^2,470⁹³^Lithuania^2,540⁹²^Swaziland^1,400¹¹⁸
^Comoros³⁷⁰¹⁷⁰^Luxembourg^45,100¹^Sweden^25,580¹⁴
^{Congo, Dem. Rep.}¹¹⁰²⁰⁵^{Macedonia, FYR}^1,290¹²¹^Switzerland^39,980³
^{Congo, Rep.}⁶⁸⁰¹⁴⁸^Madagascar²⁶⁰¹⁸⁷^{Syrian Arab Rep.}^1,020¹³³
^{Costa Rica}^2,770⁸⁹^Malawi²¹⁰¹⁹⁵^Tajikistan³⁷⁰¹⁷⁰
^{Cote d'Ivoire}⁷⁰⁰¹⁴⁷^Malaysia^3,670⁷⁸^Tanzania²²⁰¹⁹⁴
^Croatia^4,620⁶⁹^Maldives^1,130¹²⁹^Thailand^2,160¹⁰⁰
^Cyprus^11,920⁴⁴^Mali²⁵⁰¹⁸⁹^Togo³³⁰¹⁷⁷
^{Czech Rep.}^5,150⁶⁵^Malta^10,100⁴⁹^Tonga^1,750¹⁰⁷
^Denmark^33,040⁶^{Marshall Islands}^1,540¹¹⁴^{Trinidad & Tobago}^4,520⁷⁰
^Dominica^3,150⁸⁶^Mauritania⁴¹⁰¹⁶²^Tunisia^2,060¹⁰¹
^{Dominican Rep.}^1,770¹⁰⁵^Mauritius^3,730⁷⁶^Turkey^3,160⁸⁵
^Ecuador^1,520¹¹⁶^Mexico^3,840⁷⁵^Uganda³¹⁰¹⁸⁰
^{Egypt, Arab Rep.}^1,290¹²¹^{Micronesia, Fed. Sts.}^1,800¹⁰⁴^Ukraine⁹⁸⁰¹³⁵
^{El Salvador}^1,850¹⁰³^Moldova³⁸⁰¹⁶⁵^{United Arab Emirates}^17,870²⁸
^{Equatorial Guinea}^1,110¹³⁰^Monaco^..¹⁶^{United Kingdom}^21,410²²
^Eritrea²⁰⁰¹⁹⁸^Mongolia³⁸⁰¹⁶⁵^{United States}^29,240¹⁰
^Estonia^3,360⁸²^Morocco^1,240¹²⁴^Uruguay^6,070⁶⁴
^Ethiopia¹⁰⁰²⁰⁶^Mozambique²¹⁰¹⁹⁵^Uzbekistan⁹⁵⁰¹³⁷
^Fiji^2,210⁹⁸^Namibia^1,940¹⁰²^Vanuatu^1,260¹²³
^Finland^24,280¹⁹^Nepal²¹⁰¹⁹⁵^Venezuela^3,530⁸¹
^France^24,210²⁰^Netherlands^24,780¹⁷^Vietnam³⁵⁰¹⁷³
^Gabon^4,170⁷²^{New Zealand}^14,600³⁶^{West Bank & Gaza}^1,560¹¹²
^{Gambia, The}³⁴⁰¹⁷⁶^Nicaragua³⁷⁰¹⁷⁰^{Yemen, Rep.}²⁸⁰¹⁸⁵
^Georgia⁹⁷⁰¹³⁶^Niger²⁰⁰¹⁹⁸^Zambia³³⁰¹⁷⁷
^Zimbabwe⁶²⁰¹⁵⁰

