Statutes of Limitation in Federal Criminal Cases: An Overview

^Pr^ep^ar^{ed f}^o^r^M^e^m^b^ers^an^d^Com^mⁱ^t^t^ees^of^C^ong^r^e^ss

A statute of limitations dictates the time period within which a legal proceeding must begin. The
purpose of a statute of limitations in a criminal case is to ensure the prompt prosecution of
criminal charges and thereby spare the accused of the burden of having to defend against stale
charges after memories may have faded or evidence is lost.
There is no statute of limitations for federal crimes punishable by death, nor for certain federal
crimes of terrorism, nor, since passage of the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act (P.L.
109-248, H.R. 4472, 2006), for certain federal sex offenses. Prosecution for most other federal
crimes must begin within five years of the commitment of the offense. There are exceptions.
Some types of crimes are subject to a longer period of limitation; some circumstances suspend or
extend the otherwise applicable period of limitation.
Arson, art theft, certain crimes against financial institutions and various immigration offenses all
carry statutes of limitation longer than the five year standard. Regardless of the applicable statute
of limitations, the period may be extended or the running of the period suspended or tolled under
a number of circumstances such as when the accused is a fugitive or when the case involves
charges of child abuse, bankruptcy, wartime fraud against the government, or DNA evidence.
Ordinarily, the statute of limitations begins to run as soon as the crime has been completed.
Although the federal crime of conspiracy is complete when one of the plotters commits an
affirmative act in its name, the period for conspiracies begins with the last affirmative act
committed in furtherance of the scheme. Other so-called continuing offenses include various
possession crimes and some that impose continuing obligations to register or report.
Limitation-related constitutional challenges arise most often under the Constitution’s ex post
facto and due process clauses. The federal courts have long held that a statute of limitations may
be enlarged retroactively as long as the previously applicable period of limitation has not expired.
The Supreme Court recently confirmed that view; the ex post facto proscription precludes
legislative revival of an expired period of limitation. Due process condemns pre-indictment
delays even when permitted by the statute of limitations if the prosecution wrongfully caused the
delay and the accused’s defense suffered actual, substantial harm as a consequence.
This report is available in an abbreviated form as CRS Report RS21121, Statutes of Limitation in
Federal Criminal Cases: A Sketch.

Introduc tion ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Prosecution at Any Time.................................................................................................................2
Limits by Crime...............................................................................................................................3
Suspension and Extension...............................................................................................................3
Conspiracies and Continuing Offenses............................................................................................9
Constitutional Considerations.......................................................................................................12
Appendix A. Periods of Limitation for Specific Federal Crimes..................................................15
Appendix B. State Felony Statutes of Limitation..........................................................................28
Author Contact Information..........................................................................................................33

The Constitution’s speedy trial clause, U.S. Const. Amend. VI, protects the criminally accused
against unreasonable delays between his indictment and trial. Before indictment, the statutes of
limitation, and in extreme circumstances the due process clauses, U.S. Const. Amends. V and
XIV, protect the accused from unreasonable delays. The anti-terrorism measures of the USA
PATRIOT Act, 115 Stat. 809 (2001), made substantial alterations in the statutes of limitation that
govern a number of federal crimes. This is an overview of federal law relating to the statutes of
limitation in criminal cases, including those changes produced by the Act.
The phrase “statute of limitations” refers to the time period within which formal criminal charges ¹
must be brought after a crime has been committed. “The purpose of a statute of limitations is to
limit exposure to criminal prosecution to a certain fixed period of time following the occurrence
of those acts the legislature has decided to punish by criminal sanctions. Such a limitation is
designed to protect individuals from having to defend themselves against charges when the basic
facts may have become obscured by the passage of time and to minimize the danger of official
punishment because of acts in the far-distant past. Such a time limit may also have the salutary
effect of encouraging law enforcement officials promptly to investigate suspected criminal ²
activity.” Therefore, in most instances, prosecutions are barred if the defendant points out that
there was no indictment or other formal charge within the time period dictated by the statute of ³
limitations.
Statutes of limitation are creatures of statute. The common law recognized no period of
limitation. An indictment could be brought at any time. Limitations are recognized today only to ⁴
the extent that a statute or due process dictate their recognition. Congress and most state
legislatures have enacted statutes of limitation, but declare that prosecution for some crimes may ⁵
be brought at any time.
Federal statutes of limitation are as old as federal crimes. When the Founders assembled in the
First Congress, they passed not only the first federal criminal laws but made prosecution under ⁶
those laws subject to specific statutes of limitation. Similar provisions continue to this day.

¹^B^LA^C^K^’^S^L^AW^D^IC^T^I^O^N^A^R^Y^{927 (}⁶^th^ed^.¹⁹⁹⁰⁾^.
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^v^.^W^ild^,⁵⁵^{1 F.}^2d⁴^18,⁴^24-^{25 (}^D^.^C^{. C}ⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁷⁷⁾^.
⁴^A^t^s^o^m^e^{point e}^v^eⁿ^ts^pa^s^s^int^o^hi^s^t^or^y^a^{nd due}^pr^oc^e^s^s^r^e^s^t^rⁱ^c^t^s^the^e^x^te^{nt to w}^h^ic^{h t}^h^e^y^m^a^y^be^r^e^s^u^r^r^e^c^t^e^d^{to b}^u^il^{d a}
^c^r^im^ina^l^a^c^c^u^sa^{tion, w}^ith^{or w}^ith^{out a}ⁿ^a^p^plic^a^b^le^sta^t^ute^of^lim^ita^tⁱ^ons,^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^a^rⁱ^oⁿ^,⁴⁰^{4 U}^.^S.³^07,³²⁴
⁽¹⁹⁷¹⁾^.
⁵^C^a^ps^uliz^e^d^de^s^c^rⁱ^ptio^ns^of^the^v^a^rⁱ^ous^s^t^a^t^e^c^r^im^ina^l^s^t^a^t^ute^s^of^lim^ita^tion^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^ing^f^e^lony^pr^os^e^c^u^tions^a^r^e
^a^ppe^nde^d.
⁶^“E^xcep^t^f^o^r^m^u^rd^{er an}^d^f^o^rgery^,^t^h^{e st}^at^u^t^e^o^f^lⁱ^mⁱ^t^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^f^o^{r the}^p^r^ose^c^u^tio^{n of}^a^{ll f}^e^de^ra^{l c}^a^p^ita^{l of}^f^e^nse^s^{is thre}^e
^y^e^a^r^{s; the}^sta^t^ute^of^lim^ita^{tions f}^o^{r a}^{ll n}^onc^a^p^ita^{l c}^r^im^e^s^{is tw}^o^y^e^a^r^s,”^{1 Sta}^t^.¹^{19 (}¹⁷⁹⁰⁾^.

Federal capital offenses may be prosecuted at any time,⁷ but unless some more specific
arrangement has been made a general five year statute of limitations covers all other federal ⁸
crimes. Some of the exceptions to the general rule, like those of the USA PATRIOT Act, identify ⁹
longer periods for particular crimes. Others suspend or extend the applicable period under certain ¹⁰¹¹
circumstances such as the flight of the accused, or during time of war.

Aside from capital offenses,¹² crimes which Congress associated with terrorism may be
prosecuted at any time if they result in a death or serious injury or create a foreseeable risk of ¹³
death or serious injury. Although the crimes were selected because they are often implicated in
acts of terrorism, a terrorist defendant is not a prerequisite to an unlimited period for ¹⁴
prosecution. A third category of crimes that may be prosecuted at any time consists of various ¹⁵
designated federal child abduction and sex offenses.

⁷¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³²⁸¹^.
⁸^“^E^x^c^e^p^{t a}^s^othe^r^w^is^e^e^x^pr^e^s^s^l^y^pr^ov^ide^d^by^law^,^{no pe}^r^s^oⁿ^s^h^a^l^l^b^e^pr^os^e^c^u^te^d,^tr^ie^d,^or^pu^nis^h^e^d^f^o^r^aⁿ^y^of^f^e^ns^e^,^not
^c^a^p^ita^{l, u}ⁿ^le^s^s^theⁱ^ndic^t^m^e^{nt is}^f^oun^d^orⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^a^{tion is instit}^ute^d^w^{ithin f}ⁱ^v^e^y^e^a^r^{s ne}^x^t^a^f^te^{r suc}^h^off^e^nse^sha^{ll ha}^v^e
^be^eⁿ^c^o^m^m^itte^d,”^{18 U.}^S.C.³²⁸²^.
⁹¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³²⁸⁶^.
¹⁰¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³²⁹⁰^.
¹¹¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³²⁸⁷^.
¹²^“^A^{n indic}^t^m^e^{nt f}^o^r^aⁿ^y^of^f^e^ns^e^punis^h^a^b^le^by^de^a^t^{h m}^a^y^be^f^ound^a^t^aⁿ^y^ti^m^e^w^{ithout lim}^ita^tion^,^”¹⁸^U^.^S.C^.³²⁸¹^.
^Bet^w^een^t^h^{e S}^u^p^r^em^{e Co}^u^r^t^’^{s d}^e^ci^si^oⁿⁱⁿ^F^u^r^m^an^v^.^G^e^or^gi^a^,⁴⁰⁸^U^.^S.²³^{8 (}¹⁹⁷²⁾^{, a}^nd^pa^s^s^a^g^e^of^t^h^e^Vi^oleⁿ^t^C^r^im^e
^C^ontr^o^{l a}ⁿ^{d L}^a^w^Enf^o^r^c^em^eⁿ^{t A}^c^{t of}¹⁹^94,¹⁰⁸^Sta^t^.¹⁷^96,^the^de^a^t^{h pe}^na^lty^a^u^th^or^iz^e^d^by^f^e^de^r^a^{l c}^a^pita^{l of}^f^e^ns^e
^s^t^a^t^ute^s^c^oul^{d n}^o^t^be^c^ons^t^itutⁱ^oⁿ^a^llyⁱ^m^pos^e^d^{. T}^h^e^que^s^tio^{n a}^r^os^e^w^h^e^t^he^r^the^te^r^m^“^o^f^f^eⁿ^s^e^s^punis^h^a^b^le^by^de^a^t^h”ⁱⁿ
^the^s^t^a^t^ute^of^lim^ita^tions^r^e^f^e^r^r^e^d^{to of}^f^e^ns^e^s^m^a^de^c^a^p^ita^{l by}^s^t^a^t^ute^or^only^{to of}^f^e^ns^e^s^f^o^r^w^h^ic^{h the}^de^a^t^{h pe}^na^lty
^mⁱ^g^h^{t c}^ons^tit^uti^ona^lly^be^im^pos^e^d^{. T}^h^e^c^our^ts^c^o^nc^lu^de^{d t}^h^a^t^C^o^ng^r^e^s^s^inte^nde^d^the^te^r^m^{to r}^e^f^e^r^{to o}^f^f^e^ns^e^s^w^h^ic^{h it}^th
^mad^e^capⁱ^t^a^l^b^y^st^at^u^t^e.^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Em^e^r^y^,¹⁸⁶^F.^3d⁹²^1,⁹²⁴⁽⁸^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁹⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^es^v.^E^d^wa^rd^s^,¹⁵⁹^F.3^d^th^th
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^of^f^e^ns^e^s^is^a^ppe^nde^d.^T^h^e^lis^{t inc}^l^ude^s^th^os^e^c^r^im^e^s^m^a^de^c^a^p^ita^{l b}^y^ope^r^a^{tion of}^ot^he^r^pr^ov^is^ions^of^la^w^s^u^c^h^a^s¹⁸
^U.S.C.³⁵^59(f^)(m^urde^{r of}^a^c^h^ild^duriⁿ^g^the^c^o^urse^a^f^e^de^ra^{l c}^rⁱ^m^e^of^vⁱ^oleⁿ^c^e⁾^a^{nd 1}⁸^U.^S.C.²²⁴⁵⁽^m^urde^{r c}^o^m^m^itte^d
^durⁱⁿ^g^the^c^o^ur^s^e^of^de^sⁱ^gⁿ^a^t^e^d^f^e^de^r^a^{l s}^e^x^of^f^e^ns^e^s⁾^.
¹³^{18 U}^.^S.C.³²⁸⁶^(b)(“^N^o^tw^iths^t^aⁿ^ding^aⁿ^y^othe^{r la}^w^,^aⁿⁱⁿ^dic^t^m^e^{nt m}^a^y^be^f^ound^{or a}ⁿⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^a^{tion i}ⁿ^s^titute^{d a}^t^aⁿ^y
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^{18 U}^.^S.C^.²³³²^b(^g⁾⁽⁵⁾⁽^B⁾^is^a^p^pe^nde^d.
¹⁴^{18 U}^.^S.C^.²³³^2b(^g⁾⁽⁵⁾^de^fⁱ^ne^s^a^f^e^de^r^a^{l c}^rⁱ^m^e^of^te^r^r^o^rⁱ^sm^a^s^“^aⁿ^of^f^e^ns^e^tha^t^{– (}^A⁾^is^c^a^l^c^u^la^te^{d to}^inf^l^ue^nc^e^or
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^vⁱ^ola^tion^of^”^one^of^lis^{t of}^te^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^m^-^a^s^s^o^cⁱ^a^t^e^d^of^f^e^ns^e^s^.^T^h^e^lis^{t of}^c^r^im^es^w^h^ic^{h Se}^c^tio^{n 3}²⁸⁶⁽^b⁾^m^a^k^e^s^pr^os^e^c^u^ta^ble
^at^an^y^tⁱ^m^e^coⁿ^sⁱ^s^t^s^o^f^t^h^o^s^{e cri}^m^e^s^liste^{d in}¹⁸^U.S.C^.²³³^2b(g⁾⁽⁵⁾^(B⁾^.^Had^Coⁿ^g^{ress w}ⁱ^sh^ed^t^h^{e w}^aⁱ^v^{er o}^f^t^h^{e st}^at^u^t^es
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^tim^e^w^{ithout lim}^ita^tion^f^o^r^aⁿ^y^of^f^e^ns^e^unde^r^Se^c^tion¹²⁰¹^[^k^id^na^pⁱ^ng^]^inv^o^lv^ing^a^mⁱ^nor^vⁱ^c^tim^{, a}^{nd f}^o^r^aⁿ^y^f^e^lony
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^f^o^r^c^e^or^f^r^a^{ud or}^of^a^c^h^ild^]^”⁾^.
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^c^h^ildreⁿ⁾^{, 2}²⁵²^(tra^ns^portⁱ^ng^,^dist^ributiⁿ^g^or^se^lling^c^h^il^d^se^x^u^a^lly^e^x^ploitiv^e^m^a^te^ri^a^l^{), 22}^52A^(tra^nsporti^ng^or
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⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

Although the majority of federal crimes are governed by the general five year statute of
limitations, Congress has chosen longer periods for specific types of crimes – 20 years for the ¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸
theft of art work; 10 years for arson, for certain crimes against financial institutions, and for ¹⁹
immigration offenses; and eight years for the nonviolent violations of the terrorism-associated ²⁰
statutes which may be prosecuted at any time if committed under violent circumstances. ²¹²²
Investigative difficulties or the seriousness of the crime seem to have provided the rationale
for enlargement of the time limit for prosecuting these offenses beyond the five year standard.

The five year rule may yield to circumstances other than the type of crime to be prosecuted. For
example, an otherwise applicable limitation period may be suspended or extended in cases ²³²⁴
involving child abuse, the concealment of the assets of an estate in bankruptcy, wartime fraud

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^m^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^ov^e^r^s^e^a^s^f^o^r^e^x^por^{t to t}^h^e^U^.^S.)^,²⁴^{21 (}^t^r^a^ns^p^o^r^t^a^tio^{n of}^ill^ic^{it s}^e^x^u^a^l^pur^pos^e^s⁾^,²⁴²²⁽^c^oe^r^c^e^or^eⁿ^tic^e^tr^a^v^e^l
^f^o^{r illic}^{it se}^x^u^a^l^pur^pose^s^),²⁴^{23 (}^t^ra^v^e^{l inv}^o^lv^ing^illic^{it se}^x^u^a^l^a^c^tⁱ^v^it^y^w^{ith a}^c^h^ild)^,²⁴²⁴^(f^iling^f^a^lse^im^mⁱ^g^r^a^tion
^sta^t^e^m^eⁿ^{t), 24}^{25 (}ⁱ^nte^r^sta^t^e^traⁿ^s^m^is^{sion of}^inf^o^rm^a^{tion a}^b^o^u^{t a}^c^h^{ild re}^la^ting^t^o^il^lic^{it se}^x^u^a^l^a^c^tiv^ity^).
¹⁶^“^N^{o pe}^r^s^oⁿ^s^h^a^ll^be^pr^os^e^c^u^te^d,^t^r^ie^{d, or}^p^unis^h^e^d^f^o^r^a^vⁱ^ola^tⁱ^on^o^f^or^c^ons^pir^a^c^y^{to v}ⁱ^ola^t^e^Se^c^tion⁶⁶⁸^uⁿ^le^s^s^the
^indic^t^m^e^{nt is re}^turⁿ^e^d^{or the}^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion is f}^ile^{d w}^ithin²⁰^y^e^a^r^s^af^te^r^the^c^o^m^m^is^sⁱ^{on of}^the^of^f^e^ns^e^,^”^{18 U}^.^S.C^.³²⁹⁴^.
¹⁷^“^N^{o pe}^r^s^oⁿ^s^h^a^ll^be^pr^os^e^c^u^te^d,^t^r^ie^{d, or}^p^unis^h^e^d^f^o^r^aⁿ^y^non-^c^a^pⁱ^t^a^l^of^f^e^ns^e^unde^r^Se^c^tion⁸¹^[^a^r^s^oⁿⁱⁿ^the^s^p^e^cⁱ^a^l
^m^a^ritim^e^{or te}^rritoria^l^j^u^risd^ic^tioⁿ^of^the^Unite^d^Sta^t^e^s^]^or^s^ubse^c^tio^{n (f}^{), (h),}^{or (i)}^of^Se^c^tion⁸⁴⁴^[us^e^of^fⁱ^re^or
^e^x^plosiv^e^s^{to c}^o^m^m^{it a}^fe^de^ra^{l off}^e^nse^,^a^{nd bur}^ning^{or b}^o^m^b^ing^of^f^e^de^ra^{l prope}^rt^y^{or pro}^p^e^r^ty^use^d^{in or}ⁱⁿ^a^c^tiv^itie^s
^a^ffe^c^ting^inte^rs^ta^te^{or f}^o^re^ig^{n c}^o^m^m^e^rce^]^uⁿ^le^s^s^theⁱ^ndic^t^m^e^{nt is}^f^ound^{or t}^h^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion is}ⁱⁿ^s^titu^te^{d n}^o^{t la}^te^{r t}^h^aⁿ¹⁰
^y^e^a^r^{s a}^f^te^{r the}^da^te^{on w}^h^ic^{h t}^h^e^of^fe^nse^w^a^{s c}^o^m^m^itte^d,”^{18 U.S.}^{C. 32}⁹⁵^.
¹⁸^“^N^{o pe}^r^s^oⁿ^s^h^a^ll^be^pr^os^e^c^u^te^d,^t^r^ie^{d, or}^p^unis^h^e^d^f^o^r^a^vⁱ^ol^a^tⁱ^on^o^f^{, or}^a^c^ons^pir^a^c^y^{to v}ⁱ^ola^t^e^{– (}¹⁾^Se^c^tion²¹^5,⁶⁵^6,
⁶⁵⁷^{, 1}⁰⁰⁵^,¹⁰⁰⁶^{, 1}⁰⁰⁷^,¹⁰¹⁴^{, 1}⁰³³^{, o}^r¹³⁴⁴^{; (}²⁾^Se^c^tioⁿ¹³⁴¹^or¹³⁴³^[^m^a^{il a}^{nd w}ⁱ^r^e^f^r^a^ud]^,^if^the^of^f^e^ns^e^af^f^e^c^t^s^a
^fⁱ^na^nc^ia^{l institut}ⁱ^oⁿ^;^{or (3)}^Se^c^tio^{n 1}⁹⁶³^[⁽^{RICO) ra}^c^k^e^t^e^e^rⁱⁿ^f^l^ue^nc^e^d^a^{nd c}^o^rr^up^{t org}^a^niz^a^tio^ns^]^,^t^o^the^e^x^te^{nt t}^h^a^t^the
^ra^c^k^e^t^e^e^ring^a^c^tiv^it^y^inv^o^lv^e^s^a^vⁱ^ola^tio^{n of}^Se^c^tio^{n 1}³⁴⁴^[^b^aⁿ^k^f^r^aud^]^–^unle^s^s^theⁱⁿ^dic^t^m^e^{nt is}^r^e^turⁿ^e^d^or^the
^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion is}^f^ile^{d w}^{ithin 1}⁰^y^e^ar^s^a^f^te^r^the^c^o^m^m^is^sⁱ^{on of}^the^of^f^e^ns^e^,^”^{18 U}^.^S.C^.³²^93.
¹⁹^“^N^{o pe}^r^s^oⁿ^s^h^a^ll^be^pr^os^e^c^u^te^d,^t^r^ie^{d, or}^p^unis^h^e^d^f^o^r^vⁱ^ola^tⁱ^on^of^aⁿ^y^pr^ov^is^{ion of}^Se^c^tio^ns¹⁴²³^t^o¹⁴^28,^inc^l^us^iv^e^,
^of^C^h^a^p^te^r⁶⁹^[ⁿ^a^tⁱ^ona^li^ty^a^{nd c}^itiz^eⁿ^s^h^ip^of^f^e^ns^e^s^]^a^nd^Se^c^tions¹⁵^{41 t}^o¹⁵^44,^inc^l^us^iv^e^,^of^C^h^a^p^te^r⁷⁵^[^p^a^s^s^por^t^a^nd
^vⁱ^sa^off^e^nse^s^]^of^T^itle^{18 of}^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^Code^,^{or f}^o^{r c}^o^nspira^c^y^{to v}ⁱ^ola^t^e^aⁿ^y^of^suc^h^Se^c^tions^{, un}^le^{ss the}
^indic^t^m^e^{nt is}^f^oun^{d or}^theⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^{tion is}^ins^tit^ute^d^w^ithin^{10 y}^e^a^r^s^a^f^te^r^the^c^o^m^m^is^sⁱ^{on of}^the^of^f^eⁿ^s^e^,^”^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.
³²⁹¹
²⁰^“^N^otw^iths^t^a^nding^Se^c^tⁱ^on³²⁸²^,^no^pe^r^s^on^s^h^a^ll^be^pr^os^e^c^u^te^{d, tr}ⁱ^e^{d, or}^pu^nis^h^e^d^f^o^r^aⁿ^y^nonc^a^p^ita^{l of}^f^e^ns^e
^inv^o^lv^ing^a^vⁱ^ola^tⁱ^on^of^aⁿ^y^pr^ov^is^{ion l}ⁱ^s^t^e^dⁱⁿ^Se^c^tioⁿ²³³²^b(^g⁾⁽⁵⁾⁽^B⁾^[^t^e^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^t^of^f^e^ns^e^s^]^,^or^a^vⁱ^ola^t^ion¹¹^2,³⁵¹⁽^e⁾^,
¹³⁶^1,^or¹⁷^51(e⁾^of^{this tit}^le^{, or}^S^e^c^{tion 4}⁶⁵⁰⁴^,⁴⁶⁵⁰⁵^,^or⁴⁶⁵⁰⁶^of^T^itle^49,^unle^{ss t}^h^eⁱⁿ^dic^t^m^e^{nt is foun}^d^{or t}^h^e
^inf^o^rm^a^{tion is instit}^ute^d^w^ithiⁿ^eⁱ^g^h^{t y}^e^a^r^{s a}^f^te^r^the^off^e^nse^w^a^{s c}^o^m^m^itte^{d. . .}^.”¹⁸^U.S^.^C.³²^86(a⁾^.
²¹^S^{ee e.}^g^.^,^H.^R^EP^.N^O^{. 82-}¹⁶^{7, a}^t^2-^{3 (}¹⁹⁵¹⁾^{; H}^.^R^EP^.N^O^{. 9}⁸^-⁹^07,^a^t²⁽¹⁹⁸⁴⁾^,^re^printe^dⁱⁿ^{, 1}⁹⁸⁴^U^.^S^.^C^.^C^.^A^.^N^.³⁵⁷^8,
³⁵⁷^8-⁵⁷^9.
²²^Admⁱⁿⁱ^s^t^r^a^ti^on’^s^D^r^a^{ft A}ⁿ^ti-^Te^r^r^or^is^m^Ac^{t of}²⁰⁰¹^:^H^e^arⁱⁿ^gs^Be^fo^r^e^the^H^ous^e^C^o^m^m^.^oⁿ^t^h^e^J^udicⁱ^ar^y^,¹⁰⁷^th
^C^ong^{., 1}^st^Se^s^s^.^a^t⁶⁰⁽²⁰^01).
²³¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³²⁸³^.
²⁴¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³²⁸⁴^.

