Immunities Accorded to Foreign Diplomats, Consular Officers, and Employees of International Organizations Under U.S. Law

Immunities Accorded to Foreign Diplomats,
Consular Officers, and Employees of
International Organizations
Under U.S. Law
Updated January 28, 2008
Michael John Garcia
Legislative Attorney
American Law Division



Immunities Accorded to Foreign Diplomats,
Consular Officers, and Employees of
International Organizations Under U.S. Law
Summary
To conduct foreign relations and promote the interests of their nationals located
abroad, diplomatic and consular officers must be free to represent their respective
States (i.e., countries) without hindrance by their hosts. Recognizing this, States
receiving foreign diplomats and consular officers have long accorded such persons
with certain privileges and immunities on the basis of comity, reciprocity, and
international agreement. As international organizations have become increasingly
important for multilateral relations and cooperation, representatives to and employees
of such organizations have occasionally been granted privileges and immunities
similar to those traditionally accorded to diplomats or consular officials.
This report describes the privileges and immunities generally owed by the U.S.
to foreign diplomatic, consular, and international organization personnel under
treaties and statutes. It does not discuss certain exceptions to these immunities that
may apply to U.S. citizens and legal permanent residents who are employed by
international organizations or foreign embassies or consulates. Among the pertinent
legal authorities are the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, the Vienna
Convention on Diplomatic Relations, the International Organizations Immunities
Act, the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, and the
Agreement Regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations. Included are charts
that detail the specific types of jurisdiction and obligations from which various
categories of diplomatic and consular personnel are immune under each of these
authorities.



Contents
In troduction ......................................................1
Overview of Applicable Statutes and Treaties............................4
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations........................4
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations..........................5
International Organizations Immunities Act.........................5
U.N. Convention on Privileges and Immunities......................6
U.N. Headquarters Agreement....................................7
Charts of Privileges and Immunities Accorded to Persons Working for
Foreign Embassies, Consulates, International Organizations............8
Chart 1: Privileges and Immunities Accorded to Persons Under
the VCDR...............................................9
Chart 2: Privileges and Immunities Accorded to Persons Under
the VCCR...............................................14
Chart 3: Privileges and Immunities Accorded to Persons Under
the UNCPI and UNHQA...................................18
Chart 4: Privileges and Immunities Accorded to Persons Under
the IOIA and Other Relevant Domestic Statutes.................23
Chart 5: Privileges and Immunities Accorded to U.N. Representatives
and Employees Under the IOIA, UNCPI, UNHQA, VCDR, and
Related Statutes and Agreements.............................24



Immunities Accorded to Foreign Diplomats,
Consular Officers, and Employees of
International Organizations Under U.S. Law
Introduction
In order to conduct foreign relations and promote the interests of their nationals
located abroad, States (i.e., countries) require secure means of communicating with
their diplomats (i.e., representatives of a government who conduct relations with
another government on its behalf) and consular officers (i.e., representatives of a
government who promote the government’s commercial interests and provide
assistance to its citizens located in another country) stationed in other States. To
ensure that such channels of communication are preserved, States receiving foreign
diplomats and consular officers have long accorded such persons with certain
privileges and immunities on the basis of comity, reciprocity, and international
agreem ent . 1
As political and economic contacts between States have grown, customary
practices regarding diplomatic and consular immunities have increasingly been
codified via bilateral or multilateral agreement. These agreements not only describe
the specific privileges and immunities to be accorded to foreign diplomats and
consular officers by a receiving State, but also specify those privileges and
immunities owed to other members of diplomatic and consular missions, as well as
towards the family members of mission members.
In recent decades, international organizations have been viewed as a means by
which States may conduct multilateral relations and cooperate on issues which are
transnational in scope. In order to ensure the autonomy of such organizations and
prevent any member State from unreasonably interfering with organizational
functions, many international organizations and their employees have been accorded
certain privileges and immunities by their member States. These privileges and
immunities are typically similar in scope to those accorded to foreign diplomatic
missions.
This report describes the privileges and immunities generally owed to foreign
diplomatic, consular, and international organization personnel under U.S. law. It
does not discuss certain exceptions to these immunities that may apply to U.S.
citizens and legal permanent residents who are employed by international


1 For background on the history of diplomatic immunity, see CRS Report RS21672,
Diplomatic Immunity: History and Overview, by Michael John Garcia.

organizations or foreign embassies or consulates. The treaties and statutes discussed
in this report are:
!the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (Diplomatic
Convention); 2
!the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Consular
Convention); 3
!the Agreement Regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations
(Headquarters Agreement);4
!the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United
Nations (U.N. Convention);5 and
!the International Organizations Immunities Act.6
This report contains charts detailing the privileges and immunities provided by the
legal authorities mentioned above, along with the personnel to whom such privileges
and immunities apply.
It is important to note that the above-mentioned authorities are not exhaustive,
and the scope of immunity due in any particular case may be governed in whole or
in part by other instruments. For example, the United States is a party to many
bilateral consular conventions that contain immunities provisions. In most instances,
the other signatory is, along with the United States, a party to the Consular
Convention. In these cases, the instrument affording greater protection to each State’s
consular officers is controlling.7 Some countries with which the United States has a
consular treaty are not parties to the Consular Convention. The immunities accorded
to consular personnel of such States are governed by the appropriate bilateral treaties,
not by the authority discussed in this report. Furthermore, not all international
organizations are covered by the International Organizations Immunities Act (IOIA),
or, as is the case with the United Nations, are covered not only by the IOIA but also
by a number of international agreements.
Even where immunities are governed generally by the authorities cited in the
relevant chart, individuals serving in similar positions for different countries may
nevertheless enjoy different immunities. For example, the Diplomatic Relations Act,
which effectively adopted the standards of the Diplomatic Convention for domestic
application, provides that the President may, on the basis of reciprocal treatment,


2 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, April 18, 1961, 23 U.S.T. 3227, T.I.A.S. No.

7502, 500 U.N.T.S. 95 [hereinafter “Diplomatic Convention”].


3 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, April 24, 1963, 21 U.S.T. 77, T.I.A.S. No.

6820, 596 U.N.T.S. 261 [hereinafter “Consular Convention”].