Table 3
Gross National Product Rankings
(In billions of U.S. Dollars as of 1998)
^GNP^Rank^GNP^Rank^GNP^Rank
^{United States}⁷⁹⁰³¹^Uzbekistan^22.9⁶¹^Zambia^3.2¹²⁸
^Japan^4089.1²^Belarus^22.3⁶²^Namibia^3.2¹²⁹
^Germany^2179.8³^Kazakhstan^20.9⁶³^Haiti^3.2¹³¹
^France^1465.4⁴^Croatia^20.7⁶⁴^Cambodia^2.9¹³²
^{United Kingdom}^1264.3⁵^Uruguay^19.9⁶⁵^Albania^2.7¹³⁵
^Italy¹¹⁵⁷⁶^{Slovak Rep.}^19.9⁶⁶^Mali^2.6¹³⁶
^China^923.6⁷^Slovenia^19.4⁶⁷^{Macedonia, FYR}^2.6¹³⁷
^Brazil^767.6⁸^Luxembourg^19.2⁶⁸^{Burkina Faso}^2.6¹³⁸
^Canada^580.9⁹^Tunisia^19.2⁶⁹^Tajikistan^2.3¹⁴⁰
^Spain^555.2¹⁰^Ecuador^18.5⁷⁰^Benin^2.3¹⁴¹
^India^427.4¹¹^Guatemala^17.8⁷¹^Malawi^2.2¹⁴²
^{Korea, Rep.}^398.8¹²^{Syrian Arab Rep.}^15.5⁷⁴^Barbados^2.1¹⁴⁵
^Netherlands^389.1¹³^{Sri Lanka}^15.2⁷⁵^Niger²¹⁴⁶
^Australia³⁸⁷¹⁴^Lebanon¹⁵⁷⁶^{Congo, Rep.}^1.9¹⁴⁹
^Mexico^368.1¹⁵^{Dominican Rep.}^14.6⁷⁷^Rwanda^1.9¹⁵⁰
^{Russian Federation}^331.8¹⁶^{El Salvador}^11.2⁸⁰^{Kyrgyz Rep.}^1.8¹⁵²
^Argentina^290.3¹⁷^Kenya^10.2⁸²^Nicaragua^1.8¹⁵³
^Switzerland^284.1¹⁸^{Cote d'Ivoire}^10.2⁸³^Fiji^1.7¹⁵⁴
^Belgium²⁵⁹¹⁹^Bulgaria^10.1⁸⁴^Armenia^1.7¹⁵⁵
^Sweden^226.5²⁰^{Costa Rica}^9.8⁸⁵^Chad^1.7¹⁵⁷
^Austria^216.7²¹^Lithuania^9.4⁸⁶^Moldova^1.7¹⁵⁸
^Turkey^200.5²²^Paraguay^9.2⁸⁷^{Lao PDR}^1.6¹⁵⁹
^Denmark^175.2²³^Cyprus⁹⁸⁸^Togo^1.5¹⁶⁰
^{Hong Kong, China}^158.2²⁴^Cameroon^8.7⁸⁹^Swaziland^1.4¹⁶²
^Norway^152.1²⁵^Panama^8.3⁹⁰^Lesotho^1.2¹⁶⁴
^Poland^151.3²⁶^Sudan^8.2⁹¹^{Central African Rep.}^1.1¹⁶⁶
^{Saudi Arabia}^143.4²⁷^Bolivia⁸⁹³^Mauritania¹¹⁶⁷
^{South Africa}^136.9²⁸^Iceland^7.6⁹⁵^Mongolia¹¹⁶⁸
^Thailand^131.9²⁹^Ghana^7.3⁹⁶^Burundi^0.9¹⁷⁰
^Indonesia^130.6³⁰^Zimbabwe^7.2⁹⁷^Eritrea^0.8¹⁷⁴
^Finland^125.1³¹^Tanzania^7.2⁹⁸^{Sierra Leone}^0.7¹⁷⁵
^Greece^123.4³²^Uganda^6.6⁹⁹^Suriname^0.7¹⁷⁶
^Portugal^106.4³³^Ethiopia^6.2¹⁰¹^Guyana^0.7¹⁷⁹
^{Iran, Islamic Rep.}^102.2³⁴^Latvia^5.9¹⁰²^Belize^0.6¹⁸⁰
^Colombia^100.7³⁵^{Trinidad and Tobago}^5.8¹⁰³^{Antigua & Barbuda}^0.6¹⁸²
^Israel^96.5³⁶^{Congo, Dem. Rep.}^5.4¹⁰⁴^{St. Lucia}^0.6¹⁸³
^Singapore^95.5³⁷^Georgia^5.2¹⁰⁵^Seychelles^0.5¹⁸⁴
^Venezuela^82.1³⁸^Jordan^5.3¹⁰⁶^{Cape Verde}^0.5¹⁸⁵
^Malaysia^81.3³⁹^Gabon^4.9¹⁰⁷^{Equatorial Guinea}^0.5¹⁸⁷
^{Egypt, Arab Rep.}^79.2⁴⁰^Bahrain^4.9¹⁰⁸^{Gambia, The}^0.4¹⁸⁹
^Philippines^78.9⁴¹^Nepal^4.9¹⁰⁹^Bhutan^0.4¹⁹⁰
^Chile^73.9⁴²^Estonia^4.9¹¹⁰^{Solomon Islands}^0.3¹⁹¹
^Ireland^69.3⁴³^Botswana^4.8¹¹¹^Grenada^0.3¹⁹²
^Pakistan^61.5⁴⁴^Senegal^4.7¹¹²^Maldives^0.3¹⁹³
^Peru^60.5⁴⁵^{Yemen, Rep.}^4.6¹¹⁴^{St.Vincent & Grenadines}^0.3¹⁹⁴
^{New Zealand}^55.4⁴⁶^Angola^4.6¹¹⁵^{St. Kitts and Nevis}^0.3¹⁹⁵
^{Czech Rep.}⁵³⁴⁸^Honduras^4.6¹¹⁶^Vanuatu^0.2¹⁹⁶
^Ukraine^49.2⁴⁹^Jamaica^4.5¹¹⁷^Dominica^0.2¹⁹⁷
^{United Arab Emirates}^48.7⁵⁰^Mauritius^4.3¹¹⁸^{Micronesia, Fed. States}^0.2¹⁹⁸
^Algeria^46.4⁵¹^{West Bank and Gaza}^4.3¹¹⁹^Comoros^0.2¹⁹⁹
^Hungary^45.6⁵²^{Papua New Guinea}^4.1¹²⁰^{Guinea-Bissau}^0.2²⁰⁰
^Bangladesh^44.2⁵³^Azerbaijan^3.8¹²³^Samoa^0.2²⁰¹
^Nigeria^36.4⁵⁵^Malta^3.8¹²⁴^Tonga^0.2²⁰²
^Morocco^34.4⁵⁶^Guinea^3.8¹²⁵^Kiribati^0.1²⁰³
^Romania^30.6⁵⁹^Madagascar^3.7¹²⁶^{Marshall Islands}^0.1²⁰⁴
^Vietnam^26.5⁶⁰^Mozambique^3.5¹²⁷^{Sao Tome & Principe}^0.04²⁰⁶