against the government,²⁵ dismissal of original charges,²⁶ fugitives,²⁷ foreign evidence,²⁸ or DNA ²⁹
evidence.
The child protection section, 18 U.S.C. 3283, permits an indictment or information charging
kidnaping, or sexual abuse, or physical abuse, of a child under the age of 18 to be filed within the ³⁰
longer of 10 years or the life of the victim. The recent enactment of 18 U.S.C. 3299, discussed
earlier, which eliminates the statute of limitations in cases of child abduction and sex offenses
against children, obviously limits the sweep of Section 3283.
Prior to the enactment of Section 3299 and the passage of the 2006 Violence Against Women ³¹
Act, the application of the DNA sections turned on the presence or absence of a crime under ³²
Chapter 109A of Title 18. In the case of a crime under Chapter 109A, Section 3282(b) stated
that the statute of limitations could be tolled by the filing of an indictment identifying the accused ³³
by his DNA profile, if the accused were otherwise unknown. In the case of felonies other than
those of Chapter 109A, the governing section, Section 3297, seemed open to either of two
i n te r pr e ta ti o ns :
^In^{a ca}^s^eⁱⁿ^w^h^ic^h^D^N^A^te^s^tⁱⁿ^{g i}^m^p^licates^{an iden}^ti^fⁱ^{ed pe}^rs^onⁱⁿ^t^h^{e co}^mm^is^sⁱ^on^o^f^a
^f^e^lony^{, ex}^cept^f^o^r^{a f}^e^l^ony^off^eⁿ^s^e^uⁿ^d^{er Ch}^apt^e^{r 109A}^,ⁿ^o^st^atu^t^{e o}^f^lⁱ^m^itatioⁿ^s^th^a^t^w^o^u^l^d
^o^t^h^e^r^w^{ise p}^r^ecl^u^d^{e p}^r^o^s^ecu^tioⁿ^o^f^th^e^o^f^f^eⁿ^s^e^sh^a^{ll p}^r^eclu^d^e^su^c^h^p^r^o^s^ecu^tⁱ^oⁿ^uⁿ^{til a}^p^e^rⁱ^o^d
^o^f^ti^m^e^f^o^llo^wⁱⁿ^g^t^h^{e i}^m^p^licati^oⁿ^o^f^th^e^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^b^y^D^N^A^te^stiⁿ^g^h^a^{s elap}^sed^th^a^tⁱ^s^eq^u^a^l^to
^t^h^{e ot}^h^e^r^wⁱ^s^{e appl}ⁱ^cabl^e^lⁱ^mⁱ^t^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^peri^od.^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.³²⁹⁷^(l^aⁿ^gu^a^g^{e s}^t^ru^c^k^b^y^t^h^{e V}ⁱ^o^l^en^c^e
^Ag^aiⁿ^s^{t W}^o^m^eⁿ^A^c^{t a}^m^en^d^m^en^{t n}^o^ted⁾^.
It might mean that the otherwise applicable statute of limitations is tolled until DNA testing can
be completed. On the other hand, it may mean that the applicable statute of limitations is tolled in
the presence of suspect-implicating DNA evidence until the individual implicated is sufficiently
identified for indictment other than merely by his DNA profile. Section 3297’s enactment in
conjunction with legislation designed to eliminate DNA testing backlogs seems to support the
first reading; the hearing testimony of Justice Department officials who proposed the language,

²⁵¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³²⁸⁷^.
²⁶^{18 U}^.^S.C^.³²⁸⁸^,³²^89.
²⁷¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³²⁹⁰^.
²⁸¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³²⁹²^.
²⁹¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³²⁸²⁽^b⁾^,³²⁹⁷^.
³⁰^“^N^{o s}^t^a^t^ute^of^lim^ita^tions^t^h^a^t^w^ould^ot^he^r^w^is^e^pr^e^c^l^ude^pr^os^e^c^u^ti^oⁿ^f^o^r^aⁿ^of^f^e^ns^e^inv^o^lv^ing^the^s^e^x^u^a^l^or^phy^sⁱ^c^a^l
^a^bus^e^,^or^kⁱ^dna^pⁱ^ng^{, of}^a^c^h^il^{d u}ⁿ^d^e^r^the^a^g^e^of^{18 y}^e^a^r^s^s^h^a^{ll pr}^e^c^l^ude^s^u^c^h^pr^os^e^c^u^tioⁿ^durⁱⁿ^g^the^li^f^e^o^f^the^c^h^ild^{, or}
^f^o^r^{10 y}^e^a^r^s^af^te^r^the^of^f^e^ns^e^,^w^h^ic^he^v^e^r^is^long^e^r^,”^{18 U}^.^S.C^.³²⁸³^.
³¹^P^.^L^.¹⁰^9-¹⁶²^,¹¹⁹^Sta^t^.²⁹⁶⁰⁽²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^of^fⁱ^cⁱ^a^l^l^y^{, the}^Violeⁿ^c^e^A^g^aⁱ^ns^{t W}^o^m^a^{n a}^{nd D}^e^pa^r^t^m^e^{nt of}^J^u^s^tic^e
^R^e^a^u^thor^iz^a^tio^{n A}^c^{t of}²⁰⁰^5.
³²^{18 U}^.^S.C^.²²⁴¹^-²²⁴^{8 (}^r^e^la^ting^t^o^f^e^de^r^a^{l s}^e^x^u^a^l^a^bus^e^of^f^e^ns^e^s⁾^.
³³^“(1⁾^Iⁿ^ge^ne^r^a^l^{. –}^{In a}ⁿ^y^indic^t^m^e^{nt f}^o^{r a}ⁿ^of^f^e^ns^e^unde^{r Cha}^p^te^r¹⁰⁹^f^o^{r w}^h^ic^{h the}ⁱ^d^eⁿ^tity^of^the^accu^sedⁱ^s
^uⁿ^kⁿ^o^wⁿ^,ⁱ^t^sh^al^l^b^e^su^f^fⁱ^ci^en^t^t^o^d^e^scri^b^e^t^h^{e accu}^sed^{as an}ⁱⁿ^dⁱ^vi^du^al^w^h^o^s^{e n}^a^m^eⁱ^s^uⁿ^kⁿ^o^wⁿ^,^bu^t^w^h^o^h^a^{s a}
^pa^r^tic^ula^r^D^N^A^pr^of^ile^.
^“(2⁾^E^xcep^tⁱ^oⁿ^.^{– (}^A^{n in}^dic^t^m^e^{nt de}^s^c^rⁱ^be^{d u}^nde^r^pa^r^a^g^r^a^{ph (}¹⁾^w^h^ic^{h is}^f^oun^d^not^la^te^r^thaⁿ^fⁱ^v^e^y^e^a^r^s^a^f^t^e^r^the
^of^fe^ns^e^unde^{r Cha}^p^te^{r 1}^09A^is^c^o^m^m^itte^{d, s}^h^a^ll^not^be^s^u^bje^c^t^to^–^(A^{) the}^lim^ita^tions^pe^rio^d^de^s^c^rib^e^{d un}^de^r
^su^b^s^ectioⁿ^(a)^[^o^f^fⁱ^v^e^y^ears]^{; an}^d^{(B) th}^e^pr^ov^is^io^ns^of^C^h^a^p^te^r²⁰^{8 [}^r^e^l^a^ting^t^o^spe^e^d^y^tria^l]^unt^{il t}^h^e^indivⁱ^d^u^a^l^is
^arrest^ed^o^r^served^wⁱ^t^h^{a su}^mm^oⁿ^sⁱⁿ^conⁿ^ectⁱ^oⁿ^wⁱ^t^h^t^h^{e ch}^{arges co}ⁿ^t^aiⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^t^h^{e i}ⁿ^dⁱ^ct^m^eⁿ^t^.
^“(3⁾^De^fine^d^te^rm.^{– F}^o^r^pur^pos^e^s^of^this^s^u^bs^e^c^tion,^the^te^r^m^‘^D^NA^pr^of^ile^’^m^e^aⁿ^s^a^s^e^{t of}^D^N^A^ideⁿ^tif^ic^a^tion
^ch^aract^eri^s^tⁱ^c^s,^{” 1}⁸^U.^S^.^C.³²⁸²⁽^b^).

the second.³⁴ Dicta in the only case, reported or unreported, to have considered Section 3297 ³⁵
supports the Justice Department’s view. Whichever is the case, the Violence Against Women Act
struck the exception for Chapter 109A cases from Section 3297 so that it now clearly applies to
cases arising under that chapter as well.
Enactment of Section 3299, which eliminates the statute of limitations for prosecutions under
Chapter 109A, makes it unnecessary to consider the impact of Section 3282(b) which tolls the
statute of limitations in Chapter 109A cases when one applies. Section 3299 overshadows Section
3297 to a lesser extent. Section 3297’s DNA tolling of the applicable statute of limitations comes
into play in rape and other sex offenses, although it may be implicated in other cases involving
DNA evidence. Section 3299 reduced its impact substantially when it eliminated the statute of
limitations in most federal sex cases, i.e., those prosecuted under 18 U.S.C. chs. 109A, 110, 117
and 18 U.S.C. 1591. Questions of Section 3297’s coverage may still arise in cases brought under
other federal statutes.
The statute of limitations on offenses which involve concealing bankruptcy assets does not begin
to run until a final decision discharging or refusing to discharge the debtor: “The concealment of
assets of a debtor in a case under Title 11 shall be deemed to be a continuing offense until the
debtor shall have been finally discharged or a discharge denied, and the period of limitations shall
not begin to run until such final discharge or denial of discharge,” 18 U.S.C. 3284. When a
discharge determination is impossible because of the dismissal of bankruptcy proceedings or want
of a timely discharge petition or for any other reason, the statute of limitations runs from the date ³⁶
of the event when discharge becomes impossible.
Statutes of limitation for defrauding the United States during wartime do not begin to run until ³⁷
three years after the war is over. The provision “appears to have only been used in cases that

³⁴^D^O^J^O^v^e^r^sⁱ^ght:^Fu^ndi^ng^For^e^ns^ic^Sc^ie^nc^e^s^{– D}^N^A^an^{d Be}^y^oⁿ^d^:^H^e^ar^{ing Be}^f^o^r^e^the^Su^bc^om^m^.^on^Admⁱ^nis^t^r^a^tiv^e
^O^v^e^r^sⁱ^{ght an}^{d t}^h^e^C^o^ur^ts^of^the^S^e^nate^C^o^m^m^.^on^the^J^udicⁱ^ar^y^,¹⁰⁸^th^Cong^.,¹^st^Se^s^s^.⁽^s^ta^te^m^e^{nt of}^Dⁱ^r^e^c^t^or^Sa^r^a^h^V.
^H^a^r^t⁾⁽^“^A^s^note^d^{, w}^e^ha^v^e^r^e^c^o^m^m^e^nde^{d r}^e^m^e^dia^l^le^gⁱ^s^l^a^{tion to}^pr^ov^ide^tha^t^,ⁱⁿ^f^e^lony^c^a^s^e^s^{in w}^h^{ich the}^de^f^e^nda^{nt is}
^im^plic^a^t^e^d^throug^h^DNA^te^sting^,^the^sta^t^ute^of^lim^ita^tions^doe^{s n}^o^t^be^gⁱ^{n to}^ru^{n u}ⁿ^til^the^DNA^ideⁿ^ti^fⁱ^c^a^{tion oc}^c^u^rs.
^E^v^en^w^h^{ere cri}^m^{e scen}^{e DN}^A^e^vⁱ^d^en^{ce i}^s^avai^l^a^b^l^e,^uⁿ^a^voⁱ^d^ab^l^e^del^a^y^m^a^{y o}^ccu^{r b}^e^f^o^{re t}^h^{e o}^f^f^eⁿ^d^e^{r can}^b^eⁱ^d^entⁱ^fⁱ^e^d
^thro^ug^{h DNA}^m^a^tc^hing^{, if}^he^{is n}^o^{t c}^o^nv^ic^te^{d u}ⁿ^{til y}^e^a^r^{s la}^te^r^f^o^{r som}^e^othe^{r of}^fe^nse^w^h^ic^{h re}^{sults in a}^DNA^sa^m^p^le
^b^eⁱⁿ^g^tak^eⁿ^an^d^eⁿ^try^o^f^hⁱ^{s DNA p}^r^o^f^{ile in}^t^o^CODIS.^T^h^{e p}^r^o^p^o^s^e^d^to^llin^g^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^w^{ill h}^e^lp^to^en^su^{re th}^at
^prose^c^u^ti^{on w}^{ill n}^o^t^be^ba^rre^d^by^aⁿ^a^r^bitra^r^y^ti^m^e^li^m^{it in suc}^h^c^a^s^e^s^”⁾^.
³⁵^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^a^r^tine^z^,²⁰⁰⁷^WL⁷⁰⁹⁰¹^{5 (}^D^.N^.M^{. Fe}^b^.¹⁶^,²⁰⁰⁷⁾⁽^e^m^pha^sⁱ^s^a^dde^d)⁽^“^T^h^e^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^c^o^nte^nds
^tha^t^the^a^pplic^a^tⁱ^on^of^{18 U}^.^S.C^.³²⁹^7,^w^h^ic^h^tol^l^{s the}^c^o^mme^nc^e^m^eⁿ^{t of}^aⁿ^y^ot^he^rwise^ap^plic^a^b^le^li^mitatio^ns^pe^riod
^until^{DNA te}^stin^{g im}^plic^ate^s^anⁱⁿ^divⁱ^d^ual^,^‘pre^se^{nts a}ⁿ^inte^re^stiⁿ^g^issue^f^r^o^m^the^sta^ndp^oin^t^of^re^troa^c^tiv^it^y^’^{. . . .}
^Becau^{se t}^h^{e Co}^u^r^t^h^a^{s al}^read^y^d^e^t^e^r^mⁱⁿ^ed^t^h^at¹⁸^U.^S^.^C.³²⁸¹ⁱ^s^t^h^{e p}^r^o^p^e^{r st}^at^u^t^{e o}^f^lⁱ^mⁱ^t^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^t^o^a^p^p^l^yⁱⁿ^t^hⁱ^s^case.^.
^{. it}^ne^e^dⁿ^o^t^de^cⁱ^de^f^o^{r the}^pur^pos^e^of^{this m}^o^{tion w}^h^e^t^he^{r 1}⁸^U.^S.^{C. 32}⁹⁷^a^p^p^lie^{s in}^{this c}^a^s^e^”⁾^.
³⁶^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^G^ilbe^r^t^{, 13}^{6 F.3}^d¹⁴⁵¹^{, 14}^54-⁴⁵⁵⁽¹¹^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^D^o^l^aⁿ^{, 1}²⁰^F.^3d⁸⁵^6,⁸⁶^7-⁶⁸⁽⁸^th
^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁷⁾^,^bot^{h c}^iti^ng^,^Unite^{d S}^t^ate^s^v^.^Gug^lie^lmini^{, 4}²⁵^F.^2d⁴³⁹⁽^{2d C}ⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁷⁰⁾^;^a^nd^R^u^dⁱ^{n v}^.^Uⁿ^it^e^d^St^ate^s^,²⁵^{4 F}^.²^d^th
^{45 (}⁶^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁵⁸⁾^.
³⁷^“W^h^eⁿ^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es i}^s^at^w^a^{r t}^h^{e run}ⁿⁱⁿ^{g o}^f^an^y^st^at^ute^of^lim^ita^{tions a}^pplic^a^b^le^{to a}ⁿ^y^off^e^nse^{(1) inv}^o^l^vⁱ^ng
^f^r^a^{ud or}^a^tte^m^p^te^{d f}^r^a^{ud a}^g^aⁱ^ns^{t the}^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^or^aⁿ^y^a^g^eⁿ^cy^the^r^e^o^f^{in a}ⁿ^y^m^a^nne^r^,^w^h^e^t^he^r^by^c^ons^pir^a^c^y^or^not^,
^{or (2)}^c^o^m^m^itte^{d in c}^o^nne^c^tio^{n w}^{ith t}^h^e^a^c^quisitⁱ^oⁿ^{, c}^a^r^e^,^haⁿ^d^li^ng^{, c}^u^stody^{, c}^ontr^o^l^{or d}ⁱ^sposi^tio^{n of}^aⁿ^y^re^a^l^or
^pe^rsona^l^pro^p^e^r^ty^of^the^Unite^{d St}^a^t^e^s^{, or (3) c}^o^m^m^itte^{d in c}^o^nne^c^tⁱ^{on w}^{ith t}^h^e^ne^g^o^tia^ti^on^{, pr}^oc^ure^m^eⁿ^{t, a}^w^a^r^d,
^pe^rf^or^m^a^nc^e^,^pa^y^m^eⁿ^{t f}^o^{r, inte}^rim^fⁱ^na^nc^ing^,^c^aⁿ^c^e^lla^tion,^or^othe^{r te}^rm^ina^{tion or}^se^ttle^m^e^{nt, of}^aⁿ^y^c^ontra^c^t^,
^s^ubc^oⁿ^tr^a^c^t^{, or}^p^u^r^c^ha^s^e^or^de^r^w^h^ic^{h is}^c^o^nne^c^t^e^d^w^{ith or}^r^e^la^te^{d t}^o^the^pr^os^e^c^u^tioⁿ^of^the^w^a^r^,^or^w^{ith a}ⁿ^y^dis^pos^iti^on
^of^te^r^m^ina^{tion i}ⁿ^v^e^ntory^by^aⁿ^y^w^a^{r c}^ontra^c^t^{or or G}^o^v^e^rnm^e^{nt a}^g^eⁿ^c^y^{, sha}^{ll be}^sus^p^e^nde^d^uⁿ^til^thr^e^e^y^e^a^r^{s a}^f^te^{r the}
^te^rm^ina^{tion of}^hosti^litie^{s a}^s^pr^oc^la^im^e^d^by^the^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^{t or}^by^a^c^onc^urre^{nt re}^so^luti^on^of^Cong^re^ss.^De^fⁱ^{nitions of}^te^rm^s
^{in Se}^c^tioⁿ¹⁰^{3 of}^T^itle⁴¹^sha^{ll a}^p^ply^{to sim}^ila^{r te}^r^m^{s use}^d^{in this s}^e^c^tion,”¹⁸^U.^S.C.³²⁸⁷^.

involved conduct during or shortly after World War II” and none since.³⁸ Moreover, even in
instances of a declared war, the section applies only to crimes which “involve the defrauding of ³⁹
the United States in [some] pecuniary manner or in a manner concerning property.”
The clock stops for statute of limitation purposes when an indictment or information is returned.⁴⁰
If the indictment or information is subsequently dismissed, federal law gives the government an
additional six months (30 days if the indictment or information is dismissed on appeal and there is ⁴¹
a grand jury with jurisdiction in place). The statute of limitations remains tolled if the original
indictment is replaced by a superseding indictment, but only if the superseding indictment does ⁴²
not substantively alter the original charge.