4 Agreement Regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations, November 21, 1947, 61
Stat. 3416, T.I.A.S. No. 1676, 11 U.N.T.S. 11. [hereinafter “Headquarters Agreement”],
P.L. 80-357 (1947).
5 Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, February 13, 1946,

21 U.S.T. 1418, T.I.A.S. No. 6900, 1 U.N.T.S. 15 [hereinafter “U.N. Convention”].


6 International Organizations Immunities Act, 22 U.S.C. §§ 288 et seq. [hereinafter “IOIA”].
7 See Consular Convention, art. 73.

specify immunities for individual countries that are more or less favorable than those
under the Convention.8 Both the Diplomatic Convention and the Consular
Convention allow the United States to apply immunities restrictively where a
particular country has applied immunity rules restrictively towards American
representatives.9 Similarly, the IOIA conditions certain immunities on the basis of
treatment of American representatives abroad.10
It must be emphasized that the immunities provided to foreign diplomats,
consular officials, and employees of international organizations may be waived by
the sending State or the appropriate international organization, with or without the
consent of the individual involved.11 On the other hand, certain individual acts may
lead to a waiver of immunity. For example, the initiation of civil proceedings by an
otherwise exempt individual may preclude him from invoking immunity with regards
to a directly-connected counterclaim.12 Another example of this type of personal
waiver is the relinquishment of all immunity by consular employees and staff who
undertake private gainful employment in the receiving State.13 Still another example
is when a foreign person accorded immunity wishes to become a lawful permanent
resident of the United States, in which case the person must waive the rights,
privileges, immunities, and exemptions he would otherwise accrue on account of his
occupational status.14
Finally, note that even where an individual enjoys immunity from jurisdiction,
a person harmed by the immune individual nevertheless may have recourse to
compensation under one of two statutes. First, the Diplomatic Relations Act requires
that (1) each diplomatic mission in the United States (including otherwise immune
missions to international organizations), (2) members of these missions and their
families, and (3) high ranking United Nations officials all meet liability insurance
requirements relating to the operation of motor vehicles in the United States.15
Second, the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act provides that a foreign State shall not,
with limited exception, be immune from suit for money damages being sought
against it for harm occurring in the United States and caused by a wrongful


8 22 U.S.C. § 254c.
9 See,e.g., Diplomatic Convention, art. 47; Consular Convention, art. 72.
10 See,e.g., IOIA § 288d.
11 See, e.g., Diplomatic Convention, art. 32; Consular Convention, art. 45; U.N. Convention,
§§ 14, 20; IOIA § 288d(b).
12 See Diplomatic Convention, art. 32(3); see also Consular Convention, art. 45(3).
13 See Consular Convention, art. 57(2).
14 A foreign person with an occupational status entitling him to immunity generally enters
the United States via a nonimmigrant visa. In order for the alien to adjust his status to legal
permanent resident of the United States (i.e., to become an “immigrant”), the alien must
submit an I-508 form, waiving the rights and privileges he would otherwise be accrued.
This form may be viewed at [http://www.uscis.gov/propub/DocView/afmid/dat/I_508.pdf].
15 22 U.S.C. § 254e.

nondiscretionary act of one of its officials or employees acting within the scope of
duty.16
Overview of Applicable Statutes and Treaties
The following sections provide an overview of the statutes and agreements
governing the privileges and immunities accorded to foreign diplomats, consular
officials, employees of international organizations, and related personnel.
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
Pursuant to its treaty obligations under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations (VCDR), ratified in 1972, the United States accords certain privileges and
immunities to designated categories of persons employed by other Convention
parties’ diplomatic missions, along with the household family members of certain
mission employees. Persons entitled to certain privileges and immunities under the
Diplomatic Convention include diplomatic agents and their immediate household
families, the mission’s administrative and technical staff and the immediate
household families of those staff members; the mission’s service staff; and private
servants of members of the mission.
Under the Convention, the United States accords diplomatic agents (and
members of their households) absolute immunity from its criminal jurisdiction and
near-absolute immunity from U.S. civil and administrative jurisdiction. A diplomatic
agent is also not obliged to give evidence as a witness.17 Below the rank of diplomat,
the administrative, technical, and service staffs also are immune from criminal
jurisdiction, but have more limited immunity from civil and administrative
jurisdiction.18 The household family members of diplomatic agents and mission staff
are also generally provided with the same privileges and immunities accorded to the
diplomatic agent or mission staff member to which they are related.19 To varying
degrees, persons covered by the Diplomatic Convention also receive immunity from
taxes and customs duties, military and public service obligations, and alien
registration requirements.
Congress passed the Diplomatic Relations Act to grant the privileges and
immunities accorded under the Diplomatic Convention to all foreign diplomatic
missions, personnel, and the families of such personnel, regardless of whether the
sending State is a party to the Convention.20 This extension is subject to the sending
State’s reciprocal treatment towards U.S. diplomatic missions, personnel, and


16 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(5).
17 Diplomatic Convention, art. 31(2).
18 Id. art. 37.
19 Id. art. 37(1)-(2).
20 22 U.S.C. § 254c.

families of such personnel, along with other terms and conditions the President
deems appropriate.21
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR), which was ratified by
the U.S. in 1969, accords certain privileges and immunities to consular officers (i.e.,
persons who exercise consular functions on behalf of the sending State, notably
including the consular post) and their immediate household families; the post’s
administrative and technical staff and the immediate household families of those staff
members; the post’s service staff; and honorary consuls (i.e., consular officers other
than career consular officers). These privileges and immunities are lesser in scope
than those enjoyed by similarly-situated members of diplomatic missions and those
members’ household families. For example, while foreign diplomats and their family
members receive full immunity from the criminal jurisdiction of the receiving State
under the Diplomatic Convention, consular officers covered by the Consular
Convention only receive immunity for actions they take in the course of their official
functions,22 and their family members receive no immunity from the criminal
jurisdiction of the receiving State. Family members of consular employees also
receive no immunity from the receiving State’s civil jurisdiction. Members of the
consular post and their family members do receive varying degrees of immunity from
the receiving State’s taxes and custom duties,23 alien registration requirements,24 and
military service obligations.25
The privileges and immunities owed under the Consular Convention only apply
between Convention parties. The privileges and immunities owed by the U.S. to the
consular personnel of non-Convention parties are governed by applicable bilateral
treaty. In the case that the U.S. and another Convention party also have a bilateral
treaty governing consular relations, the instrument providing broader coverage is
controlling.26
International Organizations Immunities Act
The IOIA provides a significant number of privileges and immunities for
international organizations designated by the President via executive order. Certain
privileges and immunities are also accorded to employees, officials, and
representatives to such organizations, along with members of their immediate
families, though these are less than those accorded to the international organizations
themselves. Officials, employees, and representatives to designated international
organizations are accorded immunity pursuant to the IOIA following validated