Table 4
Per Capita GNP Rankings
(All figures in 1998 U.S. dollars)
PC GNPRankPC GNPRankPC GNPRank
^Luxembourg^45,100¹^Venezuela³⁵³⁰⁸¹^Guyana⁷⁸⁰¹⁴¹
^{Liechtenstein}^..²^Estonia³³⁶⁰⁸²^{Solomon Islands}⁷⁶⁰¹⁴⁴
^Switzerland^39,980³^{South Africa}³³¹⁰⁸³^China⁷⁵⁰¹⁴⁵
^Norway^34,310⁴^Grenada³²⁵⁰⁸⁴^Honduras⁷⁴⁰¹⁴⁶
^Bermuda^..⁵^Turkey³¹⁶⁰⁸⁵^{Cote d'Ivoire}⁷⁰⁰¹⁴⁷
^Denmark^33,040⁶^Dominica³¹⁵⁰⁸⁶^{Congo, Rep.}⁶⁸⁰¹⁴⁸
^Japan^32,350⁷^Botswana³⁰⁷⁰⁸⁷^Indonesia⁶⁴⁰¹⁴⁹
^{Cayman Islands}^..⁸^Panama²⁹⁹⁰⁸⁸^Zimbabwe⁶²⁰¹⁵⁰
^Singapore^30,170⁹^{Costa Rica}²⁷⁷⁰⁸⁹^Cameroon⁶¹⁰¹⁵²
^{United States}^29,240¹⁰^Belize²⁶⁶⁰⁹⁰^Lesotho⁵⁷⁰¹⁵³
^Iceland^27,830¹¹^{St. Vincent &}²⁵⁶⁰⁹¹^Guinea⁵³⁰¹⁵⁴
^Austria^26,830¹²^Lithuania²⁵⁴⁰⁹²^Senegal⁵²⁰¹⁵⁵
^Germany^26,570¹³^Colombia²⁴⁷⁰⁹³^Azerbaijan⁴⁸⁰¹⁵⁶
^Sweden^25,580¹⁴^Peru²⁴⁴⁰⁹⁴^Pakistan⁴⁷⁰¹⁵⁸
^Belgium^25,380¹⁵^Latvia²⁴²⁰⁹⁵^Bhutan⁴⁷⁰¹⁵⁸
^Monaco^..¹⁶^{Russian Federation}²²⁶⁰⁹⁷^Armenia⁴⁶⁰¹⁶⁰
^Netherlands^24,780¹⁷^Fiji²²¹⁰⁹⁸^India⁴⁴⁰¹⁶¹
^Brunei^..¹⁸^Belarus²¹⁸⁰⁹⁹^Mauritania⁴¹⁰¹⁶²
^Finland^24,280¹⁹^Thailand²¹⁶⁰¹⁰⁰^Haiti⁴¹⁰¹⁶²
^France^24,210²⁰^Tunisia²⁰⁶⁰¹⁰¹^Ghana³⁹⁰¹⁶⁴
^{Hong Kong, China}^23,660²¹^Namibia¹⁹⁴⁰¹⁰²^Mongolia³⁸⁰¹⁶⁵
^{United Kingdom}^21,410²²^{El Salvador}¹⁸⁵⁰¹⁰³^Moldova³⁸⁰¹⁶⁵
^Australia^20,640²³^{Micronesia, Fed. Sts.}¹⁸⁰⁰¹⁰⁴^Benin³⁸⁰¹⁶⁵
^Italy²⁰⁰⁹⁰²⁵^{Dominican Rep.}¹⁷⁷⁰¹⁰⁵^Angola³⁸⁰¹⁶⁵
^Canada¹⁹¹⁷⁰²⁶^Paraguay¹⁷⁶⁰¹⁰⁶^{Kyrgyz Rep.}³⁸⁰¹⁶⁵
^Ireland¹⁸⁷¹⁰²⁷^Tonga¹⁷⁵⁰¹⁰⁷^Tajikistan³⁷⁰¹⁷⁰
^{United Arab Emirates}¹⁷⁸⁷⁰²⁸^Jamaica¹⁷⁴⁰¹⁰⁸^Comoros³⁷⁰¹⁷⁰
^Israel¹⁶¹⁸⁰³²^Suriname¹⁶⁶⁰¹⁰⁹^Nicaragua³⁷⁰¹⁷⁰
^{New Zealand}¹⁴⁶⁰⁰³⁶^{Iran, Islamic Rep.}¹⁶⁵⁰¹¹⁰^Vietnam³⁵⁰¹⁷³
^Spain¹⁴¹⁰⁰³⁹^Guatemala¹⁶⁴⁰¹¹¹^Bangladesh³⁵⁰¹⁷³
^Cyprus¹¹⁹²⁰⁴⁴^{West Bank & Gaza}¹⁵⁶⁰¹¹²^Kenya³⁵⁰¹⁷³
^Greece¹¹⁷⁴⁰⁴⁶^Algeria¹⁵⁵⁰¹¹³^{Gambia, The}³⁴⁰¹⁷⁶
^Portugal¹⁰⁶⁷⁰⁴⁸^{Marshall Islands}¹⁵⁴⁰¹¹⁴^Togo³³⁰¹⁷⁷
^Malta¹⁰¹⁰⁰⁴⁹^Ecuador¹⁵²⁰¹¹⁶^Zambia³³⁰¹⁷⁷
^Slovenia⁹⁷⁸⁰⁵⁰^Swaziland¹⁴⁰⁰¹¹⁸^{Lao PDR}³²⁰¹⁷⁹
^{Korea, Rep.}⁸⁶⁰⁰⁵¹^Romania¹³⁶⁰¹¹⁹^Uganda³¹⁰¹⁸⁰
^{Antigua & Barbuda}⁸⁴⁵⁰⁵²^Kazakhstan¹³⁴⁰¹²⁰^Nigeria³⁰⁰¹⁸¹
^Argentina⁸⁰³⁰⁵⁵^{Macedonia, FYR}¹²⁹⁰¹²¹^{Central African Rep.}³⁰⁰¹⁸¹
^Bahrain⁷⁶⁴⁰⁵⁸^{Egypt, Arab Rep.}¹²⁹⁰¹²¹^Sudan²⁹⁰¹⁸³
^{Saudi Arabia}⁶⁹¹⁰⁶⁰^Vanuatu¹²⁶⁰¹²³^{Yemen, Rep.}²⁸⁰¹⁸⁵
^Seychelles⁶⁴²⁰⁶²^Morocco¹²⁴⁰¹²⁴^{Sao Tome & Principe}²⁷⁰¹⁸⁶
^{St. Kitts and Nevis}⁶¹⁹⁰⁶³^Bulgaria¹²²⁰¹²⁵^Cambodia²⁶⁰¹⁸⁷
^Uruguay⁶⁰⁷⁰⁶⁴^{Cape Verde}¹²⁰⁰¹²⁶^Madagascar²⁶⁰¹⁸⁷
^{Czech Rep.}⁵¹⁵⁰⁶⁵^Kiribati¹¹⁷⁰¹²⁷^Mali²⁵⁰¹⁸⁹
^Chile⁴⁹⁹⁰⁶⁶^Jordan¹¹⁵⁰¹²⁸^{Burkina Faso}²⁴⁰¹⁹¹
^Brazil⁴⁶³⁰⁶⁸^Maldives¹¹³⁰¹²⁹^Rwanda²³⁰¹⁹²
^Croatia⁴⁶²⁰⁶⁹^{Equatorial Guinea}¹¹¹⁰¹³⁰^Chad²³⁰¹⁹²
^{Trinidad and Tobago}⁴⁵²⁰⁷⁰^Samoa¹⁰⁷⁰¹³¹^Tanzania²²⁰¹⁹⁴
^Hungary⁴⁵¹⁰⁷¹^Philippines¹⁰⁵⁰¹³²^Malawi²¹⁰¹⁹⁵
^Gabon⁴¹⁷⁰⁷²^{Syrian Arab Rep.}¹⁰²⁰¹³³^Nepal²¹⁰¹⁹⁵
^Poland³⁹¹⁰⁷⁴^Bolivia¹⁰¹⁰¹³⁴^Mozambique²¹⁰¹⁹⁵
^Mexico³⁸⁴⁰⁷⁵^Ukraine⁹⁸⁰¹³⁵^Niger²⁰⁰¹⁹⁸
^Mauritius³⁷³⁰⁷⁶^Georgia⁹⁷⁰¹³⁶^Eritrea²⁰⁰¹⁹⁸
^{Slovak Rep.}³⁷⁰⁰⁷⁷^Uzbekistan⁹⁵⁰¹³⁷^{Guinea-Bissau}¹⁶⁰²⁰¹
^Malaysia³⁶⁷⁰⁷⁸^{Papua New Guinea}⁸⁹⁰¹³⁸^Burundi¹⁴⁰²⁰²
^{St. Lucia}³⁶⁶⁰⁷⁹^{Sri Lanka}⁸¹⁰¹³⁹^{Sierra Leone}¹⁴⁰²⁰²
^Lebanon³⁵⁶⁰⁸⁰^Albania⁸¹⁰¹³⁹^{Congo, Dem. Rep.}¹¹⁰²⁰⁵
^Ethiopia¹⁰⁰²⁰⁶