³⁸^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^S^h^e^ltoⁿ^,⁸¹^{6 F.}^S^upp^{. 1}¹³²^,¹¹^34-¹³^{5 (}^W^.D^.T^e^x^{. 1993}⁾⁽^d^e^c^liniⁿ^g^to^a^pply^the^s^u^s^p^eⁿ^sⁱ^on^to^c^a^s^e^s
^a^r^ising^out^of^hosti^litie^{s in}^the^a^r^e^a^of^the^P^e^rsia^{n G}^u^lf^).
³⁹^Br^idge^s^v^.^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^,³⁴^{6 U.S}^.²⁰^9,²²^{0 (}¹⁹⁵³⁾^.
⁴⁰^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^G^a^r^c^ia^,²⁶⁸^F.3^d⁴^07,⁴^{11 (}⁶^th^{Cir. 2}⁰⁰¹^)(“^w^{ith r}^e^spe^c^t^{to the}^c^h^a^r^g^e^{s broug}^htⁱⁿ^t^h^eⁱⁿ^dic^t^m^e^nt,
^how^e^v^e^r^{, the}^fⁱ^ve^y^e^a^r^lim^ita^{tion pe}^rⁱ^od^s^t^o^p^s^r^uⁿⁿⁱ^ng^a^s^s^o^oⁿ^a^s^th^e^indic^t^m^e^{nt is}^br^oug^ht”⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^M^ilsteⁱⁿ^,^th
⁴⁰¹^F.^3d⁵³^,^{67 (}²^d^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^Br^a^d^y^,⁶⁷^F.^3d¹⁴²¹^,¹⁴²⁶⁽⁹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁵⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^O^’^Br^y^ant^,^st
⁹⁹⁸^F.^2d²¹^,^{23 (}¹^Ci^r.¹⁹⁹³⁾^.^T^hⁱ^sⁱ^s^t^h^{e case even}ⁱ^f^t^h^{e i}ⁿ^dⁱ^ct^men^tⁱ^s^ret^u^rⁿ^ed^uⁿ^d^e^{r seal}^an^d^uⁿ^s^eal^ed^oⁿ^l^y^af^t^e^{r t}^h^e
^pe^riod^of^lim^ita^{tion ha}^{s r}^uⁿ^,^a^s^lo^ng^a^s^theⁱⁿ^dic^t^m^e^{nt w}^a^{s se}^a^l^e^d^{for a}^le^g^itim^a^t^e^prose^c^u^toria^l^p^u^rp^ose^,^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^th
^Brac^y^{, 67}^F.^{3d a}^t¹⁴²⁶^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^St^ate^s^v^.^S^har^pe^,⁹⁹⁵^F.2^d^49,⁵¹⁽⁵^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹³⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^S^h^e^l^l^{, 9}⁶¹^F.^2d¹³^8,^th^st
¹⁴¹⁽⁹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹²⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^Ric^har^d^,⁹⁴^{3 F.}^2d¹^15,¹^18-¹⁹⁽¹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹¹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^L^a^rkⁱⁿ^{, 87}⁵^F.^2d^th
¹⁶⁸^{, 1}⁷⁰^-⁷²⁽⁸^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^Sr^ulow^itz^,⁸¹^{9 F.}^2d³⁷^,⁴⁰^-⁴^{1 (}²^{d C}ⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁷⁾^;^{but s}^e^e^,^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^v^.^th
^W^r^ight^,³⁴^{3 F.}^3d⁸^49,⁸^{57 (}⁶^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾⁽^a^s^long^a^s^t^h^eⁱⁿ^dic^t^m^e^{nt w}^a^s^pr^ope^r^l^y^s^e^a^l^e^d^and^the^de^f^e^nda^nt^f^a^ile^{d to}
^s^how^a^c^t^ua^{l pr}^e^j^ud^ic^e^w^h^eⁿ^theⁱⁿ^dic^t^m^e^{nt w}^a^s^ope^ne^{d a}^f^te^r^the^e^x^pir^a^tio^{n of}^the^pe^rⁱ^o^d^of^lim^ita^tioⁿ⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^es^v.^th
^Thom^ps^on^{, 2}⁸⁷^F.^3d¹²⁴⁴^{, 1}²⁵¹^-²⁵²⁽¹⁰^{Cir. 2}⁰⁰²^)(de^c^lⁱⁿ^ing^t^o^pe^rm^{it tolling}^of^a^se^a^l^e^dⁱⁿ^dic^t^m^e^nt).
⁴¹^“^W^he^ne^v^e^r^aⁿ^indic^t^m^e^{nt or}^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion c}^h^a^r^gⁱ^ng^a^f^e^lony^is^dis^m^is^s^e^{d f}^o^r^aⁿ^y^r^e^a^s^{on a}^f^te^r^the^pe^rⁱ^od^pr^e^s^c^r^ibe^d^by
^the^a^ppl^ic^a^b^le^s^t^a^t^ute^of^lim^ita^tions^ha^s^e^x^pir^e^{d, a}^ne^w^indic^t^m^e^{nt m}^a^y^be^r^e^turⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^the^a^ppr^opr^ia^t^e^jurⁱ^s^d^ic^ti^on^w^ithin
^sⁱ^x^c^a^l^e^nda^r^m^onths^of^the^da^te^of^the^dⁱ^s^m^is^sa^{l of}^the^indⁱ^c^t^m^e^{nt or}^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion, or}^,ⁱⁿ^the^e^v^eⁿ^{t of}^aⁿ^a^ppe^a^l^,^w^ithin
⁶⁰^da^y^s^of^the^da^te^the^dis^m^is^s^a^l^of^theⁱⁿ^dic^t^m^e^{nt or}^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion b}^e^c^o^m^e^s^fⁱ^na^{l, or}^,^if^{no r}^e^g^u^la^r^g^r^a^{nd j}^u^r^y^isⁱⁿ
^s^e^s^sⁱ^{on in}^the^a^p^pr^o^p^rⁱ^a^t^e^jurⁱ^s^d^ic^tion^w^h^eⁿ^theⁱ^ndic^t^m^e^{nt or}ⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^{tion is}^dis^m^is^s^e^{d, w}^{ithin s}ⁱ^x^c^a^le^nda^r^m^onths^of
^the^da^te^w^h^eⁿ^the^ne^x^t^r^e^g^u^la^r^g^r^a^{nd j}^u^r^y^is^c^onv^eⁿ^e^d^{, w}^h^ic^{h ne}^w^indic^t^m^e^{nt s}^h^a^{ll n}^o^t^be^ba^r^r^e^d^by^any^s^t^a^t^ute^of
^lim^ita^tions.^T^h^is^se^c^{tion doe}^{s not pe}^rm^it^the^f^iling^of^a^ne^w^indic^t^m^e^{nt or}^inf^o^rm^a^{tion w}^h^e^r^e^the^re^a^s^{on f}^o^{r t}^h^e
^dism^issa^l^w^a^{s the}^f^a^ilure^{to f}^ile^th^e^indic^t^m^e^{nt or i}ⁿ^f^o^rm^a^ti^oⁿ^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^t^h^e^p^e^ri^od^prescri^b^ed^b^y^t^h^{e ap}^plⁱ^cab^l^e^st^at^u^t^{e o}^f
^lim^ita^tions^{, or}^s^o^m^e^othe^r^r^e^a^s^on^tha^t^w^ould^ba^r^a^ne^w^pr^os^e^c^u^ti^on^,^”^{18 U}^.^S.C^.³²⁸⁸^.
^“^W^he^ne^v^e^r^aⁿ^indic^t^m^e^{nt or}^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion c}^h^a^r^gⁱ^ng^a^f^e^lony^is^dis^mⁱ^s^s^e^{d f}^o^r^aⁿ^y^r^e^a^s^{on be}^f^o^r^e^the^pe^rⁱ^od^pr^e^s^c^r^ibe^d^by
^the^a^ppl^ic^a^b^le^sta^t^ute^of^lim^ita^{tions ha}^{s e}^x^pire^{d, a}^{nd s}^u^c^h^pe^rio^d^w^{ill e}^x^pire^w^{ithin six}^c^a^l^e^nda^{r m}^oⁿ^t^{hs of}^the^da^te^of
^the^dis^m^is^s^a^{l of}^the^indic^t^m^e^{nt or}^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion, a}^ne^w^indic^t^m^e^{nt m}^a^y^be^r^e^turⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^the^a^p^pro^p^ria^t^e^ju^risdic^tio^{n w}^ithin
^sⁱ^x^c^a^l^e^nda^r^m^onths^of^the^e^x^pir^a^tion^of^the^a^p^p^lic^a^b^le^s^t^a^t^ute^of^lim^ita^tions^{, or}^{, i}ⁿ^t^h^e^e^v^eⁿ^{t of}^aⁿ^a^ppe^a^l^{, w}^ithin⁶⁰
^da^y^s^o^f^the^da^te^the^dis^m^is^s^a^{l of}^t^h^eⁱⁿ^dic^t^m^e^{nt or}^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion be}^c^o^m^e^s^fⁱ^na^{l or}^{, if}^{no r}^e^g^u^la^r^g^r^aⁿ^d^jur^y^is^{in s}^e^s^sⁱ^{on i}ⁿ
^the^a^ppr^opr^ia^te^jurⁱ^s^d^ic^tio^{n a}^t^t^h^e^e^x^pir^a^tion^of^the^a^ppl^ic^a^b^le^sta^t^ut^e^of^lim^ita^{tions, w}^{ithin six}^c^a^l^eⁿ^d^a^{r m}^{onths of}^the
^da^te^w^h^eⁿ^the^ne^x^t^r^e^g^u^la^r^g^r^a^nd^jur^y^is^c^onv^eⁿ^e^d^{, w}^h^ic^{h ne}^w^indi^c^t^m^e^{nt s}^h^a^{ll n}^o^t^be^ba^r^r^e^d^by^aⁿ^y^s^t^a^t^ute^of
^lim^ita^tions.^T^h^is^se^c^{tion doe}^{s not pe}^rm^it^the^f^iling^of^a^ne^w^indic^t^m^e^{nt or}^inf^o^rm^a^{tion w}^h^e^r^e^the^re^a^s^{on f}^o^{r t}^h^e
^dism^issa^l^w^a^{s the}^f^a^ilure^{to f}^ile^th^e^indic^t^m^e^{nt or i}ⁿ^f^o^rm^a^ti^oⁿ^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^t^h^e^p^e^ri^od^prescri^b^ed^b^y^t^h^{e ap}^plⁱ^cab^l^e^st^at^u^t^{e o}^f
^lim^ita^tions^{, or}^s^o^m^e^othe^r^r^e^a^s^on^tha^t^w^ould^ba^r^a^ne^w^pr^os^e^c^u^ti^on^,^”^{18 U}^.^S.C^.³²⁸⁹^.
^B^e^y^{ond t}^h^e^e^x^te^ns^ion^he^r^e^{, w}^h^eⁿ^a^tim^e^l^y^indic^t^m^e^{nt is}^dis^m^is^s^e^{d pur}^s^u^aⁿ^t^{to a}^ple^a^a^g^r^e^em^eⁿ^{t unde}^r^w^h^ic^{h the}
^de^f^e^nda^{nt ple}^a^d^s^t^o^othe^r^c^h^a^r^g^e^s^,^the^s^t^a^t^ute^of^lim^ita^tions^or^dⁱ^na^rⁱ^l^y^begⁱ^ns^a^g^aⁱ^{n f}^o^r^the^dis^m^is^s^e^{d cha}^r^g^e^s^unle^s^s^the
^de^f^e^nda^{nt ha}^s^w^a^iv^e^d^a^s^pa^r^t^of^the^ple^a^a^g^r^e^em^eⁿ^t,^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Mⁱ^dgle^y^{, 1}⁴²^F.^3d¹⁷^4,¹⁷^7-⁷⁹⁽^{3d C}ⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^;
^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^Gⁱ^lc^hr^is^t^,²¹^{5 F.}^3d³³^{3 (}^{3d C}ⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁰⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^a^t^e^s^v^.^Pod^d^e^,¹⁰^{5 F.}^3d⁸^13,⁸^18-²⁰⁽²^{d C}ⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁷⁾^.
⁴²^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^G^a^r^c^ia^,²⁶⁸^F.3^d⁴^07,⁴^{11 (}⁶^th^Ci^r.²⁰⁰¹^{)(“a sup}^e^rsedⁱⁿ^{g i}ⁿ^dⁱ^ct^m^eⁿ^t^b^r^o^u^ght^ou^t^sⁱ^d^{e t}^h^{e f}ⁱ^ve-^y^ear
^lim^ita^tions^pe^rio^d^w^h^ile^aⁿ^e^a^r^lie^r^indⁱ^c^t^m^e^{nt is}^s^{till v}^a^lidly^pe^ndin^g^w^{ill ne}^v^e^rthe^le^s^s^be^ti^m^e^l^y^unde^{r Se}^c^tion³²^{82 s}^o
^long^a^s^it^doe^sⁿ^o^{t m}^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^l^y^br^oa^de^{n t}^h^e^c^h^a^r^g^e^s^of^the^or^ig^ina^lⁱⁿ^dic^t^m^e^{nt. W}^h^eⁿ^a^s^upe^r^s^e^d^ingⁱⁿ^dⁱ^c^t^m^e^{nt is}^f^ile^d
^outsⁱ^de^the^lⁱ^m^ita^tions^pe^rⁱ^o^d^but^doe^sⁿ^o^t^br^oa^de^{n t}^h^e^c^h^a^r^g^e^s^s^e^{t f}^o^r^t^h^{in t}^h^e^or^ig^ina^l^tim^e^l^y^indic^t^m^e^{nt, it}^is^s^a^{id t}^o^th
^re^la^te^ba^c^k^{to the}^f^iling^of^the^ori^g^ina^l^indⁱ^c^t^m^e^nt”⁾^;^{see a}^l^so^,^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^Wa^t^f^o^r^d^,⁴⁶⁸^F.^3d⁸⁹¹^,⁹⁰^8-⁹⁰⁹⁽⁶^Cir.^th^th
²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^a^t^{es v.}^Qa^yyu^m^,⁴⁵¹^F^.³^d¹²¹⁴^,¹²¹⁸⁽¹⁰^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^D^a^nie^l^s^{, 3}⁸⁷^F.3^d⁶³^6,⁶⁴^{2 (}⁷^th
^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^Un^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Ratc^li^ff^,²⁴^{5 F}^.³^d¹²⁴⁶^,¹²⁵³⁽¹¹^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰¹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Beⁿ^Zvⁱ^{, 2}^{42 F.3}^d^89,⁹⁸⁽²^d
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

Section 3292 was enacted to compensate for the delays the Justice Department experienced when ⁴³
it sought to secure bank records and other evidence located overseas. It provides that:
⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^Up^oⁿ^ap^p^licatioⁿ^o^f^t^h^{e Un}^ited^S^t^ates,^f^iled^b^e^f^o^r^e^r^e^tu^rⁿ^o^f^anⁱⁿ^dⁱ^ct^m^eⁿ^t^,
ⁱⁿ^dicatiⁿ^g^t^h^{at ev}^ideⁿ^{ce of}^an^off^e^ns^{e is}ⁱⁿ^{a f}^o^reign^coun^tr^y^,^t^h^{e d}ⁱ^s^t^rⁱ^c^t^c^o^u^r^t^b^e^f^o^r^e^w^hⁱ^c^h^a
^g^r^an^{d j}^u^r^yⁱ^sⁱ^m^paⁿ^e^{led to inv}^e^s^tig^a^t^{e th}^{e o}^f^f^e^ns^{e s}^h^all^s^u^s^p^{end th}^{e run}ⁿⁱ^ng^of^t^h^e^s^t^at^u^t^{e of}
^li^m^ita^tions^f^o^{r th}^e^off^eⁿ^s^eⁱ^f^t^h^{e cou}^r^t^fⁱⁿ^d^s^b^y^{a prepon}^deran^{ce o}^f^t^h^{e e}^v^iden^ce^t^h^{at a}ⁿ
^of^fⁱ^cia^l^requ^es^{t h}^a^s^been^m^a^{de f}^o^{r s}^u^ch^ev^iden^{ce an}^{d that it reas}^on^ably^appears^,^or
^reas^on^abl^y^{appeared at th}^{e ti}^m^e^th^{e requ}^es^t^w^a^s^m^a^{de, th}^{at s}^u^ch^ev^ideⁿ^{ce is}^{, or}^w^a^s^,ⁱⁿ^s^u^c^h
^fo^r^eⁱ^g^{n c}^o^un^t^r^y^.
⁽²⁾^T^h^{e co}^u^r^{t sh}^{all r}^u^{le u}^p^oⁿ^su^ch^ap^p^licatioⁿⁿ^o^{t later}^th^an^t^hⁱ^r^t^y^d^a^y^s^af^ter^t^h^{e f}ⁱ^liⁿ^g^o^f
^th^{e ap}^p^licatioⁿ^.
⁽^b⁾^Ex^cep^{t as p}^r^o^v^id^edⁱⁿ^su^b^s^ectioⁿ⁽^c⁾^o^f^th^{is sectio}ⁿ^,^{a p}^e^rⁱ^o^d^o^f^s^u^s^p^eⁿ^sⁱ^oⁿ^uⁿ^d^e^r^t^h^is
^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^s^h^al^l^begⁱⁿ^on^t^h^{e dat}^e^on^w^hⁱ^c^h^t^h^{e o}^f^fⁱ^cⁱ^al^requ^es^tⁱ^s^m^a^{de an}^{d e}ⁿ^{d on}^t^h^{e dat}^e^on
^w^h^ic^h^th^e^f^o^r^e^igⁿ^co^u^r^{t o}^r^au^t^h^o^r^it^y^ta^k^e^s^fⁱⁿ^a^{l actio}ⁿ^oⁿ^t^h^e^r^e^q^u^est.
⁽^c⁾^T^h^{e to}^{tal o}^f^{all p}^e^rⁱ^o^d^s^o^f^su^sp^en^sioⁿ^uⁿ^d^e^r^th^is^sectioⁿ^with^r^e^sp^{ect to}^an^o^f^f^eⁿ^s^{e –}
^{(1) s}^h^allⁿ^o^{t e}^x^{ceed t}^h^ree^y^ear^s^;^aⁿ^{d (2) s}^h^al^lⁿ^o^{t exten}^d^a^period^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^w^h^ic^h^{a cri}^mⁱⁿ^al
^case^m^u^{st b}^eⁱⁿⁱ^tiated^f^o^r^m^o^r^e^th^aⁿ^si^x^m^oⁿ^t^h^sⁱ^f^al^l^f^o^r^e^igⁿ^a^u^t^h^o^r^{ities ta}^k^e^fⁱⁿ^a^l^actioⁿ
^bef^o^{re s}^u^ch^peri^od^w^o^u^l^{d ex}^pi^re^wⁱ^t^h^ou^t^reg^a^{rd t}^o^t^hⁱ^s^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^.
⁽^d⁾^A^s^u^s^edⁱⁿ^t^h^is^sectioⁿ^,^t^h^e^ter^m^“^o^f^f^{icial r}^e^q^u^e^s^t”^m^ean^s^{a letter}^r^o^g^a^to^r^y^{, a r}^e^q^u^e^s^t
^uⁿ^d^{er a treat}^y^{or con}^v^eⁿ^tioⁿ^,^{or any}^oth^e^{r requ}^es^{t f}^o^{r ev}^iden^c^e^m^a^{de b}^y^{a cou}^r^{t of}^th^e^Unⁱ^t^e^d
^States^{or an}^au^t^h^orit^y^of^th^{e U}ⁿ^{ited States}^h^a^vⁱ^ng^cri^mⁱⁿ^{al la}^{w en}^f^o^r^c^em^en^t^r^e^s^p^oⁿ^sⁱ^bⁱ^li^ty^,^t^o
^{a cou}^r^{t or oth}^e^{r au}^th^orit^y^of^a^f^o^reign^couⁿ^tr^y^.
Construction of Section 3292 has thus far been something less than uniform.⁴⁴ The courts are
divided over whether the target of the grand jury or the subject of the foreign evidence sought
may contest the government’s application when it is filed or whether the application may be filed ⁴⁵
ex parte with an opportunity for the accused to contest suspension following indictment. In
either event, the government clearly bears the burden of establishing to the court its right to a ⁴⁶
suspension by a preponderance of the evidence. Yet it is less certain whether the phrase
indicating that the application must be filed with “the district court before which a grand jury is

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰¹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^O^l^iv^a^{, 46}^F.^3d³^20,³²^{4 (}³^d^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁵⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^G^o^m^e^z^{, 3}⁸^F^.³^d¹⁰³^1,¹⁰³⁶^n.^{8 (}⁸^th^st^th
^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁴⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^O^’^Br^y^ant^,⁹⁹^{8 F}^.²^d²¹^,²³⁽¹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹³⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^es^v.^P^a^ch^eco^{, 91}²^F^.^2d²⁹^7,³⁰^{5 (}⁹^th
^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁰⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Sc^hmⁱ^c^k^{, 904}^F.^2d⁹³^6,⁹⁴^0-⁴¹⁽⁵^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁰⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^Sn^ow^deⁿ^{, 7}⁷⁰^F.^2d³⁹^3,^th
³⁹⁸⁽⁴^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁵⁾^.
⁴³^H.^R^EP^.N^O^{. 98-}⁹^07,^a^t^2-^{3 (}¹⁹⁸⁴⁾^,^re^printe^{d in}¹⁹^{84 U}^.^S.C^.^C^.^A^.^N^.³⁵⁷^8,³⁵^78-⁵⁷^9;^Fore^ig^{n Ev}ⁱ^d^eⁿ^c^e^Rule^s
^Am^e^ndm^eⁿ^t:^H^e^arⁱ^ng^Be^for^e^the^Subc^om^m^.^oⁿ^C^r^imⁱ^{nal J}^u^s^tic^e^of^the^H^ous^e^C^o^m^m^.^oⁿ^t^h^e^J^u^dⁱ^cⁱ^ar^y^{, 98}^th^Co^ng^{., 2}^d
^Se^s^s^.^{15 (}¹⁹⁸⁴⁾⁽^t^e^s^tim^ony^o^f^D^e^p.A^s^s^’^t^A^tt’^y^G^e^{n. Ma}^r^k^Rⁱ^c^h^a^r^d)^.
⁴⁴^A^b^ra^m^o^vs^k^y^{& E}^d^el^st^eiⁿ^,^Tⁱ^{me fo}^{r F}ⁱ^na^l^A^c^ti^on^on¹⁸^U.S^.^C^.³²⁹²^{, 2}¹^M^I^C^H^I^G^AN^J^O^U^R^NA^L^OF^I^N^TERN^A^T^I^O^N^A^L^L^AW
⁹⁴¹⁽²⁰⁰⁰⁾^.
⁴⁵^C^o^m^p^ar^e^,^Iⁿ^r^e^G^r^a^{nd J}^u^r^y^Iⁿ^v^e^s^tigat^ioⁿ^,^{3 F.}^Su^pp.²^d⁸²⁽^D^.^M^a^s^s^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾⁽^d^eⁿ^yⁱ^ng^the^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^nt’^s^e^x^pa^r^t^e
^a^pplic^a^tio^{n w}^itho^u^t^pre^j^ud^ic^e⁾^,^wi^th^,^DeGero^g^e^v.^U.^S^.^{District C}^o^urt^,²¹⁹^F.^3d⁹³^0,⁹³^{7 (}⁹^th^Cir.²⁰⁰⁰^{) (“DeG}^e^o^r^g^e
^fⁱ^rst^argu^{es t}^h^at^t^h^{e go}^vern^men^t^{’s S}^ectⁱ^o^{n 32}⁹²^ap^plⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^w^a^{s i}ⁿ^valⁱ^d^b^ecau^{se i}^t^w^a^{s ex p}^a^rt^{e an}^dⁱⁿ^cam^er^a.
^Ho^w^e^ver,^t^h^{ere i}^sⁿ^o^b^a^si^{s i}ⁿ^t^h^e^st^at^u^t^{e f}^o^{r su}^ch^an^argu^m^eⁿ^t^”);^s^e^e^als^o^{, U}ⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^W^ils^on^,²^{49 F.3}^d³⁶^{6, 371}^th
⁽⁵^Ci^r.²⁰⁰¹^)(“Aⁿ^ap^p^lⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^t^o^t^o^l^l^t^h^{e st}^at^ut^{e o}^f^lⁱ^mⁱ^t^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^un^{der §}³²⁹²ⁱ^s^{a p}^r^eiⁿ^dⁱ^ct^m^eⁿ^t^,^{ex p}^a^rt^{e p}^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^g”).
⁴⁶¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³²⁹²^(a)(1^);^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^a^t^e^s^v^.^W^ilson^,²⁴⁹^F.^3d^at³⁷^3;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^Tr^ain^o^r^,³⁷^{6 F.}^3d¹³²⁵^{, 1}³³⁰⁽¹¹^th
^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^.