21 Id.
22 Consular Convention, arts. 41, 43.
23 Id. arts. 49-50.
24 Id. art. 46.
25 Id. art. 52.
26 Id. art. 73.

notification to the Secretary of State of their organizational position. The terms
“official,” “employee,” and “representative” are not defined by the IOIA The United
Nations was designated as an “international organization” for purposes of the IOIA
immediately following the statute’s enactment.27 Several dozen other international
organizations have been designated as receiving coverage under the IOIA, including
such organizations as the International Monetary Fund,28 the International Committee
of the Red Cross,29 the Organization of American States,30 the World Health
Organization,31 and the World Trade Organization.32
U.N. Convention on Privileges and Immunities
In the same year the IOIA was enacted, the U.N. General Assembly also adopted
the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, establishing
de minimus standards for the immunities and privileges accorded to the United
Nations and U.N. officials, Member State representatives, and experts working for
U.N. missions. These immunities and privileges are largely similar to those accorded
via the IOIA.33 The United States ratified the Convention in 1970.
As with the IOIA, the U.N. Convention on Privileges and Immunities (UNCPI)
does not define the term “employee” or “official,” though this is perhaps of little
concern because the U.N. Convention provides immunity only to those categories
of U.N. officials (beyond the U.N. Secretary-General and all Assistant Secretary-
Generals) designated by the Secretary-General to receive protection under the
Convention.34 The Convention also does not define “experts on missions” who
receive immunity under the U.N. Convention. However, an advisory decision by the
International Court of Justice (which has ultimate authority to interpret the U.N.
Convention),35 found that the category of experts on U.N. missions includes, inter
alia, persons entrusted by the United Nations with mediating disputes, preparing
reports and studies, conducting investigations, or finding and establishing facts on


27 Exec. Ord. No. 9698, February 19, 1946, 11 Fed. Reg. 1809.
28 Exec. Ord. No. 9751, July 11, 1946, 11 Fed. Reg. 7713.
29 Exec. Ord. No. 12643, June 23, 1988, 53 Fed. Reg. 24247.
30 Exec. Ord. No. 10533, June 3, 1954, 19 Fed. Reg. 3289.
31 Exec. Ord. No. 10025, December 30, 1948, 13 Fed. Reg. 9361.
32 Exec. Ord. No. 13042, April 9, 1997, 50 Fed. Reg. 28301.
33 Two notable differences are (1) the U.N. Convention provides for certain privileges and
immunities for experts of U.N. missions, while the IOIA does not, and (2) the IOIA also
accords certain privileges and immunities to employees of international organizations, while
the U.N. Convention does not mandate such benefits.
34 Accordingly, non-designated officials and all other U.N. employees are not granted
immunity from a local State’s legal process via the U.N. Convention, though they may
nevertheless receive immunity via the IOIA.
35 U.N. Convention, §§ 29-30.

behalf of U.N. missions.36 The Convention defines “representatives” of U.N.
Member States as including all delegates, advisors, and secretaries of Member State
delegations.37
Besides granting an explicit set of privileges and immunities to designated
persons, the U.N. Convention also specifies that certain designated individuals (i.e.,
U.N. representatives, the U.N. Secretary-General, all Assistant Secretary-Generals,
and certain U.N. officials designated to receive protection under the Convention by
the Secretary-General) are to receive most or all of the privileges and immunities
accorded by a receiving State to diplomatic envoys. Accordingly, by reference to
other statutes and treaties adopted by the receiving State, the U.N. Convention
provides these U.N. officials and representatives with certain privileges and
immunities beyond those explicitly described under the U.N. Convention. Generally
speaking, the U.N. officials and representatives covered by the U.N. Convention are
given the same privileges and immunities as those the U.S. accords to diplomats
under the Diplomatic Convention. With respect to designated U.N. officials,
however, Diplomatic Convention standards concerning immunity from criminal
prosecution apparently are not so incorporated, as the U.N. Convention provides that
such officials are immune only for official acts.38
U.N. Headquarters Agreement
In 1947, the United States entered the Headquarters Agreement with the United
Nations. The U.N. Headquarters Agreement (UNHQA) primarily concerns the
privileges and immunities accorded to the United Nations and its headquarters in
New York. However, the Agreement also provides certain privileges and immunities
for specified U.N. representatives and related personnel residing in the United States.
The Headquarters Agreement provides such persons with the full protections
accorded to diplomatic envoys — a broader scope of immunity than that provided
under either the IOIA or the U.N. Convention.39 Representatives and related
personnel of U.N. Member States whose governments are not recognized by the
United States receive lesser privileges and immunities.40


36 See Applicability of Article VI, Section 22, of the Convention on the Privileges and
Immunities of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, 1989 ICJ Rep. 177 (December 15,

1989).


37 U.N. Convention, § 16.
38 Id. § 18(a).
39 Headquarters Agreement, § 15.
40 Id.

Charts of Privileges and Immunities Accorded to
Persons Working for Foreign Embassies,
Consulates, International Organizations
The following charts list the major privileges and immunities accorded to
persons working for foreign embassies, consulates, or international organizations
(including, specifically, the United Nations). When a treaty or international
agreement makes reference to covered personnel receiving the same immunities
accorded to persons covered by other treaties, the nature of such immunities is
explained. Thus, for example, because the U.N. Convention on Privileges and
Immunities provides that certain U.N. personnel are to receive the same immunities
as the receiving State accords diplomatic envoys, the chart detailing the immunities
provided under the U.N. Convention occasionally makes references to immunities
provided to diplomats under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.
It is important to note that the charts concerning the Vienna Convention on
Diplomatic Relations and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations only discuss
those immunities accorded to persons who are not U.S. nationals or permanent
residents. Diplomatic and consular officers working on behalf of a foreign State who
are U.S. nationals or permanent residents only receive immunity for official acts
performed in the exercise of their functions, while other diplomatic or consular
personnel or members of their household families receive no immunities if they are
U.S. nationals or permanent residents. Persons who are employed by international
organizations or are foreign representatives to such organizations are provided with
immunity regardless of whether they are U.S. nationals or permanent residents.



CRS-9
Privileges and Immunities Accorded to Persons Under the VCDR
ovisionDiplomatic AgentsHousehold FamilyAdministrative &Household FamilyService StaffPrivate Servants of
Members of aTechnical Staff Members of Admin-Members of the
Diplomatic Agentistrative and Techni-Mission
cal Staff
finitionHead of a mission or aNot defined by theStaff members em-Not defined by theStaff members inPersons who are in
member of the missionVCDR.ployed in the admin-VCDR.the domestic ser-the domestic service
staff having diplomaticistrative and techni-vice of the mis-of a member of the
rank. VCDR, art. 1(d),cal service of thesion. VCDR, art.mission and who are
(e). mission. VCDR, art.1(g). not employees of the
iki/CRS-RL331471(f). sending State.
g/wVCDR, art. 1(h).
s.oriminalImmune from jurisdic-Same as diplomaticSame as diplomaticSame as administrativeImmune with re-No immunity under
leakrisdiction tion. VCDR, art. 31(1). agents. VCDR, art.agents. VCDR, art.and technical staff.spect to acts per-the VCDR. Jurisdic-
://wiki37(1). 37(2).VCDR, art. 37(2). formed in thetion to be asserted so
httpcourse of duties.as not to interfere
VCDR, art. 37(3).unduly with the
functions of the mis-
sion. VCDR, art.

37(4).