Table 5
Purchasing Power Parity Per Capita GNP Rankings
(In 1998 international dollars)
PPPRank PPPRank PPPRank
GNPGNPGNP
^Luxembourg³⁶⁷⁰³¹^Turkey⁶⁵⁹⁴⁷⁹^{Kyrgyz Rep.}²²⁴⁷¹⁴³
^{Liechtenstein}^..²^Brazil⁶⁴⁶⁰⁸⁰^Bolivia²²⁰⁵¹⁴⁶
^Bermuda^..³^Belarus⁶³¹⁴⁸¹^{Papua New Guinea}²²⁰⁵¹⁴⁷
^{United States}²⁹²⁴⁰⁴^Lithuania⁶²⁸³⁸²^Lesotho²¹⁹⁴¹⁴⁸
^{Cayman Islands}^..⁵^{Russian Federation}⁶¹⁸⁰⁸³^Azerbaijan²¹⁶⁸¹⁴⁹
^Switzerland²⁶⁸⁷⁶⁶^Colombia⁵⁸⁶¹⁸⁴^Armenia²⁰⁷⁴¹⁵⁰
^Norway²⁶¹⁹⁶⁷^{Costa Rica}⁵⁸¹²⁸⁵^India²⁰⁶⁰¹⁵¹
^Singapore²⁵²⁹⁵⁸^Botswana⁵⁷⁹⁶⁸⁶^Uzbekistan²⁰⁴⁴¹⁵²
^Monaco^..⁹^Latvia⁵⁷⁷⁷⁸⁷^Moldova¹⁹⁹⁵¹⁵³
^Brunei²⁴⁸⁸⁶¹⁰^Venezuela⁵⁷⁰⁶⁸⁸^{Solomon Islands}¹⁹⁰⁴¹⁵⁵
^Iceland²⁴⁷⁷⁴¹¹^Gabon⁵⁶¹⁵⁸⁹^Nicaragua¹⁸⁹⁶¹⁵⁶
^Denmark²³⁸⁵⁵¹²^Romania⁵⁵⁷²⁹⁰^Ghana¹⁷³⁵¹⁵⁷
^Belgium²³⁶²²¹³^Grenada⁵⁵⁵⁷⁹¹^Guinea¹⁷²²¹⁵⁸
^Japan²³⁵⁹²¹⁴^Thailand⁵⁵²⁴⁹²^Vietnam¹⁶⁸⁹¹⁵⁹
^Austria²³¹⁴⁵¹⁵^Namibia⁵²⁸⁰⁹³^{Lao PDR}¹⁶⁸³¹⁶⁰
^Malta²²⁹⁰¹¹⁶^Tunisia⁵¹⁶⁹⁹⁴^Pakistan¹⁶⁵²¹⁶¹
^Canada²²⁸¹⁴¹⁷^{Iran, Islamic Rep.}⁵¹²¹⁹⁵^Mauritania¹⁵⁰⁰¹⁶³
^Netherlands²²³²⁵¹⁸^Panama⁴⁹²⁵⁹⁶^{Cote d'Ivoire}¹⁴⁸⁴¹⁶⁴
^Germany²²⁰²⁶¹⁹^{St. Lucia}⁴⁸⁹⁷⁹⁷^Mongolia¹⁴⁶³¹⁶⁵
^Australia²¹⁷⁹⁵²⁰^Dominica⁴⁷⁷⁷⁹⁹^Bhutan¹⁴³⁸¹⁶⁶
^France²¹²¹⁴²²^Bulgaria⁴⁶⁸³¹⁰⁰^{Gambia, The}¹⁴²⁸¹⁶⁷
^{Hong Kong, China}²⁰⁷⁶³²³^Algeria⁴⁵⁹⁵¹⁰¹^Bangladesh¹⁴⁰⁷¹⁶⁸
^Finland²⁰⁶⁴¹²⁴^{St. Vincent &}⁴⁴⁸⁴¹⁰²^Comoros¹⁴⁰⁰¹⁶⁹
^Italy²⁰³⁶⁵²⁵^Belize⁴³⁶⁷¹⁰³^Cameroon¹³⁹⁵¹⁷⁰
^{United Kingdom}²⁰³¹⁴²⁶^{Dominican Rep.}⁴³³⁷¹⁰⁴^Haiti¹³⁷⁹¹⁷¹
^Sweden¹⁹⁸⁴⁸²⁷^Kazakhstan⁴³¹⁷¹⁰⁵^Togo¹³⁵²¹⁷²
^{United Arab Emirates}¹⁸⁸⁷¹³¹^Paraguay⁴³¹²¹⁰⁶^Senegal¹²⁹⁷¹⁷³