impaneled to investigate the offense,” means that the application must relate to a specific grand ⁴⁷
jury investigation or may be filed in anticipation of such an investigation. On the related issue of
when an application may be filed, one court has ruled that the government may seek the
suspension either to allow it to obtain foreign evidence or to compensate it for time expended to ⁴⁸
acquire the evidence prior to the application. Yet another has held that the extension cannot be
had when the evidence sought by the government is in its possession at the time of the ⁴⁹
application. Finally, the question of when “final action” occurs and the statute of limitations
again begins to run has proven perplexing. Some courts suggest that final action occurs with a ⁵⁰
dispositive response, i.e., when the United States is satisfied its request has been answered; yet
at least one other believes that final action occurs when the foreign government believes it has ⁵¹
provided a final response.
A provision exempting fugitives accompanied passage of the first federal statute of limitations.⁵²
The language has changed little since (“no statute of limitations shall extend to any person fleeing ⁵³
from justice,” 18 U.S.C. 3290), but its meaning remains a topic of debate. Most circuits, taking
their lead from Streep v. United States, 160 U.S. 128 (1895), have held that the government must ⁵⁴
establish that the accused acted with an intent to avoid prosecution. Yet two have held that mere ⁵⁵
absence from the jurisdiction is sufficient. Even in the more demanding circuits, however, flight ⁵⁶
is thought to include the accused’s concealing himself within the jurisdiction, or remaining ⁵⁷
outside the jurisdiction when he becomes aware of the possibility of prosecution, or fleeing

⁴⁷^C^o^m^p^ar^e^,^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^O^’^N^eⁱ^l^l^{, 9}⁵²^F.S^u^p^p^.⁸³^1,⁸³^{3 (}^D^.D^.C^.¹⁹⁹⁶⁾⁽^“^T^h^e^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt c}^aⁿ^oⁿ^ly^r^e^que^s^t^tha^t
^s^t^a^t^ute^s^of^lim^ita^{tion be}^t^o^lle^{d f}^o^r^of^f^e^ns^e^s^unde^r^inv^e^s^tig^a^tion^by^the^g^r^a^{nd jur}^y^”⁾^,^with^,^DeGeo^r^g^e^v.^U.^S^.^District
^C^our^t^,²¹^{9 F}^.³^d^a^t⁹³^9-⁴⁰⁽^d^eⁿ^ia^l^of^m^a^nda^m^u^s⁾⁽^c^ha^r^a^c^t^e^r^iz^ing^the^s^t^a^t^em^eⁿ^{t in}^O’Ne^ill^as^dⁱ^ct^{a an}^d^d^eclⁱⁿⁱⁿ^{g t}^o^fⁱⁿ^d
^cl^{ear erro}^{r i}ⁿ^{a con}^t^rary^l^o^w^e^r^co^u^r^t^d^eci^si^on^),^on^a^ppe^a^l^,³⁸^{0 F.}^3d¹²^03,¹²¹⁴^;^but^s^e^e^,^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^e^ador^{, 13}⁸^th
^F^.^3d⁹⁸^6,⁹⁹^{4 (}⁵^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾⁽^“^T^h^e^pur^pos^e^of^§32⁹²^{, a}^p^pa^r^e^{nt f}^r^o^m^its^s^t^r^u^c^t^ur^e^a^{nd le}^gⁱ^s^l^a^tiv^e^his^t^or^y^,^is^to
^c^o^m^p^eⁿ^s^a^te^f^o^r^de^la^y^s^a^tte^nda^{nt i}ⁿ^o^b^taⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^r^e^c^o^r^d^s^f^o^r^m^othe^r^c^o^untrⁱ^e^s^{. T}^h^is^pr^ov^is^io^{n s}^h^ou^ld^no^t^be^aⁿ^a^f^fⁱ^r^m^a^tiv^e
^be^ne^f^{it to pr}^os^e^c^u^tor^s^,^s^u^s^p^eⁿ^diⁿ^g^the^lim^ita^tions^pe^rⁱ^od,^peⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^co^m^p^l^e^tⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^anⁱⁿ^vestⁱ^g^atⁱ^oⁿ^,^w^h^en^{ever evi}^d^en^{ce i}^s
^l^o^cat^edⁱⁿ^{a f}^o^rei^gⁿ^l^aⁿ^d^.^Itⁱ^sⁿ^o^t^{a st}^at^u^t^o^r^y^gran^t^o^f^au^t^hority^{to e}^x^te^{nd the}^lⁱ^m^ita^{tions pe}^rio^d^by^thre^e^y^e^a^r^{s a}^t^the
^pr^os^e^c^u^tor^s^’^op^tio^n”⁾^.
⁴⁸^Unite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^ille^r^,⁸^{30 F.2}^d¹⁰⁷^{3, 10}⁷⁶⁽⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁷⁾^.
⁴⁹^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^A^tⁱ^yeh^,⁴⁰²^F.3^d³⁵^4,³⁶^2-⁶⁷⁽^{3d C}ⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^.
⁵⁰^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Bis^c^he^l^{, 61}^F.^{3d 142}^{9, 14}^32-⁴³⁴⁽⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁵⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^.v^{. T}^o^r^r^e^s^{, 31}^{8 F}^.³^d¹⁰⁵⁸^{, 1}⁰⁶¹^-⁶⁵
⁽¹¹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^H^age^ge^,⁴³⁷^F.^3d^.⁹⁴³^,⁹⁵^5-⁵⁶⁽⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^.
⁵¹^Uⁿ^tie^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^e^ador^,¹³⁸^F.3^d^a^t⁹^91-⁹⁴^.
⁵²¹^S^t^at^.¹¹^{9 (17}⁹⁰^)(“n^o^t^hⁱⁿ^g^h^e^reiⁿ^co^nt^aiⁿ^e^d^s^h^al^l^ext^eⁿ^d^t^o^an^y^p^e^rsoⁿ^o^r^p^e^rson^{s f}^l^eeiⁿ^g^f^r^o^m^j^u^stⁱ^ce”).
⁵³^Se^e^ge^ne^rally^,^W^hat^Co^nstitute^s^“Fle^eⁱ^ng^{From J}^u^stic^e^”^Wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^th^e^M^e^aning^of¹⁸^U.S^.^{C.A. §3}²⁹^{0 W}^h^ic^h^Prov^ide^s
^That^N^o^St^atute^of^Lim^ita^tio^ns^S^h^a^{ll Ex}^teⁿ^d^t^o^Pe^r^s^ons^Fle^eⁱ^ng^Fr^o^m^J^u^s^tic^e^{, 14}^{8 A}^L^R^F^ED^573.
⁵⁴^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Flor^e^z^,⁴⁴^{7 F}^.³^d¹⁴^5,¹⁵^0-⁵¹⁽^{2d C}ⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Ros^s^v^.^U^.^S.^M^a^r^s^hal^{, 1}⁶⁸^F.^3d¹¹⁹⁰^,¹¹⁹^3-¹⁹^{4 (}¹⁰^th
^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁹⁾^;^Uni^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^Greever^{, 13}^{4 F.}^3d⁷^77,⁷^{80 (}⁶^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^F^o^s^e^c^a^-^M^ac^had^o^{, 53}^F.^3d^th^th
¹²⁴^{2, 12}⁴⁴⁽¹¹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁵⁾^;^Uni^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^F^o^w^lⁱ^e^,²⁴^F.^3d¹⁰⁷⁰^{, 1}⁰⁷²⁽⁹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁴⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^at^e^s^v^.^M^a^r^s^hall^{, 85}⁶^th^th
^F^.^2d⁸⁹^6,⁹⁰^{0 (}⁷^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁸⁾^;^D^o^nne^{ll v}^.^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^{, 2}²⁹^F.^2d⁵^60,⁵⁶^{5 (}⁵^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁵⁶⁾^;^Br^ous^e^v^.^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^{, 68}^st
^F^.^2d²⁹^4,²⁹^{5 (}¹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹³³⁾^.
⁵⁵^In^{re Assa}^rsson^,⁶⁸^{7 F.}^2d¹¹⁵⁷^,¹¹⁶^{2 (}⁸^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸²⁾^;^M^c^G^o^w^e^{n v}^.^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^,¹^{05 F.2}^d⁷⁹^{1, 79}²⁽^D^.C^.^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹³⁹⁾^.
^S^t^reep^d^ecl^ared^t^h^atⁱ^t^“unⁿ^ecessary^,^f^o^{r t}^h^{e p}^u^r^p^o^s^es^o^f^t^h^{e p}^r^esen^t^case,^t^o^un^d^e^rt^{ake t}^o^gi^{ve an}^exh^a^u^s^tⁱ^v^{e d}^e^fⁱⁿⁱ^tⁱ^oⁿ
^of^the^s^e^w^o^{rds [}^f^le^eⁱ^ng^f^r^o^m^justic^e^]^{; f}^o^{r it is}^qu^ite^c^l^e^a^r^th^a^t^aⁿ^y^pe^r^s^{on w}^{ho ta}^k^e^s^him^s^e^l^f^{out of}^th^e^jurⁱ^s^d^ic^ti^on^{, w}^ith
^the^inte^ntioⁿ^of^a^v^oiding^beⁱⁿ^g^br^oug^ht^{to j}^u^s^tic^e^f^o^r^a^pa^r^tic^ula^r^of^f^e^ns^e^,^c^aⁿ^ha^v^e^{no be}^ne^f^{it of}^the^lⁱ^m^ita^{tion, a}^t^le^a^s^t
^w^h^eⁿ^pr^os^e^c^u^te^{d f}^o^r^t^h^a^t^of^f^e^ns^eⁱⁿ^a^c^our^{t of}^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^,”¹⁶^{0 U}^.^S.^a^t¹^33.^Iⁿ^c^onte^x^{t, i}^t^mⁱ^g^h^{t be}^th^oug^h^t
^unc^le^a^r^w^h^e^t^he^{r the}^Co^{urt m}^e^aⁿ^{t f}^lig^{ht w}^{ith inte}^{nt w}^a^{s re}^quire^d^or^m^e^re^l^y^su^ff^ic^ie^nt.
⁵⁶^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Flor^e^z^,⁴⁴^{7 F}^.³^d^a^t¹⁵^2;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^Greever^,¹³⁴^F.^3d^a^t⁷^80.
⁵⁷^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Fow^l^ie^{, 2}⁴^F^.³^d^a^t¹⁰^72-^73;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Riv^e^r^a-^Ve^nt^ur^a^,⁷²^F.^{3d a}^t²^83-^84;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.
^Catin^o^,⁷³⁵^F.^2d⁷¹^8,⁷²²^-²³⁽^{2d C}ⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁴⁾^.

before an investigation begins⁵⁸ or to avoid prosecution on another matter,⁵⁹ or to avoid civil or ⁶⁰
administrative justice rather than criminal justice.

Statutes of limitation “normally begin to run when the crime is complete”⁶¹ which occurs when ⁶²⁶³
the last element of the crime has been satisfied. The rule for conspiracy is a bit different. The
general conspiracy statute consists of two elements: (1) an agreement to commit a federal crime ⁶⁴
or to defraud the United States and (2) an overt act committed in furtherance of the agreement.
Conspirators left unimpaired will frequently continue on through several overt acts to the ultimate
commission of the underlying substantive offenses which are the objectives of their plots. Thus,
the statute of limitations for such conspiracies runs not from the first overt act committed in ⁶⁵
furtherance of the conspiracy but from the last. The statute of limitations under conspiracy
statutes which have no overt act requirement runs from the accomplishment of the objectives of ⁶⁶
the conspiracy or from its abandonment.
Concealment of the criminal plot after its completion is considered a natural component of all
conspiracies. Consequently, overt acts of concealment after the objectives of the conspiracy have

⁵⁸^Ro^{ss v.}^U.^S^.^Ma^rsh^al^,¹⁶^{8 F.}^3d^a^t¹¹^94-¹⁹^5.
⁵⁹^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^o^r^g^aⁿ^,⁹²^{2 F}^.²^d¹⁴⁹⁵^,¹⁴^96-⁴⁹^{7 (}¹⁰^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹¹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Riv^e^r^a-^Ve^nt^ur^a^,⁷²^F.^{3d a}^t²⁸^3;
^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^G^onz^ale^z^{, 6}⁷⁵^F.^2d¹⁰^50,¹⁰⁵²^-⁵^{3 (}⁹^th^{Cir. 1}⁹⁸²^).
⁶⁰^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Riv^e^r^a-^Ve^nt^ur^a^,^{72 F.3}^d^a^t²⁸^4.
⁶¹^T^o^u^ssi^{e v.}^Unⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^a^t^es^{, 3}⁹⁷^U^.^S^.¹¹^2,¹¹^{5 (}¹⁹⁷⁰⁾^{, q}^uot^ing^,^Peⁿ^d^e^r^gas^{t v}^.^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^{, 3}^{17 U}^.^S.⁴^12,⁴¹^{8 (}¹⁹⁴³⁾^;
^{see a}^l^so^,^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^es^v.^R^eⁱ^t^m^eyer^{, 35}^{6 F.}^3d¹³¹³^,¹³^{17 (}¹⁰^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^N^a^jjor^,²^{55 F.3}^d⁹⁷^{9, 983}^th
⁽⁹^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰¹⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^es^v.^A^ceved^o^,²²⁹^F.^3d³⁵^0,³⁵^{5 (}²^d^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁰⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^Dees^,²^{15 F.3}^d³⁷^{8, 380}^th^th
⁽³^d^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁰⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Y^a^s^har^,¹^{66 F.3}^d⁸⁷^{3, 87}⁵⁽⁷^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^L^u^tz^,¹⁵⁴^F^.^3d⁵⁸^1,⁵⁸^{6 (}⁶^th
^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^Gⁱ^lbe^r^t^{, 13}^{6 F}^.³^d¹⁴⁵¹^,¹⁴⁵³⁽¹¹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^G^o^m^e^z^{, 3}⁸^F.^3d¹⁰³¹^,¹⁰³⁴^th^th
⁽⁸^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁴⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^es^v.^B^lⁱ^zza^rd^{, 27 F.}^{3d 10}^{0, 10}²⁽⁴^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁴⁾^.
⁶²^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^R^eⁱ^t^m^eyer^,³⁵^{6 F.3}^d¹³¹³^{, 13}^{17 (}¹⁰^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^C^a^r^l^s^oⁿ^,²³^{5 F.}³^d⁴^66,⁴^{70 (}⁹^th
^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁰⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^C^r^os^s^l^e^y^{, 22}^{4 F.}^3d⁸^47,⁸^{59 (}⁶^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁰⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Y^a^s^har^{, 16}⁶^F^.^3d^at⁸⁷^5;
^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Ve^be^liu^nas^,⁷⁶^F.^3d¹²^83,¹²⁹³⁽²^{d C}ⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁶⁾^.
⁶³^Se^e^ge^ne^r^a^lly^,^W^h^eⁿ^I^s^C^ons^pⁱ^r^a^c^y^C^ontin^ui^{ng O}^f^fe^ns^e^for^P^u^r^p^os^e^s^{of St}^atu^t^e^of^Limⁱ^t^a^tio^ns^Uⁿ^de^r^{18 U}^S^C^S^§³²⁸²^,
¹⁰⁶^A^L^R^F^ED^{. 616.}
⁶⁴^“^I^f^t^w^{o or}^m^o^r^e^pe^r^s^ons^c^o^ns^pir^e^e^ithe^r^to^c^o^m^m^{it a}ⁿ^y^of^f^e^ns^e^ag^ains^{t t}^h^e^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^{, or}^to^de^f^r^a^{ud t}^h^e^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d
^S^t^at^es,^o^r^an^y^agen^c^y^t^h^ereo^fⁱⁿ^aⁿ^y^m^aⁿⁿ^e^{r o}^r^f^o^{r an}^y^p^u^r^p^o^s^e,^and^on^{e o}^r^m^o^{re o}^f^su^ch^p^e^rsoⁿ^s^d^o^an^y^a^c^t^t^o^eff^ect
^th^{e o}^b^{ject o}^f^th^{e co}ⁿ^s^pⁱ^racy^{, each}^sh^{all b}^e^fⁱⁿ^e^d^uⁿ^d^e^{r th}^is^title^o^rⁱ^m^p^r^isoⁿ^e^dⁿ^o^{t m}^o^{re th}^an^fⁱ^v^e^y^e^a^r^{s, o}^r^b^o^t^h^.^.^{. .”}¹⁸
^U^.^S.C^.³⁷^1.
⁶⁵^Fⁱ^swi^{ck v.}^Unⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^a^t^es^,³²^{9 U.S}^.²¹^1,²¹^{6 (}¹⁹⁴⁶⁾^;^{see a}^l^so^,^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^Qa^yyu^m^,⁴⁵^{1 F}^.³^d¹²^14,¹²¹⁸⁽¹⁰^th
^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Ar^ias^,⁴³^{1 F}^.³^d¹³²⁷^,¹³⁴⁰⁽¹¹^th^{Cir. 2}⁰⁰⁵^)(“^if^a^c^onspira^{tor e}^s^ta^b^lishe^s^the^a^f^fⁱ^r^m^a^tive
^de^f^e^nse^of^w^ithdra^w^a^l^{, the}^sta^t^ute^of^lim^ita^{tions [}^a^{s t}^o^him^]^w^{ill be}^gⁱ^{n to r}^uⁿ^a^t^the^tⁱ^m^e^of^w^ithdra^w^a^l^{. Othe}^rw^ise^,^the
^sta^t^ute^w^{ill not}^be^gⁱ^{n t}^o^ruⁿ^unt^{il t}^h^e^fⁱ^na^{l a}^c^t^of^the^c^onspⁱ^ra^c^y^ha^s^oc^c^u^rre^d”^);^Unⁱ^t^e^d^St^a^t^{es v.}^Wren^,³⁶^{3 F.3}^d⁶⁵^4,^th
⁶⁶³⁽⁷^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^H^itt^,³⁴^{9 F.}^3d¹⁰¹⁰^,¹⁰^{15 (}^D^.C^.C^ir^{. 2}⁰⁰¹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^oⁿ^a^c^o^,¹⁹^{4 F.}^3d³^81,^th
³⁸⁷^n.^{2 (}^{2d C}ⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Pe^r^r^y^,¹⁵²^F.^3d⁹⁰^0,⁹⁰^{4 (}⁸^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^State^s^v^.^M^ange^s^,¹¹⁰^F.3^d^th^th
¹¹⁶^{2, 11}⁶⁹⁽⁵^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁷⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^C^r^af^t^,¹⁰^{5 F.}^3d¹¹²³^,¹¹²^{7 (}⁶^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁷⁾^.^C^ons^pir^a^cⁱ^e^s^liv^e^{on a}^s^l^ong^a^s
^t^h^{e co}ⁿ^s^pⁱ^rat^o^{rs con}^tⁱⁿ^u^e^t^o^recei^{ve t}^h^{e ec}^onom^ic^be^ne^f^its^of^the^s^c^he^m^e^,^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Sa^lm^one^s^e^,³⁵^{2 F.3}^d⁶⁰^8,
⁶¹⁴^-1⁷⁽²^d^Cir.²⁰⁰³^).
⁶⁶^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^G^a^g^l^e^b^y^,⁴²^{0 U}^.^{S. 1}¹³⁶^,¹¹⁴⁵⁽¹⁰^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es v.}^Sa^ad^ey^{, 39}^{3 F}^.³^d⁶^69,⁶⁷^{7 (}⁶^th^Cir.
²⁰⁰⁵⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^a^t^{es v.}^T^h^erm-A^l^l^,^In^c.^,³⁷³^F.^3d⁶²^5,⁶³^{2 (}⁵^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Grimme^tt^{, 2}³⁶^F.^3d⁴⁵^2,^th^th
⁴⁵³⁽⁸^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰¹⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^es^v.^T^o^cco^,²⁰⁰^F.^3d⁴⁰^1,⁴²^{5 n}^.⁹⁽⁶^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁰⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^State^s^v^.^Ar^nol^d^{, 11}⁷^F.^3d^th
¹³⁰^{8, 13}¹³⁽¹¹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁷⁾^.

been accomplished may not be used to delay the running of the statute of limitations.⁶⁷ Overt acts
of concealment which are among the original objectives of the conspiracy as charged in the ⁶⁸
indictment, however, may serve as the point at which the statute of limitations begins to run.
Distinguishing between the two is sometimes difficult.
There are other crimes, which like conspiracy, continue on long after all the elements necessary
for their prosecution are first present. The applicable statute of limitations for these continuing
crimes is delayed if either “the explicit language of the substantive criminal statute compels such
a conclusion, or the nature of the crime involved is such that Congress must assuredly have ⁶⁹
intended that it be treated as a continuing one.” Continuing federal offenses for purposes of the
statutes of limitation include:
• escape from federal custody, United States v. Bailey, 444 U.S. 394, 636 (1980);⁷⁰
• flight to avoid prosecution, United States v. Merino, 44 F.3d 749, 753-54 (9^th Cir. ⁷¹

1994);

• failure to report for sentencing, United States v. Gray, 876 F.2d 1411, 1419 (9^th ⁷²
Cir. 1989);
• possession of the skin and skull of an endangered species, United States v. ^th⁷³
Winnie, 97 F.3d 975, 975-76 (7 Cir. 1996);