CRS-10
ovisionDiplomatic AgentsHousehold FamilyAdministrative &Household FamilyService StaffPrivate Servants of
Members of aTechnical Staff Members of Admin-Members of the
Diplomatic Agentistrative and Techni-Mission
cal Staff
vil Immune except for (a)Same as diplomaticImmune with respectSame as administrativeSame as adminis-No immunity under
risdictioncertain actions relating toagents. VCDR, art.to acts performed inand technical staff.trative the Convention. Ju-
real property, (b) estate37(1); 22 U.S.C. §the course of officialVCDR, art. 37(2); 22and technical staff.risdiction to be as-
matters in which the254e. duties. VCDR, art.U.S.C. § 254e.VCDR, art. 37(3);serted so as not to
agent is acting as private37(2). Must have22 U.S.C. § 254e.interfere unduly
party, and (c) actions re-vehicle insurancewith the functions of
lating to private profes-under 22 U.S.C. §the mission. VCDR,
iki/CRS-RL33147sional or commercial ac-tivities. VCDR, art. 31(1).254e.art. 37(4).
g/wMust have vehicle insur-
s.orance under 22 U.S.C. §
leak254e.
://wikiImmune from obligationSame as diplomaticGenerally immune toSame as administrativeImmune with re-No immunity under
httpto give evidence. Immuneagents. VCDR, art.same degree as dip-and technical staff.spect to acts per-the VCDR. Jurisdic-
from execution of judg-37(1). lomatic agents, ex-VCDR, art. 37(2). formed in thetion to be asserted so
ments except in non-im-cept immune fromcourse of duties.as not to interfere
mune civil action wherethe execution in aVCDR, art. 37(3). unduly with the
execution will not in-civil judgment onlyfunctions of the mis-
fringe on the inviolabilityif it concerns actssion. VCDR, art.
of his person or resi-performed in the37(4).


dence. VCDR, art. 31(2),course of official
(3). Private residenceduties. VCDR, art.
deemed inviolable to37(2).
same degree as diplo-
matic mission. VCDR,
art. 30.

CRS-11
ovisionDiplomatic AgentsHousehold FamilyAdministrative &Household FamilyService StaffPrivate Servants of
Members of aTechnical Staff Members of Admin-Members of the
Diplomatic Agentistrative and Techni-Mission
cal Staff
xesImmune other than for (a) Same as diplomaticSame as diplomaticSame as diplomaticExempt from duesSame as service
indirect taxes in the priceagents. VCDR, art.agents. VCDR, art.agents. VCDR, art.and taxes on emol-staff. VCDR, art.
of goods/services; 37(1). 37(2). 37(2). uments received37(4).


(b) real propertyby reason of their
taxes/fees on private im-employment.
movable property, unlessVCDR, art. 37(3).
held on behalf of sending
iki/CRS-RL33147State; (c) estate/ inheri-tance taxes on property
g/wwhich was not brought
s.orfrom sending State; (d)
leakincome tax on private
://wikiincome; (e) charges for
httpservices rendered; and (f)court, registration, or re-
cord fees, mortgage dues
and stamp duty, with re-
spect to non-mission,
immovable property.
VCDR, art. 34.

CRS-12
ovisionDiplomatic AgentsHousehold FamilyAdministrative &Household FamilyService StaffPrivate Servants of
Members of aTechnical Staff Members of Admin-Members of the
Diplomatic Agentistrative and Techni-Mission
cal Staff
sImmune from duties onSame as diplomaticImmune only fromSame as administrativeNone, except toNo immunity under
articles for personal oragents. VCDR, art.duties on articlesand technical staff.the extent that cus-the Convention. Ju-
official use. Exempt from37(1). imported at time ofVCDR, art. 37(2). toms may relate torisdiction to be as-
inspection except wherefirst installation.acts performed inserted so as not to
there are serious groundsVCDR, art. 37(2). the course of theinterfere unduly
to believe there are con-duty. VCDR, art.with the functions of
traband articles or articles37(3). the mission. VCDR,
iki/CRS-RL33147not for personal or offi-cial use. VCDR, art. 36. art. 37(4).
g/w
s.orExempt with respect toSame as diplomaticSame as diplomaticSame as diplomaticSame as diplo-No immunity under
leak services rendered for theagents. VCDR, art.agents. VCDR, art.agents. VCDR, art.matic agents.the Convention. Ju-
://wikisending State. Not ex-empt with respect to per-37(1). 37(2). 37(2).VCDR, art. 37(3). risdiction to be as-serted so as not to
httpsonal servants who areinterfere unduly
U.S. nationals or perma-with the functions of
nent residents, or who arethe mission. VCDR,
not covered by social se-art. 37(4).


curity provisions of the
sending State or a third
State. VCDR, art. 33(1)-
(2).

CRS-13
ovisionDiplomatic AgentsHousehold FamilyAdministrative &Household FamilyService StaffPrivate Servants of
Members of aTechnical Staff Members of Admin-Members of the
Diplomatic Agentistrative and Techni-Mission
cal Staff
Immune from all publicSame as diplomaticSame as diplomaticSame as diplomaticNo immunity inNo immunity under
ice,service and military obli-agents. VCDR, art.agents. VCDR, art.agents. VCDR, art.Convention, butthe Convention. Ju-
gations. VCDR, art. 35. 37(1). 37(2). 37(2).may be exemptrisdiction to be as-
viceunder 50 App.serted so as not to
U.S.C. App. § 456. interfere unduly
with the functions of
the mission. VCDR,
iki/CRS-RL33147art. 37(4).
g/wmigration No specific immunitySame as diplomaticSame as diplomaticSame as administrativeSame as adminis-No immunity under
s.orunder the Convention, butagents. VCDR, art.agents, with respectand technical staff.trative and techni-the Convention. Ju-
leakimmune generally from37(1). to actions taken inVCDR, art. 37(2).cal staff. VCDR,risdiction to be as-
://wikicivil and administrativejurisdiction under VCDR,course of officialduties. VCDR, art.art. 37(3.)serted so as not tointerfere unduly
httpart. 31. 37(2). with the functions of
the mission. VCDR,
art. 37(4).



CRS-14
Privileges and Immunities Accorded to Persons Under the VCCR
ovisionConsular OfficerHousehold Fam-Consular EmployeeHousehold FamilyService StaffHonorary Consul
ily Members ofMembers of Con-
Consular Officersular Employees
finitionAny person, including theNot defined by theAny person employedNot defined by theAny person em-Consular officer other
head of a consular post, en-VCCR. in the administrativeVCCR. ployed in thethan career consular
trusted in that capacity withor technical service ofdomestic serviceofficer of the sending
the exercise of consulara consular post.of a consularState. VCCR, art.
functions. VCCR, art. 1(d). VCCR, art. 1(e). post. VCCR, art.1(2).