^Ireland¹⁷⁹⁹¹³³^{Macedonia, FYR}⁴²²⁴¹⁰⁷^{Sao Tome & Principe}¹²⁸⁹¹⁷⁴
^Cyprus¹⁷⁵⁹⁹³⁶^Swaziland⁴¹⁹⁵¹⁰⁸^Cambodia¹²⁴⁶¹⁷⁵
^Israel¹⁶⁸⁶¹³⁸^Tonga⁴¹⁸⁷¹⁰⁹^Sudan¹²⁴⁰¹⁷⁶
^{New Zealand}¹⁶⁰⁸⁴⁴¹^Peru⁴¹⁸⁰¹¹⁰^Nepal¹¹⁸¹¹⁷⁷
^Spain¹⁵⁹⁶⁰⁴³^Lebanon⁴¹⁴⁴¹¹¹^{Central African Rep.}¹⁰⁹⁸¹⁷⁹
^Portugal¹⁴⁵⁶⁹⁴⁶^Fiji⁴⁰⁹⁴¹¹²^Uganda¹⁰⁷²¹⁸⁰
^Slovenia¹⁴⁴⁰⁰⁴⁸^{El Salvador}⁴⁰⁰⁸¹¹⁴^Tajikistan¹⁰⁴¹¹⁸¹
^Greece¹³⁹⁹⁴⁴⁹^Kiribati³⁸⁸⁰¹¹⁵^Angola⁹⁹⁹¹⁸³
^{Bahamas, The}¹³⁹⁹⁰⁵⁰^Samoa³⁸⁵⁴¹¹⁶^Eritrea⁹⁸⁴¹⁸⁴
^{Korea, Rep.}¹³²⁸⁶⁵¹^Philippines³⁷²⁵¹¹⁸^Kenya⁹⁶⁴¹⁸⁶
^{Czech Rep.}¹²¹⁹⁷⁵²^Guatemala³⁴⁷⁴¹²²^{Burkina Faso}⁸⁶⁶¹⁸⁸
^Argentina¹¹⁷²⁸⁵³^Maldives³⁴³⁶¹²³^Benin⁸⁵⁷¹⁸⁹
^Bahrain¹¹⁵⁵⁶⁵⁵^Georgia³⁴²⁹¹²⁴^{Congo, Rep.}⁸⁴⁶¹⁹⁰
^{Saudi Arabia}¹⁰⁴⁹⁸⁶⁰^Jamaica³³⁴⁴¹²⁶^Chad⁸⁴³¹⁹¹
^Seychelles¹⁰¹⁸⁵⁶²^{Cape Verde}³¹⁹²¹²⁷^Madagascar⁷⁴¹¹⁹²
^Hungary⁹⁸³²⁶³^Morocco³¹⁸⁸¹²⁸^Mozambique⁷⁴⁰¹⁹³
^{St. Kitts and Nevis}⁹⁷⁹⁰⁶⁴^{Egypt, Arab Rep.}³¹⁴⁶¹²⁹^Nigeria⁷⁴⁰¹⁹⁴
^{Slovak Rep.}⁹⁶²⁴⁶⁵^Guyana³¹³⁹¹³⁰^{Congo, Dem. Rep.}⁷³³¹⁹⁵
^{Antigua and Barbuda}⁸⁸⁹⁰⁶⁶^Ukraine³¹³⁰¹³¹^Niger⁷²⁹¹⁹⁶
^Uruguay⁸⁵⁴¹⁶⁷^China³⁰⁵¹¹³²^Zambia⁶⁷⁸¹⁹⁸
^Chile⁸⁵⁰⁷⁶⁸^Ecuador³⁰⁰³¹³³^Mali⁶⁷³¹⁹⁹
^{South Africa}⁸²⁹⁶⁶⁹^{Sri Lanka}²⁹⁴⁵¹³⁴^{Yemen, Rep.}⁶⁵⁸²⁰⁰
^Mauritius⁸²³⁶⁷⁰^Vanuatu²⁸⁹²¹³⁵^{Guinea-Bissau}⁵⁷³²⁰¹
^Malaysia⁷⁶⁹⁹⁷²^Albania²⁸⁶⁴¹³⁷^Ethiopia⁵⁶⁶²⁰²
^Estonia⁷⁵⁶³⁷³^{Syrian Arab Rep.}²⁷⁰²¹³⁸^Burundi⁵⁶¹²⁰³
^Poland⁷⁵⁴³⁷⁴^Jordan²⁶¹⁵¹³⁹^Malawi⁵⁵¹²⁰⁴
^Mexico⁷⁴⁵⁰⁷⁵^Zimbabwe²⁴⁸⁹¹⁴⁰^Tanzania⁴⁸³²⁰⁵
^{Trinidad and Tobago}⁷²⁰⁸⁷⁶^Indonesia²⁴⁰⁷¹⁴¹^{Sierra Leone}⁴⁴⁵²⁰⁶
^Croatia⁶⁶⁹⁸⁷⁸^Honduras²³³⁸¹⁴²

