Presidential Appointments to Full-time Positions in Executive Departments During the 108th Congress, 2003-2004

Presidential Appointments to Full-time Positions
th
in Executive Departments During the 108
Congress, 2003-2004
January 8, 2007
Henry B. Hogue
Analyst in American National Government
Government and Finance Division
Maureen Bearden
Information Research Specialist
Knowledge Services Group
Dana Ely
Information Research Specialist
Knowledge Services Group



Presidential Appointments to Full-time Positions in
Executive Departments During the 108th Congress,
2003-2004
Summary
During the 108th Congress, the President submitted to the Senate 166
nominations to executive department full-time positions. Of these 166 nominations,
120 were confirmed; eight were withdrawn; one was returned to the President at the
end of the first session; and 37 were returned to him at the end of the second sessionth
of the 108 Congress. For those nominations that were confirmed, an average of 98
days elapsed between the time of the nomination and the nomination’s receipt and
confirmation. The median number of days elapsed was 83. These statistics do not
include the days during which the Senate was adjourned for its August recesses and
between sessions of Congress.
President Bush made a total of 18 recess appointments to the departments during
this time. Of those 18, three were made during the recess between the first andth
second sessions of the 108 Congress (intersession recess appointments). The
remaining 15 were made during recesses within the first or second session of theth

108 Congress (intrasession recess appointments).


Information for this report was compiled from data from the Senate nominations
database of the Legislative Information System [http://www.congress.gov/nomis/],
the Congressional Record (daily edition), the Weekly Compilation of Presidential
Documents, telephone discussions with agency officials, agency websites, the United
States Code, and the “Plum Book” (United States Government Policy and Supporting
Positions).
This report will be updated as necessary.



Contents
In troduction ......................................................1
The Appointment Process for Advice and Consent Positions............1
Selection, Clearance, and Nomination..........................2
Senate Consideration.......................................3
Appointment .............................................4
Recess Appointments...........................................4
Temporary Appointments.......................................5
Appointments During the 108th Congress...........................6
Length of Time to Confirm a Nomination...........................7
Organization of This Report.....................................7
Executive Department Profiles...............................7
Additional Appointment Information..........................8
Department of Agriculture (USDA)...................................9
Department of Commerce (DOC)....................................10
Department of Defense (DOD)......................................12
Department of Education (ED)......................................15
Department of Energy (DOE).......................................17
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).......................19
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)..............................21
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)..................23
Department of the Interior (DOI).....................................25
Department of Justice (DOJ)........................................27
Department of Labor (DOL)........................................29
Department of State (DOS).........................................30
Department of Transportation (DOT).................................33
Department of the Treasury (TREA)..................................35
Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA)................................37
Appendix A. Nominations and Recess Appointments, 108th Congress.......39
Appendix B. Appointment Action, 108th Congress......................45
Appendix C. Senate Recessesa for the 108th Congress....................46



Appendix D. Abbreviations of Departments............................47
List of Tables
Table 1. Appointment Action for 15 Departments During the 108th Congress...6



Presidential Appointments to Full-time
Positions in Executive Departments During
th
the 108 Congress, 2003-2004
Introduction
This report provides an overview of the process for filling positions to which the
President makes appointments with the advice and consent of the Senate (PAS
positions). It also specifies, for the 108th Congress, all nominations to full-time
positions1 in the 15 executive departments, including the then-new Department of
Homeland Security, which came into existence on January 24, 2003.2 A profile of
each department identifies full-time positions requiring Senate confirmation and, if
applicable, their pay levels. The profiles also track nominations to these positions
during the 108th Congress, providing information on Senate activity (i.e.,
confirmations, rejections (of which there were none), returns to the President, and
elapsed time between nomination and confirmation) as well as further related
presidential activity (i.e., withdrawals and recess appointments).
The Appointment Process for Advice and Consent Positions
The President and the Senate share the power to appoint the principal officers
of the United States.3 The Constitution (Article II, Section 2, clause 2) empowers the
President to nominate and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to
appoint the principal officers of the United States.4 Three distinct stages mark the