1(f).


iki/CRS-RL33147iminal Immune from jurisdictionNo immunity un-Immune from juris-No immunity un-No immunityNo immunity from
g/wrisdiction with respect to acts per-der the VCCR. diction in respect toder the VCCR. under the VCCR. arrest, detention, or
s.orformed in the exercise ofacts performed in theprosecution, but
leakconsular functions. Immuneexercise of consularproceedings are to be
://wikifrom arrest and detentionfunctions. VCCR, art.carried out
httppending trial, except in case43. expeditiously with as
of grave crime pursuant to alittle interference
decision by a judicial author-with official functions
ity. Criminal proceedings toas circumstances will
be conducted so as not toallow. VCCR, art. 63.


interfere unduly with con-
sular functions. VCCR, arts.

41, 43.



CRS-15
ovisionConsular OfficerHousehold Fam-Consular EmployeeHousehold FamilyService StaffHonorary Consul
ily Members ofMembers of Con-
Consular Officersular Employees
vil Immune from civil and ad-No immunity un-Same as consular offi-No immunity un-No immunitySame as consular
risdictionministrative jurisdiction withder the VCCR.cers. VCCR, art. 43. der the VCCR. under the VCCR. officers. VCCR, art.
respect to acts performed in58(2).
exercise of functions except
(1) to degree that an action
relates to private contract
other than on behalf of send-rd
ing State or (2) actions by 3
iki/CRS-RL33147parties for vehicle-causeddamage. VCCR, art. 43.
g/w
s.orImmune from contempt forNo immunity un-Immune only withNo immunity un-As members ofSame as consular
leakfailure to give evidenceder the VCCR. respect to giving evi-der the VCCR. consular post,employees. VCCR,
://wikiwhenever called upon to doso. Evidence, when provided,dence concerning offi-cial functions or docu-have same de-gree of immunityart. 58(2).


httpmay be given so as not toments, or concerningas consular em-
interfere with consular func-expert testimony onployees. VCCR,
tions. VCCR, art. 44. sending State’s law.arts. 1(g), 44.
VCCR, art. 44.

CRS-16
ovisionConsular OfficerHousehold Fam-Consular EmployeeHousehold FamilyService StaffHonorary Consul
ily Members ofMembers of Con-
Consular Officersular Employees
xesImmune from taxes otherSame as consularSame as consular offi-Same as consularExempt fromExempt from all dues
than (a) indirect taxes in theofficers. VCCR,cers. VCCR, art.officers. VCCR,dues and taxesand taxes on
price of goods/services; art. 49(1). 49(1). art. 49(1). on wages re-remuneration and
(b) real property taxes/feesceived for theiremoluments received
on private immovable prop-services. VCCR,for performing
erty, unless held for sendingart 49(2).consular functions.
State; (c) inheritance andVCCR, art. 66.
estate taxes on property not
iki/CRS-RL33147brought from sending State;(d) income tax on private
g/wU.S. income; (e) charges on
s.orspecific services; and (f)
leakcourt, registration, or record
://wikifees, mortgage dues and
httpstamp duties on non-missionproperty. VCDR, art. 34.
sImmune from duties on arti-Same as consularGenerally the same asNo immunity un-No immunityImmune only with
cles for personal or officialofficers. VCCR,consular officers withder VCCR.under VCCR.respect to customs
use. Exempt from inspectionart. 50(1). respect to articles im-duties on certain
except where there are seri-ported at the time ofconsular office items.
ous grounds to believe therefist installation.VCCR, art. 62.


are contraband articles orVCCR, art. 50(2).
articles not for personal orHowever, no immu-
official use. VCCR, art.nity concerning per-
50(1). sonal inspection of
baggage.

CRS-17
ovisionConsular OfficerHousehold Fam-Consular EmployeeHousehold FamilyService StaffHonorary Consul
ily Members ofMembers of Con-
Consular Officersular Employees
Exempt with respect to ser-Same as consularSame as consular offi-Same as consularSame as consularNo immunity
vices rendered for the send-officers. VCCR,cers. VCCR, art.officers. VCCR,officers. VCCR,provision separate
ing State. Not exempt withart. 48(1). 48(1). art. 48(1). art. 48(1). from that concerning
respect to personal servantstaxes and dues on all
who are U.S. nationals oremoluments and
permanent residents, or areremuneration in
not covered by social secu-respect to official
rity provisions of the sendingfunctions. VCCR, art.
iki/CRS-RL33147State or a third State. VCCR,art. 48(1).66.
g/w
s.or Immune from all public ser-Same as consularSame as consular offi-Same as consularSame as consularSame as consular
leakice, vice and military obligations.officers. VCCR,cers. VCCR, art. 52. officers. VCCR,officers. VCCR,officers. VCCR, art.
://wikiviceVCCR, art. 52.art. 52. art. 52. art. 52. 67.
http
migration Exempt from all laws regard-Same as consularExempt from registra-Exempt only toNo immunityExempt from
ing registration of aliens andofficials. VCCR,tion and residencysame degree asunder the VCCR. registration and
residency permits. VCCR,art. 46. permit requirements ifprincipal consularresidency permit
art. 46.permanent employeeemployee. VCCR,requirements, unless
of sending State andart. 46. also engaged in
are not engaged inprivate gainful
private gainful occu-occupation in the U.S.
pation in the UnitedVCCR, art. 65.


States. VCCR, art. 46.

CRS-18
Privileges and Immunities Accorded to Persons Under the UNCPI and UNHQA
ovisionResident Representatives ofRepresentatives ofSecretary General,Designated U.N.Experts on U.N.
Member StatesMember StatesAssistant SecretariesOfficials Missions
(generally) General, Their Spouses
and Minor Children
finitionAll delegates, deputy delegates,All delegates, deputyNot expressly defined.Individuals withinNot expressly defined.
advisors, technical experts anddelegates, advisers,categories of officials
designated by Member Statetechnical experts anddesignated by the
with agreement, where relevant,secretaries of delegations.Secretary-General as
of the U.N. or United States.UNCPI, § 16. entitled to immunities.
iki/CRS-RL33147UNHQA, § 15. UNCPI, §17.
g/wiminalSame as diplomatic envoys.Same as residentSame as representatives ofImmune with respect toImmune from personal
s.orrisdiction UNCPI, § 11(g); UNHQA, § 15. representatives (i.e.,U.N. Member States (i.e.,official acts. UNCPI, §arrest and detention.
leakIn U.S., full immunity fromreceive same immunitiesreceive same immunities18(a). Immune with respect
://wikicriminal jurisdiction. VCDR,accorded to diplomaticaccorded to diplomaticto official acts.
httpart. 31(1).envoys). UNCPI, § 11(g);envoys). UNCPI, § 19;UNCPI, § 22(a), (b).
VCDR, art. 31(1).VCDR, art. 31(1).
vilSame as diplomatic envoys.Same as residentSame as residentImmune with respect toImmune with respect
risdictionUNCPI, § 11(g); UNHQA, § 15.representatives (i.e.,representatives (i.e.,official acts. UNCPI, §to official acts.
Immune except for (a) certainreceive same immunitiesreceive same immunities18(a). UNCPI, § 22(b).


actions relating to real property,accorded to diplomaticaccorded to diplomatic
(b) estate matters in which theenvoys). UNCPI, § 11(g);envoys). Must have
agent is acting as private party,VCDR, art. 31(1). vehicle insurance.
and (c) actions relating toUNCPI, § 19; 22 U.S.C. §
private professional or254e.
commercial activities. VCDR,
art. 31(1).