Table 6
Comparison of Various Measures
GNP Per Capita GNP Per Capita PPP GNP
Rank($US Billions - 1998)Rank($US Thousands - 1998)Rank($Int'l. Thousands - 1998)
1United States7903.01Luxembourg45,1001Luxembourg36,703

2 Japan 4089.1 2 Liechtenstein .. 2 Liechtenstein* ..

3 Germany 2179.8 3 Switzerland 39,980 3 Bermuda* ..

4France1465.44Norway34,3104United States29,240

5United Kingdom1264.35Bermuda*..5Cayman Islands*..

6 Italy 1157.0 6 Denmark 33,040 6 Switzerland 26,876
7 China 923.6 7 Japan 32,350 7 Norway 26,196
8Brazil767.68Cayman Islands*..8Singapore25,295

9 Canada 580.9 9 Singapore 30,170 9 Monaco* ..

10Spain555.210United States29,24010Brunei24,886
11 India 427.4 11 Iceland 27,830 11 Iceland 24,774
12Korea, Rep.398.812Austria26,83012Denmark23,855
13 Netherlands 389.1 13 Germany 26,570 13 Belgium 23,622
14 Australia 387.0 14 Sweden 25,580 14 Japan 23,592
15 Mexico 368.1 15 Belgium 25,380 15 Austria 23,145
16 Russia 331.8 16 Monaco* .. 16 Malta 22,901
17 Argentina 290.3 17 Netherlands 24,780 17 Canada 22,814
18 Switzerland 284.1 18 Brunei .. 18 Netherlands 22,325
19 Belgium 259.0 19 Finland 24,280 19 Germany 22,026
20 Sweden 226.5 20 France 24,210 20 Australia 21,795
* Indicates that the World Bank does not have reliable data for this country, but ranks it in an estimated
position.