1 Full-time positions requiring Senate confirmation are included. Exceptions are U.S.
Attorney and U.S. Marshal positions in the Department of Justice; Foreign Service and
diplomatic positions in the Department of State; officer corps positions in the civilian
uniformed services of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the
Department of Commerce, and of the Public Health Service in the Department of Health and
Human Services; and the officer corps in the military services.
2 This department was established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, P.L. 107-296,
enacted Nov. 25, 2002.
3 A succinct historical and contemporary overview of the appointment power is found in
Louis Fisher, “Appointment Powers,” in his Constitutional Conflicts between Congress andth
the President, 4 ed. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1997), pp. 22-48.
4 Art. II, Sec. 2, cl. 2 provides that the President “shall nominate, and by and with the Advice
and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls,
Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose
Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law:
but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think
proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.”

appointment process: selection, clearance, and nomination by the President;
consideration by the Senate; and appointment by the President.
Selection, Clearance, and Nomination. In the first stage, the White
House selects and clears a nominee before sending the formal nomination to the
Senate. There are a number of steps in this stage of the process for most Senate-
confirmed positions. First, with the assistance of, and preliminary vetting by, the
White House Office of Presidential Personnel, the President selects a candidate for
the position. Interested parties, including Members of Congress, may have input
during this process. It could be argued that Senators are constitutionally entitled, by
virtue of the advice and consent clause noted above, to provide advice to the
President regarding his selection; the extent of this entitlement is a matter of some5
debate. As a practical matter, in general, a nomination is likely to fare better if the
Administration has first consulted Senators on the committee of jurisdiction.
During the clearance process, the candidate prepares and submits several forms:
the “Public Financial Disclosure Report” (Standard Form (SF) 278), the
“Questionnaire for National Security Positions” (SF 86), and the White House
“Personal Data Statement Questionnaire.” The Office of the Counsel to the President
oversees the clearance process, which often includes background investigations
conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Internal Revenue Service
(IRS), Office of Government Ethics (OGE), and an ethics official for the agency to
which the candidate is to be appointed. If conflicts are found during the background
check, OGE and the agency ethics officer may work with the candidate to mitigate
the conflicts. Once the Office of the Counsel to the President has cleared the
candidate, the nomination is ready to be submitted to the Senate.
The selection and clearance stage is often the longest part of the appointment
process. There can be lengthy delays, particularly if many candidates are being
processed, as they are at the beginning of an Administration, or if conflicts need to
be resolved. Candidates for higher-level positions are often accorded priority in this
process. In an effort to reduce the elapsed time between a new President’s
inauguration and the appointment of his or her national security team, amendments
to the Presidential Transitions Act of 1963,6 enacted at the end of 2004, encourage
a President-elect to submit, for security clearance, potential nominees to high-level
national security positions as soon as possible after the election.7 A separate
provision of law, enacted as part of the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998,
lengthens, during presidential transitions, the potential length of a temporary8
appointment by at least 90 days. Although this provision might give some additional
flexibility to an incoming President, it might also lengthen the appointment process
for some positions by, in effect, extending the deadline by which a permanent
appointment must be completed.


5 See, for example, Michael J. Gerhardt, The Federal Appointments Process: A
Constitutional and Historical Analysis (London: Duke University Press, 2000), pp. 29-34.
6 3 U.S.C. § 102 note.
7 P.L. 108-458, § 760; 118 Stat. 3856.
8 5 U.S.C. § 3349a.