CRS-19
ovisionResident Representatives ofRepresentatives ofSecretary General,Designated U.N.Experts on U.N.
Member StatesMember StatesAssistant SecretariesOfficials Missions
(generally) General, Their Spouses
and Minor Children
Same as diplomatic envoys.Same as residentSame as residentImmune with respect toImmune with respect
UNCPI, § 11(g); UNHQA, § 15.representatives (i.e.,representatives (i.e.,official acts. UNCPI, §to official acts.
In U.S., immune from obligationreceive same immunitiesreceive same immunities18(a). UNCPI, § 22(b).


to give evidence. Immune fromaccorded to diplomaticaccorded to diplomatic
execution of judgments exceptenvoys). UNCPI, § 11(g);envoys). UNCPI, § 19;
in non-immune civil actionVCDR arts. 30, 31(2)-(3).VCDR arts. 30, 31(2)-(3).
where execution will not
iki/CRS-RL33147infringe on the inviolability ofhis person or residence. VCDR,
g/wart. 31(2)-(3). Private residence
s.ordeemed inviolable to same
leakdegree as diplomatic mission.
://wikiVCDR, art. 30.
http

CRS-20
ovisionResident Representatives ofRepresentatives ofSecretary General,Designated U.N.Experts on U.N.
Member StatesMember StatesAssistant SecretariesOfficials Missions
(generally) General, Their Spouses
and Minor Children
xesSame as diplomatic envoys.Same as residentSame as residentImmune from taxes onNo express immunity,
UNCPI, § 11(g); UNHQA, § 15.representatives (i.e.,representatives (i.e.,salaries andbeyond general
In U.S., immune from taxesreceive same immunitiesreceive same immunitiesemoluments paid by theimmunity necessary
other than (a) indirect taxes inaccorded to diplomaticaccorded to diplomaticU.N. UNCPI, § 18(b). for the independent
the price of goods or services; envoys), except withenvoys). UNCPI, § 19; exercise of their
(b) real property taxes and feesrespect to excise dutiesVCDR, art. 34.functions. UNCPI, §
on private immovable property,and sales taxes. UNCPI, §22.


iki/CRS-RL33147unless held on behalf of sendingState; (c) estate and inheritance11(g); VCDR, art. 34.
g/wtaxes not attributable to property
s.orbrought from sending State; (d)
leakincome tax on private income
://wikiearned in U.S.; (e) charges
httplevied for specific servicesrendered; and (f) registration,
court or record fees, mortgage
dues and stamp duty, with
respect to immovable property,
other than mission premises.
VCDR, art. 34.

CRS-21
ovisionResident Representatives ofRepresentatives ofSecretary General,Designated U.N.Experts on U.N.
Member StatesMember StatesAssistant SecretariesOfficials Missions
(generally) General, Their Spouses
and Minor Children
sSame as diplomatic envoys.Same as residentSame as residentImmune from duties onSame immunities as
UNCPI, § 11(g); UNHQA, § 15.representatives (i.e.,representatives (i.e.,furniture and effectsdiplomatic envoys as
Immune from duties on articlesreceive same immunitiesreceive same immunitiesimported at the time ofto personal baggage.
for personal or official use. Inaccorded to diplomaticaccorded to diplomaticfirst taking post.UNCPI, § 22(f). In
U.S., exempt from inspectionenvoys), except withenvoys). UNCPI, § 19;UNCPI, § 18(g). U.S., exempt from
except where there are seriousrespect to duties on goodsVCDR, art. 36.inspection except
grounds to believe there areimported other thanwhere there are
iki/CRS-RL33147contraband articles or articlesnot for personal or official use.personal baggage.UNCPI, § 11(g); VCDR,serious grounds tobelieve there are
g/wVCDR, art. 36.art. 36. contraband articles or
s.orarticles not for
leakpersonal or official
://wikiuse. VCDR, art. 36.
httpSame as diplomatic envoys.Same as residentSame as residentNo express immunityNo express immunity,
UNCPI, § 11(g); UNHQA, § 15.representatives (i.e.,representatives (i.e.,other than for taxes onbeyond general
In U.S., exempt with respect toreceive same immunitiesreceive same immunitiesU.N. salaries andimmunity necessary
services rendered for the sendingaccorded to diplomaticaccorded to diplomaticemoluments. UNCPI, §for the independent
State. Not exempt with respectenvoys). UNCPI, § 11(g);envoys). UNCPI, § 11(g);18. exercise of their
to personal servants who areVCDR, art. 33(1)-(2). VCDR, art. 33(1)-(2). functions. UNCPI, §
U.S. nationals or permanent22.


residents, or are not covered by
social security provisions of the
sending State or a third State.
VCDR, art. 33(1)-(2).

CRS-22
ovisionResident Representatives ofRepresentatives ofSecretary General,Designated U.N.Experts on U.N.
Member StatesMember StatesAssistant SecretariesOfficials Missions
(generally) General, Their Spouses
and Minor Children
Exempt, along with spouses,Exempt, along withExempt, along withExempt from nationalNo express immunity,
ice, from national servicespouses, from nationalspouses, from nationalservice obligations.beyond general
obligations. UNCPI, § 11(d).service obligations toservice obligations toUNCPI, § 18(c). immunity necessary
viceGenerally immune on samesame degree as residentsame degree as residentfor the independent
basis as diplomatic envoys.representatives. UNCPI, §representatives. UNCPI, §exercise of their
UNHQA, §. 15; UNCPI, § 11(g). 11(d), (g); VCDR, art.19; VCDR, art. 35. functions. UNCPI, §
In U.S., immune from all public35. 22.
iki/CRS-RL33147service and military obligations.VCDR, art. 35.
g/w
s.ormigration Exempt, along with spouses,Along with spouses, sameExempt, along withAlong with spouses andNo express immunity,
leakfrom immigration restriction andas residentspouses and dependentdependent relatives,beyond general
://wikialien registration requirements.UNCPI, § 11(d). Generallyrepresentatives. UNCPI,§11(d), (g). relatives, fromimmigration restrictionssame as SecretaryGeneral. UNCPI,§immunity necessaryfor the independent
httpimmune on same basis asand alien restrictions.18(d). exercise of their
diplomatic envoys. UNHQA, §UNCPI, §§ 18(d), 19. functions. UNCPI, §

15; UNCPI, § 11(g). 22.