⁶⁷^G^r^une^w^a^l^d^v^.^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^,³⁵³^U.^S^.³⁹^1,⁴⁰^{6 (}¹⁹⁵⁷⁾^;^{see a}^l^so,^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es v.}^Qa^yyu^m^{, 45}¹^F.^3d¹²¹^{4, 12}¹⁹⁽¹⁰^th
^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^G^r^eⁿ^oble^,⁴¹^{3 F}^.³^d⁵⁶⁹^,⁵^75-⁷⁶⁽⁶^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^Ar^no^ld^{, 1}¹⁷^F.^3d¹³⁰⁸^,^th^th
¹³¹^{4 (}¹¹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁷⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^at^e^s^v^.^M^a^lone^y^{, 71 F.3}^d⁶⁴^{5, 65}⁹⁽⁷^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁵⁾^.
⁶⁸^G^r^une^w^a^l^d^v^.^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^,³⁵³^U.^S^.^at⁴⁰^6;^{see a}^l^so,^Unⁱ^t^e^d^St^a^t^{es v.}^Qa^yyu^m^{, 4}⁵¹^F.3^d¹²^14,¹²^{19 (}¹⁰^th^Cir.
²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^aⁿⁿ^,¹⁶^{1 F.}^3d⁸^40,⁸^{59 (}⁵^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^Arn^o^ld^,¹¹⁷^F.3^d^a^t¹³^14;^Unite^d^th
^State^s^v^.^M^a^l^one^y^,⁷¹^F.^{3d a}^t⁶⁵⁹^-^60;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^R^abi^now^itz^{, 56 F.3}^d⁹³^{2, 934}⁽⁸^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁵⁾^.
⁶⁹^T^o^u^ssi^{e v.}^Unⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^a^t^es^,³⁹^{7 U.}^S.^at¹¹⁵^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Smⁱ^t^h^,³^{73 F.3}^d⁵⁶^{1, 563}^-⁶⁴⁽⁴^th^Cir.²⁰⁰⁴^);^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^State^s
^v.^R^eⁱ^t^m^eyer^{, 356}^F.3^d¹³^13,¹³²²⁽¹⁰^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^.
⁷⁰^“W^h^o^e^{ver esc}^a^p^e^{s o}^r^at^t^e^m^p^t^s^t^o^escap^{e f}^r^o^m^t^h^{e cu}^st^o^d^y^o^f^t^h^{e At}^t^o^rn^ey^Gen^e^ral^o^r^hⁱ^{s aut}^h^o^rⁱ^zed^rep^r^esen^t^a^tⁱ^v^e,^o^r
^f^r^o^m^aⁿ^y^ins^tituti^on^{or f}^a^c^ility^{in w}^h^ic^{h he}^is^c^onf^ine^d^by^dire^c^tion^of^the^A^ttorne^y^G^e^ne^r^a^{l, or f}^r^om^aⁿ^y^c^u^s^t^ody^unde^r
^or^by^vⁱ^r^t^ue^of^aⁿ^y^pr^oc^e^s^s^is^s^u^e^d^un^de^r^the^la^w^s^of^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^by^aⁿ^y^c^our^{t, ju}^dg^e^,^or^c^o^m^m^issⁱ^one^r^,^or^f^r^om^the
^cu^st^o^d^y^o^f^an^o^f^fⁱ^c^e^{r o}^r^em^p^l^o^y^ee^o^f^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^at^{es pu}^rsu^a^nt^t^o^l^a^wf^u^l^arrest^,^sh^al^l^,ⁱ^f^t^h^{e cu}^st^o^d^y^o^r^coⁿ^fⁱⁿ^em^en^tⁱ^s
^by^vⁱ^r^t^ue^of^aⁿ^a^r^r^e^s^t^{on a}^c^h^a^r^g^e^of^f^e^lony^{, or}^c^onv^ic^tioⁿ^of^aⁿ^y^o^f^f^e^ns^e^,^be^fⁱ^ne^{d u}^nde^r^t^h^is^ti^tle^orⁱ^m^pr^is^one^{d n}^o^t
^m^o^re^thaⁿ^fⁱ^v^e^y^e^a^r^{s, or bot}^{h; or}ⁱ^f^the^c^u^stody^{or c}^onf^ine^m^eⁿ^{t is f}^o^{r e}^x^tra^d^ition^,^or^f^o^{r e}^x^c^l^usion^{or e}^x^pulsioⁿ
^p^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^{gs un}^d^e^{r t}^h^{e i}^m^mⁱ^gratⁱ^oⁿ^l^a^w^s^,^o^r^b^y^vi^rt^u^e^o^f^an^arrest^o^r^ch^{arge o}^f^o^r^f^o^{r a m}ⁱ^sd^e^m^ean^o^r^,^an^d^p^rⁱ^o^r^t^o
^c^onv^ic^tion^,^be^fⁱ^ne^d^un^de^{r t}^h^{is titl}^e^{or im}^prisone^d^no^{t m}^o^re^thaⁿ^on^e^y^e^a^r^{, or bot}^h,”^{18 U.}^S.C.⁷⁵^1(a⁾^.
⁷¹^“^W^hoe^v^e^r^m^o^v^e^s^or^tr^a^v^e^l^s^{in int}^e^r^s^ta^te^or^f^o^r^e^ig^{n c}^o^m^m^e^r^c^e^w^{ith inte}^{nt e}ⁱ^t^h^e^r⁽¹⁾^to^a^v^oid^pr^os^e^c^u^ti^on,^or^c^u^s^t^ody
^o^r^coⁿ^fⁱⁿ^em^en^t^af^t^e^{r co}ⁿ^vⁱ^c^tⁱ^oⁿ^,^un^d^e^{r t}^h^{e l}^a^w^s^o^f^t^h^{e p}^l^{ace f}^r^o^m^whⁱ^c^h^h^e^f^l^ees,^f^o^{r a cri}^m^e,^o^r^an^at^t^e^m^p^t^t^o^co^mmⁱ^t^a
^c^r^im^e^,^punis^h^a^b^le^by^de^a^t^{h or}^w^h^ic^{h is}^a^f^e^lony^unde^r^the^la^w^s^of^the^pl^{ace f}^r^o^m^w^h^ich^th^{e f}^u^g^itiv^{e f}^l^{ees, o}^r⁽²^{) t}^o
^avoⁱ^d^gi^viⁿ^g^t^e^stⁱ^m^oⁿ^yⁱⁿ^an^y^cri^mⁱⁿ^al^p^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^{gs i}ⁿ^s^u^ch^pl^{ace i}ⁿ^w^hⁱ^c^h^t^h^{e c}^o^mmⁱ^ssi^oⁿ^o^f^an^o^f^fen^s^{e p}^uⁿⁱ^s^h^a^b^l^e^b^y
^de^a^t^{h or}^w^h^ic^{h is}^a^f^e^lony^unde^r^t^h^e^la^w^s^of^s^u^c^h^pl^ace,ⁱ^s^ch^arged^,^o^r⁽³⁾^t^o^avoⁱ^d^servi^{ce o}^f^,^o^r^co^nt^e^m^p^t^p^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^gs
^f^o^r^a^lle^g^e^{d dis}^obe^dieⁿ^c^e^of^{, la}^w^f^u^l^pr^oc^e^s^s^r^e^qu^ir^ing^a^tteⁿ^d^aⁿ^c^e^aⁿ^{d the}^gⁱ^vⁱ^ng^of^te^s^tim^ony^or^the^p^r^od^uc^tio^{n of}
^d^o^c^u^m^en^t^a^r^y^evi^d^en^{ce b}^e^f^o^{re an}^agen^c^y^o^f^{a S}^t^at^{e e}^m^p^o^w^er^ed^b^y^t^h^{e l}^a^w^o^f^su^ch^S^t^at^{e t}^o^con^d^u^c^tⁱ^nvestⁱ^g^atⁱ^oⁿ^s^o^f
^a^lle^g^e^{d c}^rⁱ^m^ina^l^a^c^tiv^itie^{s, sha}^{ll b}^e^fⁱ^ne^{d un}^de^{r this}^title^{or im}^pr^isoⁿ^e^dⁿ^o^{t m}^o^re^thaⁿ^fⁱ^v^e^y^e^a^r^{s, or b}^o^th.^{. .}^.”¹⁸^U.S^.^C.
¹⁰⁷^3.
⁷²^“^W^hoe^v^e^r^,^ha^vⁱ^ng^be^eⁿ^r^e^le^a^s^e^d^unde^r^this^c^h^a^p^te^r^k^now^ing^l^y^—⁽¹⁾^f^a^ils^{to a}^ppe^a^r^be^f^o^r^e^a^c^our^{t a}^s^r^e^quir^e^d^by^the
^c^ondi^tio^ns^of^r^e^le^a^s^e^;^or⁽²⁾^f^a^ils^t^o^s^u^r^r^eⁿ^d^e^r^f^o^r^s^e^r^v^ic^e^of^s^e^nteⁿ^ce^pur^s^u^aⁿ^{t t}^o^a^c^our^{t or}^de^r^;^s^h^a^l^l^be^pu^nis^h^e^d^a^s
^pr^ov^ide^dⁱⁿ^s^ubs^e^c^tio^{n (}^b⁾^of^th^is^s^e^c^tion,”¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³¹⁴⁶⁽^a⁾^.
⁷³^“Itⁱ^s^un^l^a^wf^u^l^f^o^{r an}^y^p^e^rsoⁿ^sub^j^ect^t^o^t^h^{e j}^u^ri^sdⁱ^c^tⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^ed^S^t^at^{es t}^o^en^{gage i}ⁿ^an^y^t^r^ad^{e i}ⁿ^an^y^sp^eci^m^eⁿ^s
^c^ontr^a^r^y^{to the}^pr^ov^is^io^ns^of^the^C^onv^eⁿ^tioⁿ^[^on^Iⁿ^te^rⁿ^a^tⁱ^ona^l^T^r^adeⁱⁿ^En^da^ng^e^r^e^d^Spe^cⁱ^e^s^]^,^or^to^pos^s^e^s^s^aⁿ^y
^sp^eci^men^s^t^r^ad^ed^co^nt^rary^t^o^t^h^e^p^r^o^vⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s^o^f^t^h^{e C}^oⁿ^v^en^tⁱ^on,^inc^l^udi^ng^the^de^fⁱ^nitions^of^te^rm^{s in a}^r^tic^le^{I the}^r^e^o^f^,^”
^{16 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁵³⁸⁽^c⁾⁽¹⁾^.

• possession of counterfeit currency, United States v. Kayfez, 957 F.2d 677, 678 (9^th ⁷⁴
Cir. 1992);
• kidnaping, United States v. Denny-Shaffer, 2 F.3d 999, 1018-19 (10^th Cir. 1993);⁷⁵
• failure to register under the Foreign Agents Registration Act, United States v. ⁷⁶
McGoff, 831 F.2d 1071, 1071 (D.C.Cir. 1987);
• failure to register under the Selective Service Act, United States v. Kerley, 838 ^th⁷⁷
F.2d 932, 935 (7 Cir. 1988);
• being found in the United States having reentered this country after deportation, ^th⁷⁸
United States v. Gomez, 38 F.3d 1031, 1035 (8 Cir. 1994); and
• embezzlement under some circumstances, United States v. Smith, 373 F.3d 561, ^th⁷⁹

568 (4 Cir. 2004).

⁷⁴^“^W^hoe^v^e^r^,^w^{ith inte}^{nt t}^o^de^f^r^a^u^d^,^pa^s^s^e^s^,^utte^r^s^,^pu^blis^he^s^,^or^se^lls^{, or a}^tte^m^p^{ts to}^pa^{ss, utte}^r,^p^ublis^{h, o}^r^se^ll,^{or w}^ith
^lⁱ^k^{e i}ⁿ^t^eⁿ^t^b^rⁱⁿ^{gs i}ⁿ^t^o^t^h^{e Uni}^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es o}^r^keep^{s i}ⁿ^p^o^ssessi^oⁿ^o^r^c^oⁿ^ceal^{s an}^y^f^a^l^s^el^y^mad^e^,^f^o^rg^ed^,^c^ounte^r^f^e^ite^{d, or}
^a^lte^re^{d obl}^ig^a^tion^or^othe^{r se}^c^u^rit^y^o^f^the^Unite^d^Sta^t^e^s^{, sh}^a^ll^be^fⁱ^ne^{d un}^de^{r t}^h^{is title}^{or im}^prisone^{d n}^o^{t m}^o^re^thaⁿ¹⁵
^y^e^a^r^s^,^or^bot^h,”¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.⁴⁷^2.
⁷⁵^“⁽^a⁾^W^hoe^v^e^r^unla^w^f^u^ll^y^s^e^iz^e^s^,^c^onf^ine^s^{, inv}^e^ig^le^s^,^de^c^o^y^s^{, k}ⁱ^dna^ps^{, a}^b^duc^ts^,^or^c^a^r^rⁱ^e^s^a^w^ay^a^{nd h}^o^lds^f^o^r^r^a^ns^om
^o^r^rew^a^rd^o^r^o^t^h^e^rwⁱ^s^{e an}^y^p^e^rsoⁿ^,^excep^tⁱⁿ^t^h^{e case o}^f^{a m}ⁱⁿ^o^r^by^t^h^{e p}^a^ren^t^t^h^ereo^f^,^w^h^en^—(1⁾^t^h^{e p}^e^rsoⁿⁱ^s
^w^ill^f^u^lly^traⁿ^sporte^{d in}^inte^rsta^te^{or f}^o^re^ig^{n c}^o^m^m^e^r^c^e^,^r^e^g^a^r^d^le^s^s^of^w^h^e^t^he^r^the^pe^r^s^{on w}^a^s^a^liv^e^w^h^eⁿ^tr^aⁿ^s^por^te^d
^acro^{ss a S}^t^at^{e b}^o^uⁿ^d^a^ryⁱ^f^t^h^{e p}^e^rsoⁿ^w^a^{s al}ⁱ^v^e^w^h^en^t^h^{e t}^r^an^spo^r^t^a^tⁱ^o^{n b}^e^gan^;⁽²⁾^an^y^su^ch^act^agaiⁿ^s^t^t^h^{e p}^e^rsonⁱ^s
^done^w^ithiⁿ^t^h^e^s^p^e^cⁱ^a^l^m^a^r^iti^m^e^a^{nd te}^r^rⁱ^t^o^rⁱ^a^l^j^u^rⁱ^s^d^ic^ti^on^of^the^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^;(³⁾^aⁿ^y^s^u^c^h^a^c^t^a^g^ains^{t t}^h^e^pe^r^s^oⁿ^is
^done^w^ithiⁿ^t^h^e^s^p^e^cⁱ^a^l^aⁱ^rc^ra^f^t^juris^d^ic^tio^{n of}^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^a^s^de^fⁱ^ne^{d in}^Se^c^tion⁴⁶⁵⁰¹^of^T^itle^{49; (}⁴^{) t}^h^e^pe^rs^oⁿ
ⁱ^s^{a f}^o^rei^gⁿ^o^f^fⁱ^ci^al^,^anⁱⁿ^t^e^rn^atⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^l^y^p^r^o^t^ect^ed^p^e^rson^,^o^r^an^o^f^fⁱ^cⁱ^al^gu^est^{as t}^h^o^s^{e t}^e^rm^{s are d}^e^fⁱⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^S^ectⁱ^oⁿ
¹¹¹⁶⁽^{b) of}^this^title^;^{or (5)}^the^pe^r^s^{on is}^a^m^ong^th^ose^of^fⁱ^c^e^{rs a}^{nd e}^m^plo^y^e^e^s^de^sc^ribe^{d in Se}^c^tio^{n 1}¹¹⁴^of^{this tit}^le^a^nd
^aⁿ^y^s^u^c^h^a^c^t^a^g^aⁱ^ns^{t the}^pe^r^s^oⁿ^is^done^w^h^ile^t^h^e^pe^r^s^oⁿ^is^eⁿ^g^a^g^e^d^in,^or^oⁿ^acco^un^t^o^f^,^t^h^{e p}^e^rf^o^r^m^aⁿ^{ce o}^f^o^f^fⁱ^ci^al
^dutie^s^;^s^h^a^{ll be}^pu^nis^h^e^d^by^im^prⁱ^s^onm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^r^aⁿ^y^te^r^m^o^f^y^e^a^r^s^or^f^o^r^lif^e^a^{nd, if}^the^de^a^t^h^of^aⁿ^y^per^s^{on r}^e^s^u^lts^,^s^h^a^ll
^be^pu^nis^h^e^d^by^de^a^t^{h or}^lif^e^im^pr^is^onm^eⁿ^t,”^{18 U}^.^S.C^.¹²⁰¹⁽^a⁾^;^{see a}^l^so^,^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^G^a^r^cⁱ^a^,⁸⁵^{4 F.}^2d³^40,³⁴³^th
⁽⁹^{Cir. 1}⁹⁸⁸^)(the^sta^t^ute^of^lim^ita^tions^doe^{s n}^o^t^be^gⁱ^{n t}^o^ruⁿ^untⁱ^l^the^vⁱ^c^tim^{is re}^le^a^s^e^d^{); if}^the^vⁱ^c^tim^{is k}^ille^{d, the}
^o^f^fen^s^{e i}^s^{a cap}ⁱ^t^a^l^cri^m^{e an}^d^t^h^e^p^r^o^s^ecu^tⁱ^oⁿ^m^a^y^b^e^b^r^o^u^ght^at^any^tⁱ^me.
⁷⁶^“F^ai^l^u^{re t}^o^fⁱ^l^e^an^y^su^ch^regi^st^ratⁱ^oⁿ^st^at^em^en^t^o^r^sup^p^l^em^en^t^s^t^h^er^et^o^{as i}^s^req^uⁱ^red^b^y^ei^t^h^{er S}^ectⁱ^oⁿ⁶¹²⁽^a)^o^r
^Se^c^tion⁶¹^2(b)^of^{this t}^itle^[^r^e^l^a^tin^g^{to re}^gⁱ^stra^{tion re}^quire^m^e^nt^s]^sh^a^{ll be}^c^onsi^d^e^r^e^d^a^c^o^nti^nui^ng^of^fe^nse^f^o^{r a}^s^long^a^s
^su^ch^f^aⁱ^l^u^{re exi}^s^t^s^,ⁿ^o^t^wⁱ^t^h^st^an^diⁿ^g^an^y^st^at^u^t^{e o}^f^lⁱ^mⁱ^t^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^{or o}^t^{her st}^at^u^t^{e t}^o^t^h^{e con}^t^rary^,^”²²^U.^S^.^C.⁶¹^8(e).
⁷⁷^“^N^{o pe}^r^s^oⁿ^s^h^a^ll^be^pr^os^e^c^u^te^d,^t^r^ie^{d, or}^p^unis^h^e^d^f^o^r^e^v^a^d^ing^,^ne^g^l^e^c^ting^,^or^r^e^f^u^sⁱ^ng^to^pe^r^f^or^m^the^duty^of
^re^gⁱ^s^t^e^r^ingⁱ^m^pos^e^d^by^Se^c^tion³^of^this^title^[Se^c^tion⁴⁵³^of^this^A^ppeⁿ^d^ix^{] u}ⁿ^le^s^s^theⁱ^ndic^t^m^e^{nt is}^f^{ound w}^ithiⁿ^fⁱ^v^e
^y^e^a^r^{s ne}^x^t^a^f^te^{r the}^la^{st da}^y^be^f^o^r^e^suc^h^pe^rsoⁿ^a^tta^ins^the^a^g^e^of^tw^eⁿ^t^y^-si^x^{, or w}^{ithin f}ⁱ^v^e^y^e^a^r^{s ne}^x^t^a^f^te^{r the}^la^{st da}^y
^be^f^o^r^e^s^u^c^h^pe^r^s^oⁿ^d^o^e^s^pe^r^f^or^m^his^d^u^ty^{to r}^e^gⁱ^s^t^e^r^{, w}^h^ic^he^v^e^r^s^h^a^{ll f}ⁱ^r^s^{t oc}^c^u^r^,^”⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^A^pp.⁴⁶²⁽^d⁾^;^{see al}^so^,^th
^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^J^a^c^o^b^,⁷⁸^{1 F}^.²^d⁶⁴³^,⁶⁴^8-⁴⁹⁽⁸^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁶⁾^.
⁷⁸^“^S^ubje^c^t^t^o^s^u^bs^e^c^tion⁽^b⁾^of^this^s^e^c^{tion, a}ⁿ^y^a^lie^{n w}^ho—⁽¹⁾^ha^s^b^e^eⁿ^de^nie^d^a^d^mⁱ^s^sⁱ^{on, e}^x^c^l^ude^d,^de^por^te^d,^or
^r^e^m^o^v^e^{d or}^ha^s^de^pa^r^t^e^d^t^h^e^Uⁿ^it^e^d^Sta^t^e^s^w^h^ile^aⁿ^or^de^r^of^e^x^c^l^us^ion,^de^p^o^r^t^a^tⁱ^on,^or^r^e^m^o^v^a^{l is}^out^s^t^a^nding^{, a}^nd
^the^r^e^a^f^te^r⁽²⁾^eⁿ^te^r^s^{, a}^tte^m^p^ts^{to e}ⁿ^te^r^,^or^is^a^t^aⁿ^y^tim^e^f^{ound i}ⁿ^{, t}^h^e^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^{, un}^le^s^s⁽^A⁾^pr^ior^t^o^his
^ree^m^b^a^rkatⁱ^oⁿ^at^{a p}^l^{ace o}^u^t^si^d^e^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^at^{es o}^r^hⁱ^{s app}^lⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^f^o^{r ad}^mⁱ^ssi^oⁿ^f^r^o^m^f^o^rei^gⁿ^coⁿ^tⁱ^g^uous^te^r^rⁱ^t^o^r^y^,
^t^h^{e A}^t^t^o^rn^ey^G^eⁿ^e^ral^h^a^{s exp}^r^es^sl^y^coⁿ^s^en^t^e^d^t^o^su^c^h^alⁱ^eⁿ^’^{s reapp}^l^yⁱⁿ^g^f^o^{r ad}^mⁱ^s^sⁱ^oⁿ^;^o^r^{(B) w}ⁱ^t^h^re^sp^ect^t^o^an^alⁱ^eⁿ
^pr^e^v^ious^ly^de^nie^d^a^d^mⁱ^s^sⁱ^{on a}ⁿ^d^r^e^m^o^v^e^{d, unle}^s^s^s^u^c^h^a^lie^{n s}^h^a^l^l^e^s^ta^blis^{h t}^h^a^t^he^w^a^s^{not r}^e^quir^e^d^t^o^o^b^taⁱⁿ^s^u^c^h
^a^d^v^a^nc^e^c^ons^eⁿ^{t u}^nde^{r t}^h^is^c^h^a^p^t^e^{r or a}ⁿ^y^{prior A}^c^{t, s}^h^a^{ll be}^fⁱ^ne^d^unde^{r T}^itle^18,^or^im^pris^one^d^not^m^o^re^thaⁿ^tw^o^th
^y^e^a^r^s^,^or^bot^h,”⁸^U^.^S.C^.¹³²⁶⁽^a⁾^;^{see a}^l^so^,^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^S^ant^an^a-^C^a^s^t^e^lla^no^,⁷⁴^F^.^3d⁵⁹^3,⁵⁹^{7 (}⁵^Cir.
¹⁹⁹⁶⁾⁽^“^Lⁱ^k^e^wⁱ^s^e^{, the}^fⁱ^ve^y^e^a^r^s^t^atute^of^lim^ita^tions^u^nde^r^Se^c^.¹³²⁶^be^gⁱ^ns^t^o^r^{un a}^t^the^tim^e^the^a^lie^{n is}^f^oun^d^ba^r^rⁱ^ng
^ci^rcu^m^st^an^{ces t}^h^at^su^ggest^t^h^at^t^h^{e INS}^sh^ou^l^d^h^a^{ve kn}^o^wⁿ^o^f^hⁱ^{s presen}^{ce earl}ⁱ^e^r,^su^ch^{as w}^h^en^h^e^reen^t^e^red^t^h^e
^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^thr^o^ug^{h a}ⁿ^of^fⁱ^cⁱ^a^l^bor^de^r^c^h^e^c^k^pointⁱⁿ^the^g^o^{od f}^a^{ith be}^lie^f^tha^t^his^eⁿ^tr^y^w^a^s^le^g^a^l^”⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.
^DiSan^till^o^,⁶¹^{5 F.}^2d¹^28,¹^{32 (}³^d^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁰⁾^.
⁷⁹^“^W^e^be^lie^v^e^tha^t^the^s^p^e^cⁱ^fⁱ^c^c^onduc^{t a}^t^is^s^u^e^he^r^e^is^m^o^r^e^pr^o^p^e^r^ly^c^h^a^r^a^c^t^e^r^iz^e^d^a^s^a^c^ontinui^ng^of^f^e^ns^e^r^a^the^r^thaⁿ
^a^s^e^rⁱ^e^s^of^s^e^pa^r^a^te^a^c^t^s^.^T^h^e^f^a^c^t^{s f}^ound^by^the^dis^t^rⁱ^c^t^c^our^{t w}^e^r^e^s^u^f^fⁱ^cⁱ^eⁿ^{t to}^pr^ov^e^tha^t^he^s^e^{t in}^to^pl^{ace an}^d
^m^a^inta^ine^d^aⁿ^a^u^tom^a^tic^a^l^l^y^r^e^c^u^r^r^ing^s^c^he^m^e^w^h^e^r^e^b^y^f^unds^w^e^r^e^e^l^e^c^t^r^onic^a^lly^de^pos^ite^{d i}ⁿ^his^acco^uⁿ^t^and^ret^aⁱⁿ^ed
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

Constitutional challenges to the application of various statutes of limitation perhaps most often
claim support from the ex post facto or due process clauses. The Constitution prohibits both ⁸⁰
Congress and the states from enacting ex post facto laws. More precisely it prohibits:
¹^st^{. Ev}^er^y^l^a^w^t^h^at^m^a^k^e^{s an}^actⁱ^oⁿ^don^{e be}^f^o^{re t}^h^e^pas^sⁱ^ng^{of t}^h^{e l}^a^w^,^aⁿ^d^w^hⁱ^c^h^w^a^s
ⁱⁿⁿ^o^ceⁿ^t^w^h^eⁿ^don^e,^cri^mⁱⁿ^al^{; an}^{d p}^u^nis^h^es^s^u^{ch action}^.^{2d. Ev}^er^y^la^w^th^a^t^a^g^g^r^a^v^ates^a
^crⁱ^m^{e, o}^r^m^a^k^e^{s it g}^r^eater^th^aⁿ^it^w^a^s,^w^h^eⁿ^co^m^m^itted^.³^d^{. Ev}^er^y^la^w^t^h^{at ch}^aⁿ^g^e^{s th}^e
^p^uni^sh^me^nt^,^aⁿ^dⁱⁿ^flⁱ^c^t^s^a^gr^e^a^t^e^r^p^uni^s^h^me^nt^,^t^h^aⁿ^t^h^e^l^a^w^a^nne^xe^d^t^o^t^h^e^c^rⁱ^m^e^,^w^h^eⁿ^th
^c^o^mmi^t^t^e^d^.⁴^{. Ev}^ery^la^w^t^h^{at alters}^th^{e le}^g^a^{l ru}^les^o^f^eviden^{ce, an}^{d receiv}^e^s^les^s^{, or}
^dif^f^e^reⁿ^t^{, tes}^tⁱ^m^oⁿ^y^,^t^h^aⁿ^th^{e l}^a^w^requ^{ired at th}^e^ti^m^e^o^f^t^h^{e com}^mⁱ^s^sⁱ^oⁿ^of^t^h^{e off}^eⁿ^s^{e, i}ⁿ⁸¹
^{order t}^o^con^vⁱ^{ct th}^{e o}^f^f^eⁿ^d^er.
The lower federal appellate courts had long felt that a statute that extends a period of limitation
before its expiration does not offend the ex post facto clauses, but that the clauses ban laws that ⁸²
attempt to revive and extend an expired statute of limitations. Until the United States Supreme
Court confirmed that view in Stogner v. California, 539 U.S. 607 (2003), however, there were
well regarded contrary opinions. The California Supreme Court, for example, at one point
concluded that the ex post facto clauses in fact pose no impediment to the revival of an expired ⁸³
statute of limitations. The Justice Department cited the California case, Frazer, in its summary ⁸⁴
of proposed anti-terrorism legislation, suggesting that its retroactive section was intended both
to extend the statutes of limitation to cases where the period of limitation had not run and to
revive the prospect of prosecution where the period had expired. The USA PATRIOT Act’s ⁸⁵
retroactivity clause used the same language found in the Justice Department’s original proposal,
arguably reflecting the same intent.