For positions located within a state (e.g., U.S. attorney, U.S. marshal, and U.S.
district judge), the President, by custom, normally nominates an individual
recommended by the Senator or Senators (if they are from the same party as the
President) from that state. If neither Senator is from the President’s party, he usually
defers to the recommendations of party leaders from the state. Occasionally, the
President solicits recommendations from Senators of the opposition party because of
their positions in the Senate. Before making a nomination to a federal position at the
state or national level, the President must consider how it will fare in the
confirmation process.
A nominee has no legal authority to assume the duties and responsibilities of the
position; the authority comes with Senate confirmation and presidential appointment.
A nominee who is hired by the agency as a consultant while awaiting confirmation
may serve only in an advisory capacity. If circumstances permit and conditions are
met, the President may give the nominee a recess appointment to the position (see
below). Recess appointments may have political consequences, however, particularly
if Senators perceive that an appointment is an effort to circumvent their constitutional
role. Some Senate-confirmed positions, such as many of those in the executive
departments, may also be temporarily filled under the Vacancies Act.9
Senate Consideration. In the confirmation or second stage, the Senate alone
determines whether or not to confirm a nomination.10 The way the Senate acts on a
nomination depends largely on the importance of the position involved, existing
political circumstances, and policy implications. Generally, the Senate shows
particular interest in the nominee’s views and how they are likely to affect public
policy.11 Two other factors may also affect the scrutiny with which a nominee’s
personal and professional qualities are examined: whether or not the President’s party
controls the Senate and the degree to which the President becomes involved in
supporting the nomination.
The Senate confirmation process is centered at the committee level. Committee
nomination activity generally includes investigation, hearing, and reporting stages.
As part of investigatory work, committees may draw on information provided by the
White House as well as information collected by the committees. Hearings provide
a public forum to discuss a nomination and any issues related to the program or
agency for which the nominee would be responsible. Even if confirmation is thought
to be a virtual certainty, hearings may provide Senators and the nominee with an
opportunity to go on the record with particular views or commitments. Senators may


9 P.L. 105-277, Div. C, Title I, § 151; 5 U.S.C. §§ 3345-3349d. For more on the Vacancies
Act, see CRS Report 98-892, The New Vacancies Act: Congress Acts to Protect the Senate’s
Confirmation Prerogative, by Morton Rosenberg.
10 For further information, see CRS Report RL31980, Senate Consideration of Presidential
Nominations: Committee and Floor Procedure, by Elizabeth Rybicki; CRS Report
RL32935, Congressional Oversight of Judges and Justices, by Elizabeth B. Bazan and
Morton Rosenberg, pp. 7-13; and CRS Report RL31948, Evolution of the Senate’s Role in
the Nomination and Confirmation Process, A Brief History, by Betsy Palmer.
11 G. Calvin Mackenzie, The Politics of Presidential Appointments (New York: The Free
Press, 1981), pp. 97-189.

use hearings to explore a nominee’s qualifications, articulate a policy perspective, or
raise related oversight issues. Some committees hold hearings on nearly all
nominations; others hold hearings for only some.
The committee may discontinue acting on a nomination at any point — upon
referral, after investigation, or after a hearing. If the committee votes to report the
nomination back to the full Senate, it has three options: it may report the nomination
to the Senate favorably, unfavorably, or without recommendation. If the committee
elects not to report a nomination, the Senate may, under certain circumstances,
discharge the committee from further consideration of the nomination in order to
bring it to the floor.12
The Senate historically has confirmed most, but not all, executive nominations.
Rarely, however, does a rejection occur on the Senate floor. Nearly all rejections
occur in committee, either by committee vote or by committee inaction. Rejections
in committee occur for a variety of reasons, including opposition to the nomination,
inadequate amount of time for consideration of the nomination, or factors that may
have nothing to do with the merits of the nomination. If a nomination is not acted
upon by the Senate by the end of a Congress, it is returned to the President. Pending
nominations also may be returned automatically to the President at the beginning of
a recess of 30 days or longer, but the Senate rule providing for this return is often
waived. 13
Appointment. In the final stage, the confirmed nominee is given a
commission signed by the President, with the seal of the United States affixed
thereto, and is sworn into office. The President may sign the commission at any time
after confirmation. Once the appointee is given the commission and sworn in, he or
she has full authority to carry out the responsibilities of the office.
Recess Appointments
The Constitution also empowers the President to make limited-term
appointments without Senate confirmation when the Senate is in recess.14 Such
recess appointments expire at the end of the next session of Congress. Appendix C
provides a table showing the dates of the Senate recesses for the 108th Congress and
the number of recess appointments during each recess.
Presidents have occasionally used the recess appointment power to circumvent
the confirmation process. In response, Congress has placed restrictions on the
President’s authority to make a recess appointment. Under 5 U.S.C. § 5503(a), if the