Per Capita GNPGNPPer Capita PPP GNP
^Luxembourg^{U. S.}^Luxembourg
^{Liechtenstein*}^Japan^{Liechtenstein*}
^Switzerland^Germany^Bermuda*
^Norway^France^{U. S.}
^Bermuda*^{U. K.}^{Cayman Is.*}
^Denmark^Italy^Switzerland
^Japan^China^Norway
^{Cayman Is.*}^Brazil^Singapore
^Singapore^Canada^Monaco*
^{U. S.}^Spain^Brunei
^Iceland^India^Iceland
^Austria^{Korea, Rep.}^Denmark
^Germany^Netherlands^Belgium
^Sweden^Australia^Japan
^Belgium^Mexico^Austria
^Monaco*^Russia^Malta
^Netherlands^Argentina^Canada
^Brunei*^Switzerland^Netherlands
^Finland^Belgium^Germany
^France^Sweden^Australia
²⁵⁵⁰⁰⁴⁰⁰⁰⁸⁰⁰⁰⁰²⁰⁴⁰^{1998 Intl Dollars (Thousands)}
^{1998 U.S. Dollars (Thousands)}^{1998 U.S. Dollars (Billions)}

Table 7
Human Development Index Rankings
^Canada^0.935¹^Panama^0.776⁵⁹^Mongolia^0.628¹¹⁷
^Norway^0.934²^Bulgaria^0.772⁶⁰^Vanuatu^0.623¹¹⁸
^{United States}^0.929³^Malaysia^0.772⁶¹^Egypt^0.623¹¹⁹
^Australia^0.929⁴^{Russian Federation}^0.771⁶²^Guatemala^0.619¹²⁰
^Iceland^0.927⁵^Latvia^0.771⁶³^{Solomon Islands}^0.614¹²¹
^Sweden^0.926⁶^Romania^0.770⁶⁴^Botswana^0.593¹²²
^Belgium^0.925⁷^Venezuela^0.770⁶⁵^Gabon^0.592¹²³
^Netherlands^0.925⁸^Fiji^0.769⁶⁶^Morocco^0.589¹²⁴
^Japan^0.924⁹^Suriname^0.766⁶⁷^Myanmar^0.585¹²⁵
^{United Kingdom}^0.918¹⁰^Colombia^0.764⁶⁸^Iraq^0.583¹²⁶
^Finland^0.917¹¹^{Macedonia, FYR}^0.763⁶⁹^Lesotho^0.569¹²⁷
^France^0.917¹²^Georgia^0.762⁷⁰^India^0.563¹²⁸
^Switzerland^0.915¹³^Mauritius^0.761⁷¹^Ghana^0.556¹²⁹
^Germany^0.911¹⁴^Libya^0.760⁷²^Zimbabwe^0.555¹³⁰
^Denmark^0.911¹⁵^Kazakhstan^0.754⁷³^{Equatorial Guinea}^0.555¹³¹
^Austria^0.908¹⁶^Brazil^0.747⁷⁴^{Sao Tome & Principe}^0.547¹³²
^Luxembourg^0.908¹⁷^{Saudi Arabia}^0.747⁷⁵^{Papua New Guinea}^0.542¹³³
^Ireland^0.907¹⁸^Thailand^0.745⁷⁶^Cameroon^0.528¹³⁴
^Italy^0.903¹⁹^Philippines^0.744⁷⁷^Pakistan^0.522¹³⁵
^{New Zealand}^0.903²⁰^Ukraine^0.744⁷⁸^Cambodia^0.512¹³⁶
^Spain^0.899²¹^{St. Vincent &}^0.738⁷⁹^Comoros^0.510¹³⁷
^Cyprus^0.886²²^Peru^0.737⁸⁰^Kenya^0.508¹³⁸
^Israel^0.883²³^Paraguay^0.736⁸¹^Congo^0.507¹³⁹
^Singapore^0.881²⁴^Lebanon^0.735⁸²^{Lao PDR}^0.484¹⁴⁰
^Greece^0.875²⁵^Jamaica^0.735⁸³^Madagascar^0.483¹⁴¹
^{Hong Kong}^0.872²⁶^{Sri Lanka}^0.733⁸⁴^Bhutan^0.483¹⁴²
^Malta^0.865²⁷^Turkey^0.732⁸⁵^Sudan^0.477¹⁴³
^Portugal^0.864²⁸^Oman^0.730⁸⁶^Nepal^0.474¹⁴⁴
^Slovenia^0.861²⁹^{Dominican Republic}^0.729⁸⁷^Togo^0.471¹⁴⁵
^Barbados^0.858³⁰^{St. Lucia}^0.728⁸⁸^Bangladesh^0.461¹⁴⁶
^{Korea, Rep.}^0.854³¹^Maldives^0.725⁸⁹^Mauritania^0.451¹⁴⁷
^{Brunei Darussalam}^0.848³²^Azerbaijan^0.722⁹⁰^Yemen^0.448¹⁴⁸
^Bahamas^0.844³³^Ecuador^0.722⁹¹^Djibouti^0.447¹⁴⁹
^{Czech Rep.}^0.843³⁴^Jordan^0.721⁹²^Haiti^0.440¹⁵⁰
^Argentina^0.837³⁵^Armenia^0.721⁹³^Zambia^0.439¹⁵¹
^Kuwait^0.836³⁶^Albania^0.713⁹⁴^Nigeria^0.430¹⁵²
^{Antigua and Barbuda}^0.833³⁷^{Samoa (Western)}^0.711⁹⁵^{Congo, Dem. Rep.}^0.420¹⁵³
^Chile^0.826³⁸^Guyana^0.709⁹⁶^Zambia^0.420¹⁵⁴
^Uruguay^0.825³⁹^Iran^0.709⁹⁷^{Cote d’Ivoire}^0.416¹⁵⁵
^Slovakia^0.825⁴⁰^{Kyrgyz Rep.}^0.706⁹⁸^Tanzania^0.415¹⁵⁶
^Bahrain^0.820⁴¹^China^0.706⁹⁹^Benin^0.411¹⁵⁷
^Qatar^0.819⁴²^Turkmenistan^0.704¹⁰⁰^Uganda^0.409¹⁵⁸
^Hungary^0.817⁴³^Tunisia^0.703¹⁰¹^Eritrea^0.408¹⁵⁹
^Poland^0.814⁴⁴^Moldova^0.700¹⁰²^Angola^0.405¹⁶⁰
^{United Arab Emirates}^0.810⁴⁵^{South Africa}^0.697¹⁰³^Gambia^0.396¹⁶¹
^Estonia^0.801⁴⁶^{El Salvador}^0.696¹⁰⁴^Guinea^0.394¹⁶²
^{St. Kitts and Nevis}^0.798⁴⁷^{Cape Verde}^0.688¹⁰⁵^Malawi^0.385¹⁶³
^{Costa Rica}^0.797⁴⁸^Uzbekistan^0.686¹⁰⁶^Rwanda^0.382¹⁶⁴
^Croatia^0.795⁴⁹^Algeria^0.683¹⁰⁷^Mali^0.380¹⁶⁵
^{Trinidad and Tobago}^0.793⁵⁰^{Viet Nam}^0.671¹⁰⁸^{Central African}^0.371¹⁶⁶
^Dominica^0.793⁵¹^Indonesia^0.670¹⁰⁹^Chad^0.367¹⁶⁷
^Lithuania^0.789⁵²^Tajikistan^0.663¹¹⁰^Mozambique^0.341¹⁶⁸
^Seychelles^0.786⁵³^{Syrian Arab Rep.}^0.660¹¹¹^{Guinea-Bissau}^0.331¹⁶⁹
^Grenada^0.785⁵⁴^Swaziland^0.655¹¹²^Burundi^0.321¹⁷⁰
^Mexico^0.784⁵⁵^Honduras^0.653¹¹³^Ethiopia^0.309¹⁷¹
^Cuba^0.783⁵⁶^Bolivia^0.643¹¹⁴^{Burkina Faso}^0.303¹⁷²
^Belarus^0.781⁵⁷^Namibia^0.632¹¹⁵^Niger^0.293¹⁷³
^Belize^0.777⁵⁸^Nicaragua^0.631¹¹⁶^{Sierra Leone}^0.252¹⁷⁴