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^f^o^r^his^ow^{n us}^e^w^ithou^{t ne}^e^d^f^o^r^aⁿ^y^s^p^e^cⁱ^fⁱ^c^ac^{tion o}ⁿ^his^pa^r^t^,”^Id^.
⁸⁰^“^N^{o Bill}^of^A^tta^inde^{r or e}^x^{post f}^a^c^t^{o L}^a^w^sha^{ll be}^pa^sse^{d . .}^{. .}^No^Sta^t^e^sha^{ll .}^{. .}^pa^{ss a}ⁿ^y^{Bill of}^A^t^ta^inde^r,^[or^]^e^x
^pos^{t f}^a^c^t^{o L}^a^w^{. . . .}^U^.^{S. C}^ons^t^.^A^r^{t. I}^,^§§^9,^10.
⁸¹^Sto^gne^r^v^.^C^a^lif^orⁿⁱ^a^,⁵³^{9 U}^.^S^.⁶^07,⁶¹^{2 (}²⁰⁰³⁾^{, q}^uot^ing^,^C^a^lde^r^v^.^Bull^,³^D^a^{ll. (}³^U^.^S.⁾³^86,³⁹⁰⁽¹⁷⁹⁸⁾⁽^seria^t^im
^opi^nioⁿ^of^C^h^a^s^e^,^J^.⁾^.
⁸²^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^D^e^{La M}^a^ta^,²⁶⁶^F.3^d¹²^75,¹²⁸⁶⁽¹¹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰¹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^G^r^im^e^s^{, 14}^{2 F}^.³^d¹³⁴²^,¹³⁵¹
⁽¹¹^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^o^r^r^o^w^,¹^{77 F.3}^d²⁷^{2, 29}⁴⁽⁵^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁹⁾^;^Uni^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es v.}^C^h^an^dler^,^{66 F.3}^d¹⁴^60,^th^th
¹⁴⁶^{7 (}⁸^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁵⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^Tali^afe^r^r^o^,⁹⁷^{9 F}^.²^d¹³⁹⁹^,¹⁴^02-⁴⁰^{3 (}¹⁰^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹²⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Kⁿⁱ^p^p^{, 9}⁶³^th^th
^F^.^2d⁸³^9,⁸⁴^{4 (}⁶^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹²⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es ex rel}^.^Ma^ssa^rel^l^a^v.^E^l^ro^d^,⁶⁸²^F.^2d⁶⁸^8,⁶⁸^{9 (}⁷^Cir.¹⁹⁸²^);^Unⁱ^t^ed^th
^State^s^v^.^Rⁱ^c^har^ds^on^,⁵¹^{2 F}^.²^d¹⁰⁵^,¹⁹^{6 (}³^d^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁷⁵⁾^;^Uni^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^Cl^emen^s^{, 26}^{6 F.}^2d³^97,³⁹⁹⁽⁹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁵⁹⁾^;
^F^a^l^t^e^{r v.}^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^es^{, 23}^F.^{2d 4}^{20, 42}^5-²⁶⁽²^d^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹²⁸⁾^.
⁸³^P^e^o^p^l^{e v.}^F^r^a^z^er^{, 2}⁴^Ca^l.⁴^th⁷³⁷^{, 759}^,⁹⁸²^P^.^2d¹⁸^{0, 19}^{4, 88}^C^a^l.R^p^tr^.2^{d 31}^{2, 32}⁷⁽¹⁹⁹⁹⁾^.
⁸⁴^Se^c^tion³^01.^N^o^St^atute^of^Lim^ita^tions^For^Pr^os^e^c^u^tin^{g Te}^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^m^O^ffe^ns^e^s^{, C}^ons^u^ltatⁱ^oⁿ^D^r^aft^of^S^e^pte^m^be^r^20,
²⁰⁰^1,^Anti^-^T^e^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^m^Ac^{t of}²⁰⁰¹^,^Se^c^tio^n-^by^-^S^e^c^tⁱ^on^An^aly^s^is^,^prⁱⁿ^te^{d i}ⁿ^,^A^d^ministra^ti^oⁿ^’^{s Draft A}ⁿ^ti-T^e^rro^{rism Act}^o^f^th^st
²⁰⁰^1:^H^e^arⁱⁿ^g^Be^for^e^the^H^ous^e^C^o^m^m^.^oⁿ^t^h^e^J^udicⁱ^ar^y^{, 1}⁰⁷^Co^ng^{., 1}^Se^s^s^.⁶⁰⁽²⁰⁰¹⁾⁽^“^T^h^is^s^e^c^{tion e}^x^pr^e^s^s^l^y
^prov^ide^s^t^h^a^t^{it is}^a^ppl^ic^a^b^le^to^of^f^e^nse^s^c^o^m^m^itte^{d be}^f^o^re^the^da^te^of^eⁿ^a^c^t^m^e^{nt of}^the^sta^t^ute^,^a^s^w^e^l^l^a^s^those
^c^o^m^m^itte^{d the}^r^e^a^f^t^e^r^{. . . . T}^h^e^c^oⁿ^s^tituti^ona^lity^of^suc^h^re^troa^c^tiv^e^a^pplic^a^tⁱ^ons^of^c^h^aⁿ^g^e^{s in sta}^t^ute^s^of^lim^ita^{tion is}^th
^w^e^{ll se}^ttle^{d. Se}^e^,^e^.^g^.,^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es v.}^Gri^m^es^{, 142}^F.3^d¹³^42,¹³⁵⁰^-⁵^{1 (}¹¹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^;^P^e^o^p^l^{e v.}^F^r^a^z^er^{, 98}²^P^.^2d
¹⁸⁰⁽^C^a^l^.¹⁹⁹⁹⁾^”⁾^.^Grimes^ci^t^e^d^t^h^{e earl}ⁱ^e^{r l}^o^w^e^{r fed}^e^ral^{case l}^a^w^an^d^d^ecl^ared^,^“W^{e n}^o^w^j^oⁱⁿ^ou^{r f}^e^l^l^o^w^ci^rcuⁱ^t^sⁱⁿ
^hol^ding^t^h^a^t^a^p^plic^a^tio^{n of}^a^s^t^a^t^u^t^e^of^lim^ita^tions^e^x^te^nde^{d be}^f^o^r^e^t^h^e^or^ig^ina^l^lim^ita^tions^pe^rⁱ^od^ha^s^e^x^pir^e^{d doe}^s^not
^vi^o^l^at^{e t}^h^{e ex p}^o^s^t^f^act^o^cl^au^se,^”¹⁴²^F^.³^d^at¹³⁵¹^.^Not^e^t^h^at^Grim^es^sa^{id not}^hi^ng^of^c^a^s^e^s^re^vⁱ^vⁱ^ng^t^h^e^possi^bility^of
^pr^os^e^c^u^ti^on^afte^r^t^h^e^or^ig^ina^l^lim^ita^tions^pe^rⁱ^o^d^ha^{d e}^x^pir^e^d.
⁸⁵^“^T^he^a^m^eⁿ^d^m^eⁿ^ts^m^a^de^by^{this se}^c^{tion sha}^l^l^a^pply^{to t}^h^e^pr^ose^c^u^ti^on^of^aⁿ^y^o^f^fe^nse^c^o^m^m^itte^{d be}^f^o^re^{, on,}^{or a}^f^te^r
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

The California court, however, had read too much into then contemporary United States Supreme
Court interpretations of the ex post facto clause. Frazer involved a statutory amendment which
allowed prosecution of certain child sex offense cases within one year after the offense had been
reported to authorities even if the otherwise applicable statute of limitations had run. The Frazer
court pointed out that the Supreme Court had apparently pruned its Calder statement so as to
define ex post facto laws as “any statute which punishes as a crime an act previously committed,
which was innocent when done; which makes more burdensome the punishment for a crime, after
its commission, or which deprives one charged with crime of any defenses available according to ^th
law at the time when the act was committed,” 21 Cal.4 at 755, 982 at 191, 88 Cal.Rptr.2d at 324,
quoting, Beazell v. Ohio, 269 U.S. 167, 169 (1925). Moreover, as the California court understood
it, the Supreme Court had not only indicated that evidentiary changes were beyond the realm of
the clauses’ protection but that the defenses protected by the clauses were limited to those based ^th
on the elements or punishment of the crime when it was committed, 21 Cal.4 at 755-57, 982
at191-92, 88 Cal.Rptr.2d at 324-26, citing, Collins v. Youngblood, 497 U.S. 37, 43 n.3, 50 (1990).
The Supreme Court subsequently warned that Collins should not be read as a repudiation of
Calder’s four prohibited classes, but instead that “Collins held that it was a mistake to stray
beyond Calder’s four categories,” Carmell v. Texas, 529 U.S. 513, 539 (2000)(emphasis in the
original). The Court seemed to further signal its reluctance to reach beyond the limits of Calder
when it declined to extend the ex post facto proscription to cover a retroactive application of a
judicial (rather than a legislative) change in the law, Rogers v. Tennessee, 532 U.S. 451, 462 ⁸⁶
(2001). These developments did not necessarily undermine the California decision in Frazer,
however, since its revival of a statute of limitations that had run did not appear to fit easily within
any of the Calder categories. But the Frazer analysis was in error nonetheless.
The U.S. Supreme Court characterized the California legislative revival of an expired period of
limitation not only “manifestly unjust and oppressive,” but among those laws that run afoul of
Calder’s second standard (“Every law that aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was,
when committed”), Stogner v. California, 539 U.S. 607, 611-12 (2003). As properly understood
and alternatively characterized in Calder, this second category embraces statutes that like the
California statute “inflicted punishments, where the party was not by law, liable to any
punishment,” at the time, 539 U.S. at 612, quoting, Calder, 3 Dall. (3 U.S.) at 389.
Retroactivity aside, the due process clauses may be implicated if a crime is not subject to any
statute of limitations or if the period of limitation has not run. Although statutes of limitation
generally govern the extent of permissible pre-indictment delay, extraordinary circumstances may
trigger due process implications. The Supreme Court in Marion observed that even “the

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^the^da^te^of^the^eⁿ^a^c^t^m^e^{nt of}^this^s^e^c^tion,”^§⁸⁰⁹⁽^b)^,^P^.^L^.¹^07-⁵⁶^{, 1}¹⁵^Sta^t^.²⁷^2,³⁸^{0 (}²⁰⁰¹⁾^;^Se^c^tion³⁰¹⁽^c⁾^.^N^o^St^atute^of
^Lim^itati^ons^For^Pr^os^e^c^u^tin^{g Te}^r^r^or^is^m^O^ffe^ns^e^s^{, H}^.^R.^__^__^__^{, An}^tⁱ^-^T^e^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^m^Ac^{t of}²⁰⁰¹^,^pr^inte^dⁱⁿ^,^A^d^mⁱ^nis^t^r^a^tio^n’^s^th^st
^{Draft An}^ti-Te^{rrorism Ac}^t^{of 2}⁰⁰¹^:^He^aring^B^e^f^o^{re t}^h^{e Ho}^u^s^{e C}^o^mm.^oⁿ^t^h^{e Jud}ⁱ^ci^a^r^y^{, 10}⁷^Cong^.,¹^Se^s^s^.⁸²⁽²⁰⁰¹⁾^.
^T^h^is^s^a^m^e^tex^t^a^ppe^a^r^e^d^{in t}^h^e^v^e^r^s^ion^of^the^bil^l^r^e^p^o^r^t^e^d^out^of^th^e^H^ous^e^J^u^dⁱ^cⁱ^a^r^y^C^o^m^m^itte^e^,^§301(^c⁾^{, H}^.^R^.²⁹⁷⁵^,
^re^printe^d^{in H}^.^R^EP^.^N^O^.¹⁰^7-²³⁶^,^a^t^{26 (}²⁰⁰¹⁾^.
⁸⁶^“^J^ustic^e^Sc^a^lia^m^a^k^e^s^m^u^c^h^of^th^e^f^a^c^t^tha^t^a^t^the^tⁱ^m^e^of^the^f^r^a^mⁱⁿ^g^of^the^Co^nstitu^tio^{n, i}^t^w^a^s^wⁱ^de^l^y^a^c^c^e^p^te^{d . .}^.
^t^h^at^(acco^rdⁱⁿ^{g t}^o^J^u^stⁱ^{ce S}^calⁱ^a^{) t}^h^{ere i}^sⁿ^o^do^ub^t^t^h^at^t^h^{e ex po}^st^f^act^o^cl^au^{se w}^o^u^l^d^h^a^{ve p}^r^o^hⁱ^bⁱ^t^e^d^{a l}^e^gi^sl^atⁱ^v^e
^d^eci^si^oⁿⁱ^d^en^tⁱ^cal^t^o^t^h^{e T}^eⁿⁿ^e^{ssee co}^u^r^t^’^{s d}^eci^si^on^h^e^re.^T^hⁱ^s^l^a^t^t^e^{r argu}^men^t^{seeks at}^b^o^t^t^o^m^merel^y^t^o^reop^en^w^h^at
^ha^{s long}^be^eⁿ^se^ttle^d^by^the^c^onst^ituti^ona^{l te}^x^t^aⁿ^{d o}^u^r^ow^{n d}^e^cⁱ^sioⁿ^{s: tha}^t^the^e^x^p^o^{st f}^a^c^t^{o c}^l^a^u^se^doe^{s not}^a^p^p^l^y^to
^j^u^dⁱ^ci^al^d^eci^si^oⁿ^s^,^”^Rog^e^{rs v.}^T^eⁿⁿ^essee^{, 532 U}^.^S.⁴⁵^1,⁴⁶^{2 (}²⁰⁰¹⁾^.^T^h^e^c^a^s^e^a^r^os^e^w^h^eⁿ^the^T^e^nne^s^s^e^e^Supr^e^m^e^C^our^t
^ab^ro^gat^e^d^{a p}^r^evi^o^u^s^l^y^co^mm^oⁿ^l^a^w^ru^l^e^t^h^at^b^a^rred^{a m}^u^rd^{er p}^r^o^s^ecu^tⁱ^oⁿ^uⁿ^l^e^{ss t}^h^{e vi}^ctⁱ^m^dⁱ^ed^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^{a y}^{ear an}^d^a
^da^y^o^f^the^de^f^e^nda^nt’^s^a^s^s^a^{ult u}^p^oⁿ^the^vⁱ^c^tim^.

Government concedes that the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment would require
dismissal of [an] indictment if it were shown at trial that the pre-indictment delay . . . caused
substantial prejudice to [a defendant’s] rights to a fair trial and that the delay was an intentional ⁸⁷
device to gain tactical advantage over the accused.” The Court declined to dismiss the
indictment there, however, because the defendants failed to show they had suffered any actual
prejudice from the delay or to show “that the Government intentionally delayed to gain some ⁸⁸
tactical advantage over [them] or to harass them.”
The Court later made clear that due process contemplates more than a claimant’s showing of
adverse impact caused by pre-indictment delay: “Thus Marion makes clear that proof of prejudice
is generally a necessary but not sufficient element of a due process claim, and that the due process ⁸⁹
inquiry must consider the reasons for the delay as well as the prejudice to the accused.”
Perhaps because so few defendants have been able to show sufficient prejudice to necessitate ⁹⁰
further close inquiry, the lower federal appellate courts seem at odds over exactly what else due
process demands before it will require dismissal. Most have held that the defendant bears the ⁹¹
burden of establishing both prejudice and government deficiency; others that once the defendant ⁹²
establishes prejudice the burden shifts to the government to negate the second prong; and still
others that once the defendant shows prejudice the court must balance the harm against the ⁹³
justifications for delay.