12 For more information, see CRS Report RL31980, Senate Consideration of Presidential
Nominations: Committee and Floor Procedure, by Elizabeth Rybicki, p. 7.
13 The rule may be found in U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Rules and Administration,
Senate Manual, 107th Cong., 1st sess., S. Doc. 107-1 (Washington: GPO, 2002), p. 55, Rule
XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate. For an example of a waiver of the
rule, see Sen. John E. Sununu, “Nomination in Status Quo,” Congressional Record, daily
edition, vol. 149, July 31, 2003, p. S10844.
14 Art. II, Sec. 2, cl. 3.

position falls vacant while the Senate is in session and the President fills it by recess
appointment, the appointee may not be paid from the Treasury until he or she is
confirmed by the Senate. The salary prohibition does not apply: (1) if the vacancy
arose within 30 days before the end of the session; (2) if a nomination for the office
(other than the nomination of someone given a recess appointment during the
preceding recess) was pending when the Senate recessed; or (3) if a nomination was
rejected within 30 days before the end of the session and another individual was
given the recess appointment. A recess appointment falling under any one of these
three exceptions must be followed by a nomination to the position not later than 40
days after the beginning of the next session of the Senate. For this reason, when a
recess appointment is made, the President generally submits a new nomination for
the nominee even when an old nomination is pending.15 Section 5503 of Title 5 has
been interpreted by the Department of Justice to preclude payment of an appointee
who is given successive recess appointments to the same position.16
Although recess appointees whose nominations to a full term are subsequently
rejected by the Senate may continue to serve until the end of their recess
appointment, a recurring provision of the funding bill for the Department of the
Treasury and other agencies may prevent them from being paid after their rejection.17
Temporary Appointments
Congress has provided limited statutory authority for the temporary filling of
vacant positions requiring Senate confirmation. It is expected that, in general,
officials holding PAS positions who have been designated as “acting” are holding
their offices under this authority or other statutory authority specific to their agencies.
Under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998,18 when an executive agency
position requiring confirmation becomes vacant, it may be filled temporarily in one
of three ways: (1) the first assistant to such a position may automatically assume the
functions and duties of the office; (2) the President may direct an officer in any
agency who is occupying a position requiring Senate confirmation to perform those
tasks; or (3) the President may select any officer or employee of the subject agency
who is occupying a position for which the rate of pay is equal to or greater than the
minimum rate of pay at the GS-15 level, and who has been with the agency for at
least 90 of the preceding 365 days. The temporary appointment is for 210 days, but
the time restriction is suspended if a first or second nomination for the position is
pending. In addition, during a presidential transition, the 210-day restriction period
does not begin to run until either 90 days after the President assumes office, or 90


15 For further information, see CRS Report RS21308, Recess Appointments: Frequently
Asked Questions, by Henry B. Hogue.
16 15 Op. O.L.C. 93 (1991). See also 6 Op. O.L.C. 585 (1982); 41 Op. A.G. 463 (1960).
17 P.L. 108-447, Division H, § 609. The provision reads, “No part of any appropriation for
the current fiscal year contained in this or any other Act shall be paid to any person for the
filling of any position for which he or she has been nominated after the Senate has voted not
to approve the nomination of said person.” This provision has been part of this funding bill
since at least 1950.
18 P.L. 105-277, Div. C, Title I, § 151; 5 U.S.C. §§ 3345-3349d.