CRS-23
Privileges and Immunities Accorded to Persons Under the IOIA and Other Relevant Domestic Statutes
ovisionForeign Representatives to, and Officials and Employees of, International Organizations
finitionNot specifically defined by statute.
iminal Jurisdiction Immune with respect to official acts falling within their functions. IOIA, § 288d(b).
vil JurisdictionImmune with respect to official acts falling within their functions. IOIA, § 288d(b).
Immune with respect to official acts falling within their functions. IOIA, § 288d(b).
xesExempt from tax on compensation for official services except where employed by a foreign government that does not grant
iki/CRS-RL33147an equivalent exemption to U.S. government employees. 26 U.S.C. § 893.
g/wsImmune, along with immediate household family members, from duties with respect to baggage and effects imported in
s.orconnection with the arrival of the owner. IOIA, § 288(b).
leak
://wiki Exempt from Social Security contributions related to employment in or representation to the international organization. 26U.S.C. § 3121(b)(15).
http
Service, Public ServiceNo immunity under IOIA. Exemption from military service apparently depends on previous service abroad, applicable
treaties, and immigration status. 50 App. U.S.C. § 456(a)(1).
migration Exempt, along with immediate household family members, from immigration and alien registration requirements on same
basis as officers and employees, respectively, of foreign governments and their families. IOIA, § 288d(a).



CRS-24
Privileges and Immunities Accorded to U.N. Representatives and Employees Under the IOIA, UNCPI,
, VCDR, and Related Statutes and Agreements
The United Nations and specified officials, employees, and representatives to the organization are accorded a number of privileges and immunities
treaties. In some cases, the immunities accorded to the organization and specified officials, employees, and U.N.
sentatives are explicit; in other cases, they are established via cross-reference to other sources of law. This chart details the scope of such immunities,
overned by the International Organizations Immunities Act, the U.N. Convention on Privileges and Immunities, the U.N. Headquarters Agreement,
cross-reference, the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Where appropriate, immunities provided by related U.S. statutes are also listed.
ovisionResident RepresentativesRepresentatives ofSecretary General,Designated U.N.Non-designatedExperts on U.N.
of Member StatesMember StatesAssistant SecretariesOfficialsU.N. Officials andMissions
iki/CRS-RL33147(generally)General, TheirU.N. Employees
g/wSpouses and Minor
s.or Children
leakfinitionAll delegates, deputy dele-All delegates, deputyNot expressly de-Individuals fallingNot expressly de-Not expressly
://wikigates, advisors, technicaldelegates, advisers,fined.within categories offined.defined.
httpexperts and designated bytechnical experts andofficials designated
Member State with agree-secretaries of delega-by the Secretary-
ment, where relevant, of thetions. UNCPI, § 16. General as entitled
U.N. or United States.to immunities.
UNHQA, § 15. UNCPI, §17.
iminalSame as diplomatic envoys.Same as resident rep-Same as resident rep-Immune with re-Same as designatedImmune from
risdictionUNCPI, § 11(g); UNHQA,resentatives (i.e., re-resentatives (i.e., re-spect to officialU.N. officials.personal arrest and
§ 15. In U.S., accorded fullceive same immuni-ceive same immuni-acts. UNCPI,§IOIA, § 288d(b). detention. UNCPI, §
immunity from criminalties accorded to dip-ties accorded to diplo-18(a); IOIA, §22(a). Immune with
jurisdiction. VCDR, art.lomatic envoys).matic envoys).288d(b). respect to official

31(1). UNCPI, § 11(g);UNCPI, § 19; VCDR,acts. UNCPI, §


VCDR, art. 31(1).art. 31(1).22(b); IOIA, §

288d(b).



CRS-25
ovisionResident RepresentativesRepresentatives ofSecretary General,Designated U.N.Non-designatedExperts on U.N.
of Member StatesMember StatesAssistant SecretariesOfficialsU.N. Officials andMissions
(generally)General, TheirU.N. Employees
Spouses and Minor
Children
vil Same as diplomatic envoys.Same as resident rep-Same as resident rep-Immune with re-Same as designatedSame as designated
risdictionUNCPI, § 11(g); UNHQA,resentatives (i.e., re-resentatives (i.e., re-spect to officialU.N. officials.U.N. officials.
§ 15. In U.S., immune ex-ceive same immuni-ceive same immuni-acts. UNCPI, §IOIA, § 288d(b). UNCPI, § 22(b);
cept for (a) certain actionsties accorded to dip-ties accorded to diplo-18(a); IOIA, §IOIA, § 288d(b).


relating to real property, (b)lomatic envoys).matic envoys).288d(b).
estate matters in which theUNCPI, § 11(g);UNCPI, § 19; VCDR,
iki/CRS-RL33147agent is acting as privateparty, and (c) actions relat-VCDR, art. 31(1).art. 31(1). Must havevehicle insurance un-
g/wing to private professionalder 22 U.S.C. § 254e.
s.oror commercial activities.
leakVCDR, art. 31(1).
://wiki
http

CRS-26
ovisionResident RepresentativesRepresentatives ofSecretary General,Designated U.N.Non-designatedExperts on U.N.
of Member StatesMember StatesAssistant SecretariesOfficialsU.N. Officials andMissions
(generally)General, TheirU.N. Employees
Spouses and Minor
Children
Receive same immunities asSame as resident rep-Same as resident rep-Immune with re-Same as designatedSame as designated
diplomatic envoys. UNCPI,resentatives (i.e., re-resentatives (i.e., re-spect to officialU.N. officials.U.N. officials.
§ 11(g); UNHQA, § 15. Im-ceive same immuni-ceive same immuni-acts. UNCPI, §IOIA, § 288d(b). UNCPI, § 22(b).


mune from obligation toties accorded to dip-ties accorded to diplo-18(a); IOIA, §
give evidence. Immunelomatic envoys).matic envoys).288d(b).
from execution of judg-UNCPI, § 11(g);UNCPI, § 11(g);
iki/CRS-RL33147ments except in non-im-mune civil action whereVCDR, arts. 30,31(2)- (3).VCDR, arts. 30,31(2)- (3).
g/wexecution will not infringe
s.oron the inviolability of his
leakperson or residence. VCDR,
://wikiart. 31(2)-(3). Private resi-
httpdence deemed inviolable tosame degree as diplomatic
mission. VCDR, art. 30.

CRS-27
ovisionResident RepresentativesRepresentatives ofSecretary General,Designated U.N.Non-designatedExperts on U.N.
of Member StatesMember StatesAssistant SecretariesOfficialsU.N. Officials andMissions
(generally)General, TheirU.N. Employees
Spouses and Minor
Children
xesSame as diplomatic envoys.Same as resident rep-Same as resident rep-Immune from taxesImmune from taxesIf employed by the
UNHQA, § 15. Immuneresentatives (i.e., re-resentatives (i.e., re-on salaries andon salaries andU.N., immune from
from taxes other than (a)ceive same immuni-ceive same immuni-emoluments paidemoluments paidtaxes on salaries and
indirect taxes in price ofties as diplomaticties as diplomatic en-by the U.N.by the U.N. 26emoluments paid by
goods/services; (b) realenvoys), except withvoys). UNCPI, § 19.UNCPI, § 18(b).U.S.C. § 893. the U.N. 26 U.S.C.
property taxes/fees on pri-respect to excise§ 893. Have
iki/CRS-RL33147vate property, unless heldon behalf of sending State;duties and salestaxes. UNCPI, §general immunitynecessary for the
g/w(c) estate or inheritance11(g).independent
s.ortaxes on property other thanexercise of
leakthat brought from sendingfunctions. UNCPI,
://wikiState; (d) income tax on§ 22.


httpprivate U.S. income; (e)charges for specific ser-
vices; and (f) registration,
court or record fees, mort-
gage dues and stamp duty,
with respect to non-mission,
immovable, property.
VCDR, art. 34.