⁸⁷^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^a^rⁱ^oⁿ^,⁴⁰^{4 U}^.^S^.³⁰^7,³²^{4 (}¹⁹⁷¹⁾^;^{see a}^l^so^,^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^Gou^vei^a^{, 46}⁷^U^.^{S. 18}⁰^,¹⁹²
⁽¹⁹⁸⁴^)(“Bu^t^ap^plⁱ^cab^l^e^st^at^u^t^{es o}^f^lⁱ^mⁱ^t^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^p^r^o^t^ect^agaiⁿ^s^t^t^h^e^p^r^o^s^ecu^tⁱ^oⁿ^’^{s b}^rⁱⁿ^giⁿ^g^st^al^{e cri}^mⁱⁿ^a^l^ch^{arges agai}ⁿ^s^t
^aⁿ^y^def^e^nda^{nt, a}ⁿ^d^,^be^y^ond^tha^t^p^r^ote^c^tion^,^t^h^e^Fif^t^{h A}^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^{t r}^e^quir^e^s^the^dis^m^is^s^a^{l of}^aⁿ^indic^t^m^e^{nt, e}^v^eⁿ^if^{it is}
^bro^u^g^h^{t w}^ithin^the^sta^t^u^t^e^of^lim^ita^{tions, if}^the^de^f^e^nda^nt^c^aⁿ^pr^ov^e^tha^t^the^G^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^nt’^s^de^lay^{in br}^ingⁱ^ng^the
ⁱⁿ^dⁱ^ct^m^eⁿ^t^w^a^{s a d}^e^lⁱ^b^erat^{e d}^e^vi^c^e^t^o^gaiⁿ^an^a^d^van^t^{age o}^v^{er h}ⁱ^m^aⁿ^d^t^h^atⁱ^t^cau^sed^hⁱ^m^act^u^a^l^p^r^ej^udⁱ^{ce i}ⁿ^p^r^esen^tⁱⁿ^g
^his^de^f^e^ns^e^”⁾^.
⁸⁸^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^a^rⁱ^oⁿ^,⁴⁰^{4 U}^.^S^.^a^t³^25.
⁸⁹^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Lov^a^s^c^o^,⁴³¹^U.S^.⁷⁸^3,⁷⁹^{0 (}¹⁹⁷⁷⁾^;^s^e^e^als^o^{, Ar}^iz^ona^v^.^Y^o^uⁿ^g^b^lo^od^{, 4}⁸⁸^U^.^S.⁵¹^,^{57 (}¹⁹⁸⁸⁾⁽^“^O^u^r
^de^cⁱ^sⁱ^onsⁱⁿ^r^e^la^te^{d a}^r^e^a^s^ha^v^e^s^t^r^e^s^s^e^{d the}^im^por^ta^nc^e^f^o^r^c^ons^tit^ut^iona^l^pur^pos^e^s^of^g^o^o^d^or^ba^d^f^a^{ith o}ⁿ^t^h^e^pa^r^t^of^the
^G^o^vern^men^t^w^h^en^t^h^{e cl}^ai^mⁱ^s^b^a^sed^oⁿ^t^h^{e l}^o^{ss o}^f^evi^d^en^{ce at}^t^rⁱ^b^ut^ab^l^e^t^o^t^h^{e G}^o^vern^men^t^”).
⁹⁰^T^h^{is initia}^l^bur^deⁿ^ha^{s be}^eⁿ^de^sc^ribe^{d a}^s^he^a^v^y^a^{nd ra}^re^l^y^m^e^t,^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^Gⁱ^l^b^e^r^t^{, 2}⁶⁶^F.^3d¹¹^80,¹¹⁸⁷⁽⁹^th^Cir.
²⁰⁰¹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Corⁿ^ie^lle^,¹⁷^{1 F}^.³^d⁷⁴⁸^,⁷⁵²⁽²^{d C}ⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁹⁾^{. T}^h^e^de^f^e^nda^{nt m}^u^s^t^s^how^m^o^r^e^t^h^aⁿ^m^e^r^e
^spe^c^u^la^tiv^e^ha^rm^{; he}^“^m^{ust spe}^cⁱ^fic^a^l^l^y^ideⁿ^tify^w^itne^sse^{s or}^doc^u^m^eⁿ^{ts lost d}^u^ri^ng^the^de^la^y^prope^rly^a^ttributa^b^le^to
^the^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt, r}^e^la^te^the^s^ubs^ta^nc^e^of^the^te^s^tim^ony^w^h^ic^{h w}^{ould ha}^v^e^be^eⁿ^of^f^e^r^e^{d b}^y^the^mⁱ^s^sⁱ^{ng w}^itne^s^s^e^s^or^the
ⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atⁱ^oⁿ^coⁿ^t^aiⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^l^o^st^do^cu^m^eⁿ^t^{s i}ⁿ^su^f^fⁱ^ci^en^t^d^e^t^aⁱ^l^t^o^p^e^rmⁱ^t^{a co}^u^r^t^t^o^{assess accu}^rat^e^l^y^wh^et^h^e^{r t}^h^e
^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion w}^a^s^m^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^{to his}^d^e^f^e^ns^e^,^a^{nd s}^h^ow^tha^t^th^{e m}ⁱ^ssiⁿ^g^t^e^stⁱ^m^oⁿ^y^o^r^o^t^h^e^{r evi}^d^en^{ce i}^s^not^avai^l^a^b^l^{e f}^r^o^m^th
^al^t^e^rn^atⁱ^v^{e so}^u^r^ces,^”^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^Al-^M^uqs^it^,¹⁹¹^F.^{3d 92}^{8, 93}^{8 (}⁸^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁹⁾^;^{see a}^l^so^,^Unⁱ^t^ed^St^a^t^{es v.}^B^eckmaⁿ^,^th^th
¹⁸³^F.^3d⁸^91,⁸⁹^{5 (}⁸^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Tr^am^m^e^ll^,¹³^{3 F}^.^3d¹³⁴³^{, 1}³⁵¹⁽¹⁰^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^th
^C^r^ouc^h^{, 84}^F.^{3d 14}⁹⁷^,¹⁵¹⁴^-⁵¹⁶⁽⁵^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁶⁾^.
⁹¹^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^G^a^l^dne^y^,⁴⁷^{4 F.}^3d¹⁰^27,¹⁰³⁰⁽⁸^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁷⁾⁽^“^G^a^ldne^y^m^u^s^t^e^s^ta^blis^{h the}^de^la^y^r^e^s^u^lte^{d i}ⁿ^a^c^t^ua^l
^a^{nd s}^u^bs^ta^ntia^l^pr^e^j^u^d^ic^e^to^the^pr^e^s^eⁿ^ta^tion^of^the^de^f^e^ns^e^a^{nd the}^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt inte}^nti^ona^lly^de^la^y^e^{d G}^a^ldney^’^s
^indic^t^m^e^{nt e}^ithe^r^t^o^g^a^{in a}^ta^c^tic^a^l^a^d^v^a^nta^g^e^{or to}^ha^ra^{ss him}^.^T^h^e^c^{ourt w}^{ill in}^qu^ire^int^o^t^h^e^re^a^s^ons^f^o^{r de}^la^y^only^th
^w^h^{ere a}^c^t^u^al^p^r^ej^udⁱ^{ce h}^a^{s b}^een^e^s^t^a^b^lⁱ^s^h^e^d^”^);^Un^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^Atc^h^le^y^,⁴^{74 F.3}^d⁸⁴^{0, 85}²⁽⁶^Cir.²⁰⁰⁷^);^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^State^s^th^st
^v.^A^b^du^sh^-^S^ha^ku^r^,⁴⁶^{5 F.}^3d⁴^58,⁴⁶⁵⁽¹⁰^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Uⁿ^ited^S^t^{ates v.}^Go^mez-Ra^sa^rio^{, 4}¹⁸^F.^3d⁹⁰^,¹⁰^{8 (}¹^Ci^r^.^th
²⁰⁰⁵⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^a^t^{es v.}^Ji^men^e^z^,²^{56 F.3}^d³³^{0, 345}⁽⁵^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰¹⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^es^v.^B^ecket^t^{, 20}^{8 F}^.³^d¹⁴^0,¹⁵^{0 (}³^{d C}ⁱ^r^.^th^th
²⁰⁰⁰⁾^;^A^l^emaⁿ^v.^Hon^o^r^ab^l^e^Jud^g^es^{, 13}^{8 F.}^3d³^02,³^{09 (}⁷^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Mⁱ^ne^r^,¹²⁷^F^.^2d⁶¹^0,⁶¹^{5 (}⁷
^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁷⁾^.
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^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁰⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Spe^ar^s^{, 15}^{9 F}^.³^d¹⁰⁸¹^,¹⁰⁸⁴⁽⁷^th^Cir.¹⁹⁹⁹^);^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^es^v.^B^eⁿ^s^ho^p^,¹^{38 F.3}^d¹²^29,^th
¹²³^{2 (}⁸^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^.
⁹³^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^B^a^rken^,⁴¹²^F.3^d¹¹³¹^,¹¹^{34 (}⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^A^l^-Muq^si^t^,¹⁹^{1 F}^.³^d⁹^28,⁹³^{8 (}⁸^th^Cir.
¹⁹⁹⁹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^c^D^oug^a^l^{, 1}³³^F.3^d¹¹^10,¹¹¹³⁽⁸^th^Cir.¹⁹⁹⁸^);^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^es^v.^R^o^ss^,¹²^{3 F}^.^3d¹¹⁸¹^{, 1}¹⁸⁴⁽⁹^th
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

No limitation
1. Capital Offenses
7 U.S.C. 2146(b) (killing federal employee engaged in duties with respect to transportation and
sale of certain animals)

8 U.S.C. 1324 (1) (bringing in or harboring aliens where death results)

15 U.S.C. 1825(a)(2)(C) (killing those enforcing the Horse Protection Act)

18 U.S.C. 32, 33, 34 (destruction of aircraft, commercial motor vehicles or their facilities where
death results)

18 U.S.C. 36 (drive-by shooting resulting in 1^st degree murder)

18 U.S.C. 37 (violence at international airports where death results)

18 U.S.C. 43, 3559(f) (animal enterprise terrorism constituting murder of a child))

18 U.S.C. 115 (kidnaping with death resulting of the member of the family of a federal official or
employee to obstruct or retaliate)
18 U.S.C. 115 (1^st degree murder of the member of the family of a federal official or employee to
obstruct or retaliate)

18 U.S.C. 175 (development or possession of biological weapons)

18 U.S.C. 175c, 3559(f) (variola virus offense constituting murder of a child)

18 U.S.C. 229, 229A (use of chemical weapons where death results)

18 U.S.C. 241 (conspiracy against civil rights where death results)

18 U.S.C. 242 (deprivation civil rights under color of law where death results)

18 U.S.C. 245 (discriminatory obstruction of enjoyment federal protected activities where death
results)

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁷⁾^;^J^o^ne^s^v^.^An^ge^lo^ne^,⁹⁴^F^.^3d⁹⁰^0,⁹⁰^{4 (}⁴^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁶⁾^;^{see a}^l^so^,^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^D^e^G^e^or^ge^,³⁸⁰^F.^3d¹²⁰³^,^th
¹²¹^0-²¹^{1 (}⁹^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾⁽^“^D^e^G^e^or^g^e^m^u^s^t^s^a^tis^f^y^a^t^w^o-^pa^r^t^te^s^t^to^e^s^ta^blis^{h tha}^t^pr^e^-ⁱⁿ^dic^t^m^e^{nt de}^la^y^ha^s^vⁱ^ola^t^e^d^his
^due^pr^oc^e^s^s^rⁱ^g^h^ts^{: 1)}^he^m^u^s^t^pr^o^v^e^tha^t^he^s^u^f^f^e^r^e^{d a}^c^t^ua^{l, n}^on-^s^p^e^c^u^la^tiv^e^pr^e^j^udic^e^f^r^om^the^de^la^y^;^a^{nd 2)}^he^m^u^s^t
^s^how^tha^t^the^de^la^y^w^h^eⁿ^ba^la^nc^e^d^a^g^aⁱ^ns^{t the}^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^nt’^s^r^e^a^s^ons^f^o^r^it,^of^f^e^nds^th^os^e^f^unda^m^e^nta^l^c^onc^e^p^ti^ons^of
^jus^tic^e^w^h^ic^{h lie}^a^t^the^ba^s^e^of^ou^r^cⁱ^v^{il a}^nd^poli^tic^a^l^ins^tⁱ^t^uti^ons^”⁾^.

18 U.S.C. 247 (obstruction of the exercise of religious beliefs where death results)

18 U.S.C. 351 (1^st degree murder of a Member of Congress)

18 U.S.C. 351 (conspiracy to kill or kidnap a Member of Congress if death results)

18 U.S.C. 351 (kidnaping a Member of Congress if death results)

18 U.S.C. 794 (espionage)

18 U.S.C. 831, 3559(f) (nuclear material offense constituting murder of a child)

18 U.S.C. 844(d) (use of fire or explosives unlawfully where death results)

18 U.S.C. 844(f)(burning or bombing federal property where death results)

18 U.S.C. 844(i)(burning or bombing property affecting interstate commerce where death results)

18 U.S.C. 924(j)(1) (murder while in possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime of
violence or drug trafficking)

18 U.S.C. 930(c) (1^st degree murder while in possession of a firearm in a federal building)

18 U.S.C. 1091 (genocide where death results)

18 U.S.C. 1111 (1^st degree murder within the special maritime or territorial jurisdiction of the
U.S.)
18 U.S.C. 1121(b) (killing a state law enforcement officer by a federal prisoner or while
transferring a prisoner interstate)

18 U.S.C. 1114 (1^st degree murder of a federal officer or employee)

18 U.S.C. 1116 (1^st degree murder of a foreign dignitary)

18 U.S.C. 1118 (murder by a federal prisoner)

18 U.S.C. 1119 (1^st degree murder of an American by an American overseas)

18 U.S.C. 1120 (1^st degree murder by an escaped federal prisoner)

18 U.S.C. 1121 (1^st degree murder of one assisting in a federal criminal investigation)

18 U.S.C. 1201 (kidnaping where death results)

18 U.S.C. 1203 (hostage taking where death results)

18 U.S.C. 1365, 3559(f) (tampering with consumer products constituting murder of a child)

18 U.S.C. 1503 (1^st degree murder committed to obstruction of federal judicial proceedings)

18 U.S.C. 1512 (tampering with a federal witness or informant involving murder)

18 U.S.C. 1513 (retaliating against a federal witness or informant involving murder)

18 U.S.C. 1591, 2245 (murder committed during the course of sex trafficking by force, fraud or
of a child)

18 U.S.C. 1651, 1652, 3559(f) (piracy involving murder of a child)

18 U.S.C. 1716 (mailing injurious articles with intent to injure or damage property where death
results)

18 U.S.C. 1751 (kidnaping the President where death results)

18 U.S.C. 1751 (conspiracy to kill or kidnap the President where death results)

18 U.S.C. 1751 (1^st degree murder of the President)

18 U.S.C. 1952, 3559(f) (travel in aid of racketeering involve the murder of child)

18 U.S.C. 1958 (use of interstate facilities in furtherance of a murder-for-hire where death results)

18 U.S.C. 1959 (murder in aid of racketeering activity)

18 U.S.C. 1992 (terrorist attacks on trains and mass transit)

18 U.S.C. 2113(e) (robbing a federally insured bank if death results)

18 U.S.C. 2118, 3559(f) (robbery or burglary involving controlled substances constituting murder
of a child)

18 U.S.C. 2119 (carjacking where death results)

18 U.S.C. 2199, 3559(f) (murder of a child by a stowaway)

18 U.S.C. 2241, 2245 (aggravated sexual assault of a child under 12 years of age in the special
maritime or territorial jurisdiction of the U.S. where death results)
18 U.S.C. 2242, 2245 (coercing or enticing interstate travel for sexual purposes where death
results)
18 U.S.C. 2243, 2245 (transporting minors for sexual purposes resulting in the death of a child
under 14 years of age)

18 U.S.C. 2244, 2245 (abusive sexual contact where death results)

18 U.S.C. 2251 (sexual exploitation of children where death results)

18 U.S.C. 2251A, 2245 (selling or buying children where death results)

18 U.S.C. 2260, 2245 (production of material depicting sexually explicit activities of a child
where death results)
18 U.S.C. 2261, 2261A, 2262, 3559(f) (murder of a child involved in interstate domestic
violence, stalking, or interstate violation of a protective order)

18 U.S.C. 2280 (violence against maritime navigation where death results)

18 U.S.C. 2281 (violence against maritime fixed platform where death results)

18 U.S.C. 2282A (interference with maritime commerce where death results)

18 U.S.C. 2283 (transportation of explosive, nuclear, chemical, biological or radioactive material
resulting in death)

18 U.S.C. 2291 (destruction of a vessel or maritime facility)

18 U.S.C. 2332 (terrorist murder of an American outside the U.S.)

18 U.S.C. 2332a (use of weapons of mass destruction where death results)

18 U.S.C. 2332b (acts of terrorism transcending national boundaries where death results)

18 U.S.C. 2332f (bombing public places)

18 U.S.C. 2332g, 3559(f) (anti-aircraft missile offense constituting murder of a child)

18 U.S.C. 2332h, 3559(f) (radiological dispersal device offense constituting murder of a child)

18 U.S.C. 2340A (torture where death results)

18 U.S.C. 2381 (treason)

18 U.S.C. 2441 (war crimes where death results)

18 U.S.C. 2421, 2245 (transportation of illicit sexual purposes where death results)

18 U.S.C. 2422, 2245 (coercion or inducement to travel for illicit sexual purposes where death
results)

18 U.S.C. 2423, 2245 (transportation of minors for illicit sexual purposes where death results)

18 U.S.C. 2425, 2245 (interstate transportation of information concerning a minor where death
results)

21 U.S.C. 461 (killing a poultry inspector)

21 U.S.C. 675 (killing a meat inspector)

21 U.S.C. 848(c), 3591(b) (major drug kingpin violations)

21 U.S.C. 848(e)(1) (killing in furtherance of a serious drug trafficking violation or killing a law
enforcement official in furtherance of a controlled substance violation)

21 U.S.C. 1041(c) (murder of an egg inspector)

42 U.S.C. 2000e-13 (murder of EEOC personnel)

42 U.S.C. 2283 (murder of federal nuclear inspectors)

49 U.S.C. 46502 (air piracy where death results)

49 U.S.C. 46506 (murder in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States)

2. Terrorism-Related Offenses Resulting in or Involving the Risk of Death or Serious Injury

18 U.S.C. 32 (destruction of aircraft or aircraft facilities)

18 U.S.C. 37 (violence at international airports)

18 U.S.C. 81 (arson within special maritime and territorial jurisdiction)

18 U.S.C. 175 or 175b (biological weapons offenses)

18 U.S.C. 175c (variola virus)

18 U.S.C. 229 (chemical weapons offenses)

18 U.S.C. 351(a),(b),(c), or (d) (congressional, cabinet, and Supreme Court assassination and
kidnaping)

18 U.S.C. 831 (nuclear materials offenses)

18 U.S.C. 832 (participation in a foreign atomic weapons program)

18 U.S.C. 842(m) or (n) (plastic explosives offenses)

18 U.S.C. 844(f)(2) or (3)(arson and bombing of federal property risking or causing death)

18 U.S.C. 844(i) (burning or bombing of property used in, or used in activities affecting,

commerce)
18 U.S.C. 930(c) (killing or attempted killing during an attack on a federal facility with a
dangerous weapon)

18 U.S.C. 956(a)(1) (conspiracy to murder, kidnap, or maim persons abroad)

18 U.S.C. 1030(a)(1)(protection of computer systems containing classified information)

18 U.S.C. 1030(a)(5)(A)(i)(resulting in damage defined in 1030(a)(5)(B)(ii) through (v)

(protection of computers)

18 U.S.C. 1114 (protection of officers and employees of the United States),

18 U.S.C. 1116 (murder or manslaughter of foreign officials, official guests, or internationally
protected persons)

18 U.S.C. 1203 (hostage taking)

18 U.S.C. 1361 (destruction of federal property)

18 U.S.C. 1362 (destruction of communication lines, stations, or systems)

18 U.S.C. 1363 (injury to buildings or property within special maritime and territorial jurisdiction
of the United States)

18 U.S.C. 1366(a) (destruction of energy facilities)

18 U.S.C. 1751(a),(b),(c), or (d) (Presidential and Presidential staff assassination and kidnaping)

18 U.S.C. 1992 (terrorist attacks on trains and mass transit)

18 U.S.C. 2155 (destruction of national defense materials, premises, or utilities),

18 U.S.C. 2156 (production of defective national defense material)

18 U.S.C. 2280 (violence against maritime navigation)

18 U.S.C. 2281 (violence against maritime fixed platforms)

18 U.S.C. 2332 (certain homicides and other violence against United States nationals occurring
outside of the United States)

18 U.S.C. 2332a (use of weapons of mass destruction)

18 U.S.C. 2332b (acts of terrorism transcending national boundaries)

18 U.S.C. 2332f (bombing public places)

18 U.S.C. 2332g (anti-aircraft missiles)

18 U.S.C. 2332h (radiological dispersal devices)

18 U.S.C. 2339 (harboring terrorists)

18 U.S.C. 2339A (providing material support to terrorists)

18 U.S.C. 2339B (providing material support to terrorist organizations)

18 U.S.C. 2339C (financing terrorism)

18 U.S.C. 2339D (receipt of military training from a foreign terrorist organization)

18 U.S.C. 2340A (torture committed under color of law)

21 U.S.C. 960A (narcoterrorism)

42 U.S.C. 2122 (atomic weapons)

42 U.S.C. 2284 (sabotage of nuclear facilities or fuel)

49 U.S.C. 46502 (aircraft piracy)

49 U.S.C. 46504 (second sentence)(assault on a flight crew with a dangerous weapon)

49 U.S.C. 46505(b)(3) or (c)(explosive or incendiary devices, or endangerment of human life by
means of weapons, or aircraft)
49 U.S.C. 46506 (if homicide or attempted homicide involved, application of certain criminal
laws to acts on aircraft)

49 U.S.C. 60123(b) (destruction of interstate gas or hazardous liquid pipeline facility)

3. Child Abduction and Sex Offenses

18 U.S.C. 1201 (kidnaping a child)

18 U.S.C. 1591 (sex trafficking by force, fraud or of a child)

18 U.S.C. ch.109A

18 U.S.C. 2241 (aggravate sexual abuse)

18 U.S.C. 2242 (sexual abuse)

18 U.S.C. 2243 (sexual abuse of a ward or child)

18 U.S.C. 2244 (abusive sexual contact)

18 U.S.C. 2245 (sexual abuse resulting in death)

18 U.S.C. 2250 (failure to register as a sex offender)

18 U.S.C. ch. 110

18 U.S.C. 2251 (sexual exploitation of children)

18 U.S.C. 2251A (selling or buying children)

18 U.S.C. 2252 (transporting, distributing or selling child sexually exploitive material)

18 U.S.C., 2252A (transporting or distributing child pornography)

18 U.S.C. 2252B (misleading names on the Internet)

18 U.S.C. 2260 (making child sexually exploitative material overseas for export to the U.S.)

18 U.S.C. ch. 117

18 U.S.C. 2421 (transportation of illicit sexual purposes)

18 U.S.C. 2422 (coerce or entice travel for illicit sexual purposes)

18 U.S.C. 2423 (travel involving illicit sexual activity with a child)

18 U.S.C. 2424 (filing false immigration statement)

18 U.S.C. 2425 (interstate transmission of information about a child relating to illicit sexual
activity)
20 years

18 U.S.C. 668 (major art theft)

10 years

8 U.S.C. 1324(a) (harboring illegal aliens)

18 U.S.C. 81 (arson in the special maritime or territorial jurisdiction of the United States)

18 U.S.C. 215 (receipt by financial institution officials of commissions or gifts for procuring
loans)

18 U.S.C. 656 (theft, embezzlement, or misapplication by ban officer or employee)

18 U.S.C. 657 (embezzlement by lending, credit and insurance institution officers or employees)

18 U.S.C. 844(f)(burning or bombing federal property)

18 U.S.C. 844(h) (carrying explosives during the commission of a federal offense or using fire or
explosives to commit a federal offense)

18 U.S.C. 844 (i) (burning or bombing property used in or used in activities affecting commerce)

18 U.S.C. 1005 (fraud concerning bank entries, reports and transactions)

18 U.S.C. 1006 (fraud concerning federal credit institution entries, reports and transactions)

18 U.S.C. 1007 (fraud concerning Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation transactions)

18 U.S.C. 1014 (fraud concerning loan and credit applications generally; renewals and discounts;

crop insurance)

18 U.S.C. 1033 (crimes by or affecting persons engaged in the business of insurance)

18 U.S.C. 1344 (bank fraud)

18 U.S.C. 1341 (mail fraud affecting a financial institution)

18 U.S.C. 1343 (wire fraud affecting a financial institution)

18 U.S.C. 1423 (misuse of evidence of citizenship or naturalization) (or conspiracy to commit)

18 U.S.C. 1424 (personation or misuse of papers in naturalization proceedings) (or conspiracy to
commit)
18 U.S.C. 1425 (procurement of citizenship or naturalization unlawfully) (or conspiracy to
commit)

18 U.S.C. 1426 (reproduction of naturalization or citizenship papers) (or conspiracy to commit)

18 U.S.C. 1427 (sale of naturalization or citizenship papers) (or conspiracy to commit)

18 U.S.C. 1428 (surrender of canceled naturalization certificate) (or conspiracy to commit)

18 U.S.C. 1541 (passport or visa issuance without authority) (or conspiracy to commit)

18 U.S.C. 1542 (false statement in application and use of passport) (or conspiracy to commit)

18 U.S.C. 1543 (forgery or false use of passport) (or conspiracy to commit)

18 U.S.C. 1544 (misuse of passport) (or conspiracy to commit)

18 U.S.C. 1581 (peonage; obstruction of justice)

18 U.S.C. 1583 (enticement into slavery)

18 U.S.C. 1584 (sale into involuntary servitude)

18 U.S.C. 1589 (forced labor)

18 U.S.C. 1590 (slave trafficking)

18 U.S.C. 1592 (document offenses involving slave trafficking)

18 U.S.C. 1963 (RICO violation involving bank fraud)

50 U.S.C. 783 (disclosure of classified information (with suspension until the end of any federal
employment of the accused)
8 years
1. Generally

18 U.S.C. 32 (destruction of aircraft or aircraft facilities)

18 U.S.C. 37 (violence at international airports)

18 U.S.C. 112 (assaults upon diplomats)

18 U.S.C. 175 or 175b (biological weapons offenses)

18 U.S.C. 228 (chemical weapons offenses)

18 U.S.C. 351 (congressional, cabinet, and Supreme Court assassination, kidnaping, or assault)

18 U.S.C. 831 (nuclear materials offenses)

18 U.S.C. 842(m) or (n) (plastic explosives offenses)

18 U.S.C. 930(c) (killing or attempted killing during an attack on a federal facility with a
dangerous weapon)

18 U.S.C. 956(a)(1) (conspiracy to murder, kidnap, or maim persons abroad)

18 U.S.C. 1030(a)(1)(protection of computer systems containing classified information)

18 U.S.C. 1030(a)(5)(A)(i)(resulting in damage defined in 1030(a)(5)(B)(ii) through (v)

(protection of computers)