days after the vacancy occurs, if it is within the 90-day inauguration period. The act
does not apply to positions on multi-headed regulatory boards and commissions and
to certain other specific positions that may be filled temporarily under other statutory
provisions.19
Appointments During the 108th Congress
During the 108th Congress, the President submitted to the Senate 166
nominations to executive department full-time positions. These include the initial
nominations to the newly created Department of Homeland Security, which came
into existence at the beginning of the 108th Congress, on January 24, 2003.20 Of these
166 nominations, 120 were confirmed; eight were withdrawn; one was returned to
the President at the end of the first session; and 37 were returned to him at the end
of the second session of the 108th Congress.
President Bush made a total of 18 recess appointments to the departments during
this time. Of those 18, three were made during the recess between the first and
second sessions of the 108th Congress (intersession recess appointments). The
remaining 15 were made during recesses within the first or second session of the
108th Congress (intrasession recess appointments). Table 1 summarizes this
appointment activity.
Table 1. Appointment Action for 15 Departments During the
108th Congress
Positions in the 15 departments (total)360
Positions to which nominations were made142
Individual nominees145
Nominations submitted to the Senate during the 108th Congress (total)166
Disposition of nominations
Confirmed by the Senate120
Withdrawn 8
Returned (total) 38
Beginning of the August 2003 recess 0
End of the 1st session of the 108th Congress 1
Beginning of the August 2004 recess 0
End of the 2nd session of the 108th Congress37
Recess Appointments (total)18
Intersession 3
Intrasession15


19 For more on the Vacancies Act, see CRS Report 98-892, The New Vacancies Act:
Congress Acts to Protect the Senate’s Confirmation Prerogative, by Morton Rosenberg.
20 This department was established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, P.L. 107-296,
enacted Nov. 25, 2002.

Length of Time to Confirm a Nomination
The length of time a given nomination may be pending in the Senate varies
widely. Some nominations are confirmed within a few days; others may not be
confirmed for several months; and some are never confirmed. This report provides,
for each executive department nomination that was confirmed in the 108th Congress,
the number of days between nomination and confirmation (“days to confirm”).
These counts exclude days during August recesses and between sessions of Congress.
This cutoff point is suggested by the Senate rules, which provide that “if the Senate
shall adjourn or take recess for more than thirty days, all nominations pending and
not finally acted upon” shall be returned to the President, although this rule is often
waived.21 The 31 days during the August 2003 recess, the 41 days between the firstth
and second sessions of the 108 Congress, and the 46 days during the August 2004
recess were subtracted from the “days to confirm” for those nominations that spanned
one or more of these recesses. The sole exception was a 35-day recess during
October and November 2004. In order to maintain consistency with similar reports
for previous Congresses, no days were subtracted for this recess.
Organization of This Report
Executive Department Profiles. Each of the 15 executive department
profiles provided in this report is organized into two parts: a table identifying full-
time PAS positions22 and associated pay levels23 as of the end of the 108th Congress,th
and a table listing nominations and appointments to these positions during the 108
Congress. Data for these tables were collected from several authoritative sources.24
The appointment action table provides, in chronological order, information
concerning each nomination and recess appointment. It shows the name of the
nominee, position involved, date of nomination or appointment, date of confirmation,


21 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, Senate Manual, 106th
Cong., 1st sess., S.Doc. 106-1 (Washington: GPO, 1999), p. 55, Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of
the Standing Rules of the Senate.
22 As noted above, the following full-time positions are not included in this report: U.S.
Attorney and U.S. Marshal positions in the Department of Justice; Foreign Service and
diplomatic positions in the Department of State; officer corps positions in the civilian
uniformed services of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the
Department of Commerce, and of the Public Health Service in the Department of Health and
Human Services; and the officer corps in the military services.
23 For most presidentially appointed positions requiring Senate confirmation, the pay levels
fall under the Executive Schedule, which, as of Jan. 2005, ranged from level I ($180,100)
for cabinet level offices to level V ($131,400) for the lowest-ranked positions.
24 Sources include the Senate nominations database of the Legislative Information System
[http://www.congress.gov/nomis/], the Congressional Record (daily edition), the Weekly
Compilation of Presidential Documents, telephone discussions with agency officials, agency
websites, the United States Code, and the “Plum Book” (U.S. Congress, House Committee
on Government Reform, United States Government Policy and Supporting Positions,thnd
committee print, 108 Cong., 2 sess., Committee Print, Nov. 22, 2004 (Washington: GPO,

2004)).