Sources for Statistical Tables
Source for Tables 1 and 3:
World Bank. 2000. 2000 World Development Indicators CD-ROM (Total GNP 1998, Atlas
method). Available at <[http://www.worldbank.org/data/]
databytopic/databytopic.html#MACROECONOMICS AND GROWTH>.
Source for Tables 2, 4, and 5:
World Bank. 2000. 2000 World Development Indicators CD-ROM (GNP per capita 1998,
Atlas method and PPP). Available at
[http://www.worldbank.org/data/]databytopic/databytopic.html#MACROECONOMIC
S AND GROWTH]
Source for Table 6:
Compiled from:
World Bank. 2000. 2000 World Development Indicators CD-ROM (Total GNP 1998, Atlas
method). Available at [http://www.worldbank.org/data/]
databytopic/databytopic.html#MACROECONOMICS AND GROWTH>.
World Bank. 2000. 2000 World Development Indicators CD-ROM (GNP per capita 1998,
Atlas method and PPP). Available at
<[http://www.worldbank.org/data/]databytopic/databytopic.html#MACROECONOMI
CS AND GROWTH>.
Note: Rankings in the above tables include 206 countries. These tables show only those countries
with World Bank confirmed 1998 data or which the World Bank estimates to be in the top
twenty in the category in question. The World Bank uses the Atlas Method (described in the
World Bank's World Development Report 1999/2000, pp. 287-288) to convert GNP figures from
local currencies to US dollars.
Source for Table 7:
United Nations Development Programme. 1999. Human Development Report 1999. New
York: Oxford University Press.

Appendix A. Acronyms and Abbreviations
GDPGross Domestic Product
GNPGross National Product
HDIHuman Development Index
PPP GNPPurchasing Power Parity per capita Gross National Product
UNDPUnited Nations Development Programme