18 U.S.C. 1114 (protection of officers and employees of the United States)

18 U.S.C. 1116 (murder or manslaughter of foreign officials, official guests, or internationally
protected persons)

18 U.S.C. 1203 (hostage taking)

18 U.S.C. 1361 (destruction of federal property)

18 U.S.C. 1362 (destruction of communication lines, stations, or systems)

18 U.S.C. 1363 (injury to buildings or property within special maritime and territorial jurisdiction
of the United States)

18 U.S.C. 1366(a) (destruction of energy facilities)

18 U.S.C. 1751(a),(b),(c), or (d) (Presidential and Presidential staff assassination, kidnaping, or
assault)

18 U.S.C. 1992 (terrorist attacks on trains and mass transit)

18 U.S.C. 2155 (destruction of national defense materials, premises, or utilities), 2280 (violence
against maritime navigation)

18 U.S.C. 2281 (violence against maritime fixed platforms)

18 U.S.C. 2332 (certain homicides and other violence against United States nationals occurring
outside of the United States)

18 U.S.C. 2332a (use of weapons of mass destruction)

18 U.S.C. 2332b (acts of terrorism transcending national boundaries)

18 U.S.C. 2339A (providing material support to terrorists)

18 U.S.C. 2339B (providing material support to terrorist organizations)

18 U.S.C. 2340A (torture committed under color of law)

42 U.S.C. 2284 (sabotage of nuclear facilities or fuel)

49 U.S.C. 46502 (aircraft piracy)

49 U.S.C. 46504 (second sentence)(assault on a flight crew with a dangerous weapon)

49 U.S.C. 46505 (explosive or incendiary devices, or endangerment of human life by means of
weapons, or aircraft)

49 U.S.C. 46506 (certain criminal laws to acts on aircraft)

49 U.S.C. 60123(b) (destruction of interstate gas or hazardous liquid pipeline facility)

2. Federal Crimes of Terrorism That Do Not Result in or Involve the Risk of Death or Serious
Injury

18 U.S.C. 32 (destruction of aircraft or aircraft facilities)

18 U.S.C. 37 (violence at international airports)

18 U.S.C. 81 (arson within special maritime and territorial jurisdiction)

18 U.S.C. 175 or 175b (biological weapons offenses)

18 U.S.C. 175c (variola virus)

18 U.S.C. 229 (chemical weapons offenses)

18 U.S.C. 351(a),(b),(c), or (d) (congressional, cabinet, and Supreme Court assassination and
kidnaping)

18 U.S.C. 831 (nuclear materials offenses)

18 U.S.C. 832 (participation in a foreign atomic weapons program)

18 U.S.C. 842(m) or (n) (plastic explosives offenses)

18 U.S.C. 844(f)(2) or (3)(arson and bombing of federal property risking or causing death)

18 U.S.C. 844(i) (burning or bombing of property used in, or used in activities affecting,

commerce)

18 U.S.C. 930(c) (killing or attempted killing during an attack on a federal facility with a
dangerous weapon)

18 U.S.C. 956(a)(1) (conspiracy to murder, kidnap, or maim persons abroad)

18 U.S.C. 1030(a)(1)(protection of computer systems containing classified information)

18 U.S.C. 1030(a)(5)(A)(i)(resulting in damage defined in 1030(a)(5)(B)(ii) through (v)

(protection of computers)

18 U.S.C. 1114 (protection of officers and employees of the United States),

18 U.S.C. 1116 (murder or manslaughter of foreign officials, official guests, or internationally
protected persons)

18 U.S.C. 1203 (hostage taking)

18 U.S.C. 1361 (destruction of federal property)

18 U.S.C. 1362 (destruction of communication lines, stations, or systems)

18 U.S.C. 1363 (injury to buildings or property within special maritime and territorial jurisdiction
of the United States)

18 U.S.C. 1366(a) (destruction of energy facilities)

18 U.S.C. 1751(a),(b),(c), or (d) (Presidential and Presidential staff assassination and kidnaping)

18 U.S.C. 1992 (terrorist attacks on trains and mass transit)

18 U.S.C. 2155 (destruction of national defense materials, premises, or utilities),

18 U.S.C. 2156 (production of defective national defense material)

18 U.S.C. 2280 (violence against maritime navigation)

18 U.S.C. 2281 (violence against maritime fixed platforms)

18 U.S.C. 2332 (certain homicides and other violence against United States nationals occurring
outside of the United States)

18 U.S.C. 2332a (use of weapons of mass destruction)

18 U.S.C. 2332b (acts of terrorism transcending national boundaries)

18 U.S.C. 2332f (bombing public places)

18 U.S.C. 2332g (anti-aircraft missiles)

18 U.S.C. 2332h (radiological dispersal devices)

18 U.S.C. 2339 (harboring terrorists)

18 U.S.C. 2339A (providing material support to terrorists)

18 U.S.C. 2339B (providing material support to terrorist organizations)

18 U.S.C. 2339C (financing terrorism)

18 U.S.C. 2339D (receipt of military training from a foreign terrorist organization)

18 U.S.C. 2340A (torture committed under color of law)

21 U.S.C. 960A (narcoterrorism)

42 U.S.C. 2122 (atomic weapons)

42 U.S.C. 2284 (sabotage of nuclear facilities or fuel)

49 U.S.C. 46502 (aircraft piracy)

49 U.S.C. 46504 (second sentence)(assault on a flight crew with a dangerous weapon)

49 U.S.C. 60123(b) (destruction of interstate gas or hazardous liquid pipeline facility)

7 years

18 U.S.C. 1031 (major fraud against the United States)

6 years

26 U.S.C. 6531 (tax crimes)

5 years
All crimes not otherwise provided for
1 year

18 U.S.C. 402 (contempt of court)

^{State Felonies}^(Generall^y)^Various^Exceptions
^ALABAMA^{3 years (Ala. Code §15-3-1)}^{Any time: (a) capital offense; (b)}
^{felony involving: - arson; forgery;}
^{drug traf}^{ficking; death or serious}
^{injury; use, attem}^{pted use, or t}^h^r^eat
^{to use violence; or counte}^{rfeiting; or}
^{(c) sex offen}^{se w/ victim >1}^{6 (Ala.}
^{Code §15-3-5)}
^ALASKA^{5 years (Alaska Stat.§12.10.}⁰¹⁰⁾^{(a) Any time: murder; class A, B, or}
^{unclassified felony sex}^{ual assault;}
^{felony sex}^{ual abuse}^{of minor; vari}^ous
^{sexual offe}^{nses w/ a}^{minor victim;}
^{(b) 10 y}^{ears: 1}^st^deg^{ree indecen}^t
^exposu^{re; mansla}^ughter^{(Alaska Stat.}
^§12.10.0¹⁰⁾
^ARIZONA^{7 years (Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §13}^-^{Any time: attempted commission}^or
¹⁰⁷⁾^{commission of - homicide; class 2}
^{felony sex offe}^{nse or s}^e^x^ual
^{exploitation of children; violent}
^{sexual assa}^{ult; misuse of p}^ublic
^{money; felony falsification of pu}^blic
^{records (Ariz. Rev. Stat}^{. Ann. §13}^-
¹⁰⁷⁾
^ARKANSAS^{(a) 6 years: Class Y, A}^{Any time: murder}^{(Ark. Code Ann.}
^{(b) 3 years: Class B, C, D, or}^§5-1-10⁹⁾
^{unclassified (Ark. Code Ann. §5-1}^-
¹⁰⁹⁾
^CALIFORNIA^{3 years (Cal. Penal Code §801 )}^{(a) Any time: crime pu}^nisha^{ble by}
^{death or life imprisonment; or}
^{embezzlement of p}^{ublic money}
^{(b) 6 years: f}^{elony pu}^nisha^{ble by}
^imprisonment^{for 8 yea}^{rs or mor}^e
^{(Cal. Penal C}^{ode §§799, 800)}
^COLORADO^{3 years (Colo. Rev. Stat}^{. Ann. §16-5-}^{Any time: committing, attempting}^,
⁴⁰¹⁾^{conspiring to commit, or solicit}^ing
^{commit - murder, treason, kidna}^ping,
^{forgery, or sex off}^enses^{against a}
^{child (Col}^{o. Rev}^{. Stat. Ann. §16-5-}
⁴⁰¹⁾
^CONN^ECTICUT^{5 years (Con}^{n. Gen. Stat. An}^{n. §54-}^{Any time: capital or class A felon}^y;
¹⁹³⁾^{arson-murder; or}¹^st^degree^esca^pe
^{(Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §54-}¹⁹³⁾
^DELAWARE^{5 years (Del. Code Ann. tit. 11 §}²⁰⁵⁾^{Any time: commit or attempt to}
^{commit murder, class A felony, or a}
^{sexual offe}^{nse (Del. Code Ann. tit.}
^{11 §2}⁰⁵⁾

^{State Felonies}^(Generall^y)^Various^Exceptions
^FLORIDA^{3 years (Fla. Stat. Ann. §775.1}⁵⁾^{(a) Any time: capital or life felony,}
^{felony resulting in deat}^{h, or perju}^ry
^{in a capital case;}
^{(b) 10 y}^{ears: felony f}^{rom use of}
^{destructive device res}^{ulting in injury;}
^{(c) 4 years: 1}^st^{degree felony, (Fla.}
^{Stat. Ann. §775.1}⁵⁾
^GEORG^IA^{4 years (}^{Ga. Code Ann. §17-3-}¹⁾^{(a) Any time: murder;}
^{(b) 15 y}^{ears: rap}^e;
^{(c) 7 years: other}^crimes^pu^nisha^ble
^{by death or life imp}^{risonment; or}
^{felonies w/ victims >14 (}^{Ga. Code}
^{Ann. §17-3-}¹⁾
^HAWAII^{3 years (}^{Haw. Rev. Stat. §701-10}⁸⁾^{(a) Any time: commit, attempt,}
^{conspire to commit, or solicit}
^murder;
^{(b) 10 y}^{ears: vehic}^{ular manslaug}^h^ter;
^{(c) 6 years: class A felony (Ha}^{w. Rev.}
^{Stat. §701-10}⁸⁾
^IDAHO^{5 years (Ida}^{ho Code §19-40}²⁾^{Any time: murde}^{r, voluntary}
^manslaughte^{r, rape, se}^{xual ab}^use^{of a}
^{child, or terrorism (Idaho Code §}^19-
⁴⁰¹⁾
^ILLIN^OIS^{3 years (Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. ch.}⁷²⁰^{Any time: homicide, attempted}
^§5/3-5)^{murder, treason, ar}^{son, or forger}^y
^{(Ill. C}^{omp. Stat. Ann. ch.72}^{0 §5/3}^-5)
^INDIANA^{5 years (I}^{nd. Code Ann. §35-4}^1-4^-2)^{Any time: murder}^{or a Class A}
^{felony (Ind. Code Ann. §35-4}^1-4-²⁾
^IOWA^{3 years (Iowa Code An}^{n. §80}^2.3)^{(a) Any time: murder;}
^{(b) 10 y}^{ears: sex}^{ual ab}^{use (Iowa}
^{Code Ann. §§802.1, 8}^{02.2, 8}^02.3)
^KANSAS^{5 years (Ka}^{n. Stat. Ann. §21-3}¹⁰⁶⁾^{Any time: murder}^{or terrorism;}
^{(Kan. Stat. Ann. §21-31}⁰⁶⁾
^KENTUCKY^{Any time (Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann.}
^§500.0⁵⁰⁾
^LOUISIANA^{4 years (La. Code Crim. P. art. 572)}^{(a) Any time: crime pu}^nisha^{ble by}
^{death or life imprisonment;}
^{(b) 10 y}^{ears: various se}^{x crimes}
^{against minors;}
^{(c) 6 years: felony}^pu^{nishable at}^h^ard
^{labor) (La. Code Crim.}^{P. arts. 571,}
^571.^{1. 57}^2.)
^MAIN^E^{(a) 6 years: Class A, B, or C crime;}^{Any time: murder,}¹^st^{or 2d deg}^r^ee
^{(b) 3 years: Class C or D c}^{rime (Me.}^{homicide, or various sexual offen}^ses^{against a minor (Me. Rev. Stat. Ann.}
^{Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 17-A §8)}^{tit. 17-A §8)}

^{State Felonies}^(Generall^y)^Various^Exceptions
^MARYLAND^{Any time su}^{bject to occasional}
^{individual statutory exceptions, e.g.,}
^{computer crimes}^{(3 years)}^(Md..Cts.
^{& Jud. Proc. §5-601)}
^{MASSACHUSETTS}^{6 years (}^{Mass. Ge}^{n. Laws An}^{n. ch}^.^{(a) Any time: murder}
²⁷⁷^§63)^{(b) 15 y}^{ears: commit or cons}^{pire to}
^{commit rape or assa}^{ult w/ intent}^to
^{rape or m}^urder;
^{(c) 10 year}^{s: commit or conspire}^to
^{commit robbery or}^{assault w/ int}^ent
^{to rob (Mass. Ge}^{n. Laws An}^{n. ch.}
²⁷⁷^§63)
^MICHI^GAN^{6 years (}^{Mich. Comp. Laws A}^nn.^{(a) Any time: murder, terrorism,}^or
^§767.2⁴⁾¹^st^{degree se}^{xual cond}^uct;
^{(b) 10 y}^{ears: kidnaping, extortion}^,
^{conspiracy or as}^{sault w/ inte}^{nt to}
^{murder (Mic}^{h. Comp. Laws An}^n.
^§767.2⁴⁾
^MIN^NESOTA^{3 years (}^{Minn. Stat. Ann. §6}^28.2⁶⁾^{(a) Any time: crime resulting in}
^{death, kidnaping;}
^{(b) 6 years:}^briber^{y or medicaid}
^fraud;
^{(c) 5 years: arson, riot, theft off}^e^nses
^{involving <$35,0}^{00 , or}
^{environmental false stat}^ement
^{offenses (Min}^{n. Stat. Ann. §62}^8.2⁶⁾
^MISSISSIPPI^{2 years (}^{Miss. Code Ann. §99-1-5}⁾^{Any time: murder, ra}^{pe, kidnapin}^g,
^{arson, manslaug}^{hter, b}^urglary,
^{aggravated assault, forgery,}
^{counterfeiting, rob}^{bery, larce}^ny,
^{fraud, embezzlement, or various}
^{sexual offe}^{nses against}^{minors (M}^iss.
^{Code Ann. §99-1-5)}
^MISSOURI^{3 years (}^{Mo. Ann. Stat. §556.0}³⁶⁾^{Any time: murder, ra}^{pe or a}^{class A}
^{felony (Mo. Ann. Stat. §556.0}³⁶⁾
^MONTANA^{5 years (}^{Mont. Code Ann. §45-}^1-^{(a) Any time: homicide}
²⁰⁵⁾^{(b) 10 y}^{ears: sex}^{ual assault (Mont}^.
^{Code Ann. §45-1-2}⁰⁵⁾
^NEBRASKA^{3 years (}^{Neb. Rev. Stat. §29-11}⁰⁾^{Any time: treason, mu}^{rder, arson}^,
^{forgery or various s}^e^x^{ual offense}^s
^{(Neb. Rev. Stat. §29-110)}
^NEVADA^{3 years (}^{Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann.}^{(a) Any time: murder;}
^§171.0⁸⁵⁾^{(b) 4 years: t}^{heft, arson, rob}^bery,
^{burglary, se}^{xual assa}^{ult, or forger}^y
^{(Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§171. 08}^0,
^171.⁰⁸⁵⁾
^{NEW HA}^MPSHIRE^{6 years (}^{N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §62}^5:8)^{Any time: murder}^{(N.H. Rev. Stat.}
^{Ann. §62}^5:8)

^{State Felonies}^(Generall^y)^Various^Exceptions
^{NEW J}^ERSEY^{5 years (}^{N.J. Stat. Ann. §2C:1-6)}^{(a) Any time: murder, man}^slaught^er,
^{sexual assa}^ult
^{(b) 10 y}^{ears: environ}^{ment offe}^ns^es;
^{(c) 7 years: b}^{ribery or}^{certain ot}^her
^{offenses involving misconduct}ⁱⁿ
^{office (N.J. Stat. Ann. §2C:1-6)}
^{NEW M}^EXICO^{(a) 6 years: 2d i75}^felony;^{Any time: capital or 1}^st^degree^felony
^{(b) 5 years:}^{3d or 4}^th^{i75 felony (}^N.M.^{(N.M. Stat. Ann. §30-1-8)}
^{Stat. Ann. §30-1-8)}
^{NEW YORK}^{5 years (}^{N.Y. Crim. P. Law §30.10)}^{Any time: class A felony or 1}^st
^{degree rape, se}^{xual criminal act,}^or
^{sexual condu}^{ct against a c}^{hild (N.Y.}
^{Crim. P. Law §30.10)}
^{NORTH CAROLINA}^{Any time (N.C. Gen. Stat. §15-1)}
^{NORTH DAKOTA}^{3 years (}^{N.D. Cent. Code §29-04}^-^{Any time: murder}^{(N.D. Cent. Code}
⁰²⁾^§29-04-⁰¹⁾
^OHIO^{6 years (O}^{hio Rev. Code Ann.}^{(a) Any time: murder;}
^§290^1.13)^{(b) 20 y}^{ears: commit, attempt, or}^aid
^{and abet kidna}^{ping, robbe}^{ry, riot,}
^manslaughte^{r, sex}^{ual assault,}
^{burglary, or arso}^{n (Ohio Rev. Code}
^{Ann. §29}^01.1³⁾
^OKLAHOMA^{3 years (O}^{kla. Stat. Ann. tit. 22 §152)}^{(a) Any time: murder;}
^{(b) 12 y}^{ears: rap}^{e, sodomy, or}
^{certain other}^sex^{ual offenses}^(Ok^la.
^{Stat. Ann. tit. 22 §§151, 1}⁵²⁾
^OREGO^N^{3 years (O}^{re. Rev. Stat. §131.12}⁵⁾^{(a) Any time: commit, attempt,}
^{conspire to commit, or solicit}
^murder;
^{(b) 6 years: ar}^{son or various}^sex^u^al
^{offenses against}^{minors (Ore. Re}^v.
^{Stat. §131.12}⁵⁾
^PENNSYLVANIA^{2 years (Pa. Stat. Ann. tit. 42 §5}⁵⁵²⁾^{(a) Any time: commit, conspire to}
^{commit, or sol}^{icit murder; or}
^manslaughte^r;
^{(b) 12 y}^{ears: major sex off}^enses;
^{(c) 5 years: commit, conspire to}
^{commit or solic}^{it, assault, arson,}
^{terroristic threats, arson,}^robber^y,
^{kidnaping, burglary, forge}^{ry, theft,}
^{perjury, f}^{raud, gambling, drug}
^{trafficking, racketeering, or}
^{obstruction of justice (Pa. Stat. Ann.}
^{tit. 42 §§555}^{1, 55}⁵²⁾

^{State Felonies}^(Generall^y)^Various^Exceptions
^{RHODE ISLAND}^{3 years (R.I. Gen. Law}^{s §12-}^12-1⁷⁾^{(a) Any time: treason, homicide,}
^{arson, bu}^{rglary, counter}^feiting,
^{forgery, robbe}^{ry, rape, assa}^{ult, drug}
^{trafficking, or any othe}^{r felony}
^punis^{hable b}^y^{life imprisonment;}
^{(b) 10 y}^{ears: larceny,}^bribery,
^{racketeering, pe}^{rjury, or e}^xtortion
^{(R.I. Gen. Laws §12-1}^2-17)
^{SOUTH CAROLINA}^{Any time}
^{SOUTH DAKOTA}^{7 years (S.D. Cod. Laws §23A-42}^-2)^{Any time: Class A, B, or C feloni}^es
^(S.D^{. Cod}^{. Laws §23A-42-}²⁾
^TENN^ESSEE^{(a) 15 years: Class A f}^elony;^{Any time: crime p}^unisha^{ble by de}^ath
^{(b) 8 years: Class B felony;}^{or life imprisonment (Tenn. Code}^{Ann. §40-2-}¹⁰¹⁾
^{(c) 4 years: Class C or D felony;}
^{(d) 2 years: Class E felony (Ten}^n.
^{Code Ann. §40-2-1}⁰¹⁾
^TEXAS^{3 years (Tex. Code Crim. P. art.}^{(a) Any time: murder or}
^12.0¹⁾^manslaughte^r;
^{(b) 10 y}^{ears: forgery, em}^bezzlement,
^{various sex}^{ual offenses}^against
^minors;
^{(c) 7 years: ba}^{nk f}^{raud or ta}^{x fra}^u^d;
^{(d) 5 years: theft or}^{arson (Tex.}
^{Code Crim. P}^.^{art. 12.01)}
^UTAH^{4 years (Uta}^{h Code Ann. §7}^6-1-3⁰²⁾^{Any time: capital felony, murder,}^or
^manslaughte^{r (Utah Code An}^{n. §76-}
^1-30¹⁾
^VERMONT^{3 years (Vt. Stat. Ann. tit.13 §4}⁵⁰¹⁾^{(a) Any time: rape, mu}^rder,
^{arson(causing deat}^{h), or kidnapin}^g;
^{(b) 11 y}^{ears: arson;}
^{(c) 6 years: certain}^sex^{ual offense}^s,
^{grand larceny, ro}^bber^{y, bu}^rglary,
^{embezzlement, forgery, b}^{ribery, f}^alse
^{claims, fraud, or felony tax offe}^ns^es
^{(Vt. Stat}^{. Ann. tit.13 §45}⁰¹⁾
^VIRGINIA^{Any time (Va. Code §19.2-8)}
^WASHINGTON^{3 years (Was}^{h. Rev. Code Ann.}^{(a) Any time: homicide; (b) 10 ye}^ars:
^§9A.04.08⁰⁾^{arson, rape, or certain}^offens^es
^{involving misconduct in office;}
^{(c) 7 years: certain}^sex^{ual offense}^s
^{against minors;}
^{(d) 6 years: racketee}^ring;
^{(e) 5 years: medicaid or tax fra}^ud
^{(Wash. Rev. Code Ann. §9A.04.080)}
^{WEST VIRGINIA}^{Any time (W.Va. Code}^§61-11-9)

^{State Felonies}^(Generall^y)^Various^Exceptions
^WISCONSIN^{6 years (Wis. Stat. Ann. §93}^9.74)^{Any time: homicide (Wis. Stat}^{. A}^nn.
^§939.7⁴⁾
^{WYOMING Any}^time
^C^h^arle^s^Do^y^l^e
^Senⁱ^o^r^Sp^{ecialist i}ⁿ^Am^er^icaⁿ^P^u^b^{lic L}^a^w
^cdoy^l^e^@^c^rs^.l^oc.g^o^v^{, 7-}⁶⁹⁶⁸