and number of days between receipt of a nomination and confirmation. Actions other
than confirmation (i.e., nominations returned to or withdrawn by the President) are
also noted. Some nominees were nominated more than once for the same position,
either because the first nomination was returned to the President or because of a
recess appointment. When a nominee is awaiting Senate action and he or she is
given a recess appointment, a second, follow-up, nomination is usually submitted to
comply with the requirements of 5 U.S.C. § 5503(b).
Each appointment action table provides the average “days to confirm” in two
ways: mean and median. The mean is determined by calculating, for each confirmed
nomination, the number of days between the nomination and confirmation dates,
determining the cumulative total of these days, and dividing the result by the number
of nominations confirmed. The median is the middle number when the “days to
confirm” data for all the confirmed nominations are arranged in numerical order.
Additional Appointment Information. Appendix A presents a table of all
nominations and recess appointments to positions in executive departments,
alphabetically organized and following a similar format to that of the department
appointment action tables. It identifies the agency involved and the dates of
nomination and confirmation. The table also indicates if a nomination was
confirmed, withdrawn, or returned. The mean and median numbers of days taken to
confirm a nomination are also provided, calculated as described above.
Appendix B provides a table with summary information on appointments and
nominations, by department. For each of the 15 executive departments discussed in
this report, the table provides the number of positions, nominations, individual
nominees, confirmations, nominations returned, nominations withdrawn, and recess
appointments. The table also provides the mean and median numbers of days to
confirm a nomination.
Appendix C provides a table showing the dates of the Senate recesses for the

108th Congress and the number of recess appointments during each recess.


A list of department abbreviations can be found in Appendix D.



Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Full-time PAS Positions,
as of the End of the 108th Congress
PositionPay level
SecretaryI
Deputy SecretaryII
Under Secretary - Farm and Foreign Agricultural ServicesIII
Under Secretary - Food, Nutrition, and Consumer ServicesIII
Under Secretary - Food SafetyIII
Under Secretary - Marketing and Regulatory ProgramsIII
Under Secretary - Natural Resources and EnvironmentIII
Under Secretary - Research, Education, and EconomicsIII
Under Secretary - Rural DevelopmentIII
Assistant Secretary - Administration aIV
Assistant Secretary - Civil RightsIV
Assistant Secretary - Congressional RelationsbIV
Chief Financial Officer IV
General CounselcIV
Inspector General IV
Administrator - Rural Utilities ServicesIV
a. The position of Assistant Secretary - Civil Rights in the Department of Agriculture was established by P.L. 107-171,th
§ 10704 (116 Stat. 518), and filled for the first time during the 108 Congress, as shown below.
b. The chief financial officer may be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, or may be
designated by the President from among agency officials who have been confirmed by the Senate for other positions (31
U.S.C. § 901(a)(1)).
c. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed officials in
the departments. In the case of the IG, however, the law provides that he shall communicate the reasons for any such
removal to both Houses of Congress (5 U.S.C. App. § 3(b)).

USDA Appointment Action During the 108th Congress
Days to
Nominee P osition Nominated Conf irmed conf irm
Thomas C. DorrUnder Secy. - Rural Development01/09/03Returned 12/08/04 a
Vernon B. ParkerAsst. Secy. - Civil Rights01/14/0303/27/0372
Michael J. HarrisonAsst. Secy. - Administration09/15/0411/21/0467
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination70
Median number of days to confirm a nomination70
a. Returned to the President at the end of the 108th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of
the Standing Rules of the Senate.