CRS-28
ovisionResident RepresentativesRepresentatives ofSecretary General,Designated U.N.Non-designatedExperts on U.N.
of Member StatesMember StatesAssistant SecretariesOfficialsU.N. Officials andMissions
(generally)General, TheirU.N. Employees
Spouses and Minor
Children
sSame as diplomatic envoys.Same as resident rep-Same as resident rep-Immune, alongSame as designatedSame immunities as
UNCPI, § 11(g); UNHQA,resentatives, includ-resentatives, includ-with immediateU.N. officials.resident
§ 15. Immune from dutiesing with respect toing with respect tohousehold familyIOIA, § 288(b). representatives with
on articles for personal orimmunities accordedimmunities accordedmembers, from du-respect to personal
official use. In U.S., exemptto immediate house-to immediate house-ties with respect tobaggage. UNCPI, §
from inspection excepthold family mem-hold family members.baggage and effects22(f); VCDR, art.
iki/CRS-RL33147where there are seriousgrounds to believe there arebers. UNCPI, §11(g); VCDR, art.UNCPI, § 11(g);VCDR, art. 36; IOIA,imported in con-nection with the36. If employed byU.N., experts and
g/wcontraband articles or arti-36; IOIA, § 288(b). § 288(b).arrival of theimmediate
s.orcles not for personal or offi-owner. IOIA, §household family
leakcial use. VCDR, art. 36. 288(b). members are
://wikiImmediate household fam-immune from duties
httpily members are immunefrom duties with respect towith respect tobaggage and effects
baggage and effects im-imported in
ported in connection withconnection with the
the arrival of the owner.arrival of the owner.
IOIA, § 288(b). IOIA, § 288(b).



CRS-29
ovisionResident RepresentativesRepresentatives ofSecretary General,Designated U.N.Non-designatedExperts on U.N.
of Member StatesMember StatesAssistant SecretariesOfficialsU.N. Officials andMissions
(generally)General, TheirU.N. Employees
Spouses and Minor
Children
Same as diplomatic envoys.Same as resident rep-Same as resident rep-Exempt from So-Same as designatedGeneral immunity
UNCPI, § 11(g); UNHQA,resentatives (i.e., re-resentatives (i.e., re-cial Security contri-U.N. officials. 26necessary for the
§ 15. Exempt with respectceive same immuni-ceive same immuni-butions related toU.S.C. §independent
to services rendered for theties as diplomaticties as diplomatic en-employment in or3121(b)(15).exercise of their
sending State. Not exemptenvoys). UNCPI, §voys). UNCPI, § 19;representation tofunctions. UNCPI,
with respect to personal11(g); VCDR, art.VCDR, art. 33(1)-(2).the international§ 22. If employed
iki/CRS-RL33147servants who are U.S. na-tionals or permanent resi-33(1)-(2).organization. 26U.S.C. §by U.N., sameimmunity as
g/wdents, or are not covered by3121(b)(15). designated U.N.
s.orsocial security provisions ofofficials. 26 U.S.C.
leakthe sending State or a third3121(b)(15).


://wikiState. VCDR, art. 33(1)-(2).
http

CRS-30
ovisionResident RepresentativesRepresentatives ofSecretary General,Designated U.N.Non-designatedExperts on U.N.
of Member StatesMember StatesAssistant SecretariesOfficialsU.N. Officials andMissions
(generally)General, TheirU.N. Employees
Spouses and Minor
Children
Exempt, along withExempt, along withExempt, along withExempt from na-No express immu-No express
ice,spouses, from national ser-spouses, to same de-spouses, to same de-tional service obli-nity. Exemptionimmunity, beyond
vice obligations. UNCPI, §gree as resident rep-gree as resident repre-gations. UNCPI, §apparently dependsgeneral immunity
vice11(d). Generally immune onresentatives (i.e., im-sentatives (i.e., im-18(c).on previous servicenecessary for the
same basis as diplomaticmune on same basismune on same basisabroad, applicableindependent
envoys. UNHQA, §. 15;as diplomatic en-as diplomatic en-treaties, and immi-exercise of their
iki/CRS-RL33147UNCPI, § 11(g). In U.S.,immune from all public ser-voys). UNCPI, §11(g); VCDR, art.voys). UNCPI, § 19;VCDR, art. 35.gration status. 50App. U.S.C. §functions. UNCPI,§ 22. Exemption
g/wvice and military obliga-35.456(a)(1). apparently depends
s.ortions. VCDR, art. 35. on previous service
leakabroad, applicable
://wikitreaties, and
httpimmigration status.50 App. U.S.C. §

456(a)(1).



CRS-31
ovisionResident RepresentativesRepresentatives ofSecretary General,Designated U.N.Non-designatedExperts on U.N.
of Member StatesMember StatesAssistant SecretariesOfficialsU.N. Officials andMissions
(generally)General, TheirU.N. Employees
Spouses and Minor
Children
migrationExempt, along withSame as resident rep-Exempt, along withSame as SecretaryExempt, along withNo express
spouses, from immigrationresentatives (includ-spouses and depend-General (includingimmediate house-immunity, beyond
restriction and alien regis-ing with respect toent relatives, fromwith respect to im-hold family mem-that necessary for
tration requirements.immunities accordedimmigration restric-munities accordedbers, from immi-the independent
UNCPI, § 11(d). Other im-to spouses and othertions and alien restric-to spouses, depend-gration and alienexercise of their
mediate household familyimmediate householdtions. UNCPI, §§ent relatives, andregistration require-functions. UNCPI,
iki/CRS-RL33147members are also exemptfrom immigration and alienfamily members). UNCPI, § 11(d);18(d), 19. Other im-mediate householdother immediatehousehold familyments on same ba-sis as officers and§ 22. If employedby U.N., exempt,
g/wregistration requirements onIOIA, § 288d(a). family members aremembers). UNCPI,employees, respec-along with
s.orsame basis as officers ofalso exempt from im-§§ 18(d), 19; IOIA,tively, of foreignimmediate
leakforeign governments andmigration and alien§ 288d(a). governments andhousehold family
://wikitheir families. IOIA, §registration require-their families.members to same
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