Department of Commerce (DOC)
Full-time PAS Positions,
as of the End of the 108th Congress
Position aPay level
SecretaryI
Deputy SecretaryII
Under Secretary - Economic AffairsIII
Under Secretary - Export AdministrationIII
Under Secretary - Intellectual Property/Director - Patent and III
Trademark Office
Under Secretary - International TradeIII
Under Secretary - Oceans and Atmosphere/Administrator - NationalIII
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Under Secretary - TechnologybIII
Assistant Secretary - Administration and Chief Financial Officer IV
Assistant Secretary - Communications and InformationIV
Assistant Secretary - Economic DevelopmentIV
Assistant Secretary - Export AdministrationIV
Assistant Secretary - Export EnforcementIV
Assistant Secretary - Import AdministrationIV
Assistant Secretary - Legislative and Intergovernmental AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Market Access and ComplianceIV
Assistant Secretary - Oceans and Atmosphere/Deputy AdministratorIV
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Assistant Secretary - Technology PolicycIV
Assistant Secretary - Manufacturing and Services IV
Assistant Secretary - Trade Promotion/Director General - U.S. anddIV
Foreign Commercial Service
Director - Bureau of the CensusIV
Director - National Institute of Standards and TechnologyIV
General CounseleIV
Inspector General IV
Chief Scientist - National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationfV
(NOAA)
a. Does not include positions in the officer corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
b. The chief financial officer may be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, or may be
designated by the President from among agency officials who have been confirmed by the Senate for other positions
(31 U.S.C. § 901(a)(1)).
c. The position of Assistant Secretary - Manufacturing and Services was formerly the Assistant Secretary - Trade
Development.
d. The position of Assistant Secretary - Trade Promotion /Director General - U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service was
formerly the Assistant Secretary/Director General - U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service.
e. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed officials in
the departments. In the case of the IG, however, the law provides that heshall communicate the reasons for any such
removal to both Houses of Congress (5 U.S.C. App. § 3(b)).
f. According to an agency spokesperson, this position has not been filled since 1996, and there are currently no plans
to fill it.



DOC Appointment Action During the 108th Congress
Days to
Nominee P osition Nominated Conf irmed conf irm
James J. JochumAsst. Secy. - Import Administration04/09/0308/01/03114
Julie L. MyersAsst. Secy. - Export Enforcement06/25/0310/17/0383
Peter LichtenbaumAsst. Secy. - Export Administration07/22/0310/17/0356
Michael D. GallagherAsst. Secy. - Communications and10/14/0311/21/04317
Information
Rhonda KeenumAsst. Secy. - Trade Promotion/Dir.12/09/0304/08/0480
Gen. - U.S. and Foreign Commercial
Service
Theodore W.Deputy Secretary02/26/0411/21/04223
Kassinger
Jonathan W. DudasUnder Secy. - Intellectual Property/03/22/0411/21/04198
Dir. - Patent and Trademark Office
Benjamin H. WuAsst. Secy. - Technology Policy04/08/0411/21/04181
Brett T. PalmerAsst. Secy. - Legislative and05/11/0411/21/04148
Governmental Affairs
Albert A. Frink Jr.Asst. Secy. - Manufacturing and06/17/0411/21/04111
Services
Michael D. GallagherAsst. Secy. - Communications andRecess Appointment 07/02/04 a
Information
Theodore W.Deputy SecretaryRecess Appointment 07/02/04 a
Kassinger
Michael D. GallagherAsst. Secy. - Communications and07/19/04Returned 12/08/04 b
Information
Theodore W.Deputy Secretary07/19/04Returned 12/08/04 b
Kassinger
Jonathan W. DudasUnder Secy. - Intellectual Property/Recess Appointment 08/02/04 a
Dir. - Patent and Trademark Office
Albert A. Frink Jr.Asst. Secy. - Manufacturing andRecess Appointment 08/02/04 a
Services
Albert A. Frink Jr.Asst. Secy. - Manufacturing and09/10/04Returned 12/08/04 b
Services
Jonathan W. DudasUnder Secy. - Intellectual Property/09/10/04Returned 12/08/04 b
Dir. - Patent and Trademark Office
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination151
Median number of days to confirm a nomination131
a. These four recess appointments of Gallagher, Kassinger, Dudas, and Frink would have expired at the end of the firstth
session of the 109 Congress. By that time, however, each appointee had been confirmed by the Senate, as shown above.th
b. Returned to the President at the end of the 108 Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of
the Standing Rules of the Senate.



Department of Defense (DOD)
Full-time Positions,
as of the End of the 108th Congress
PositionPay level
SecretaryI
Deputy SecretaryII
Under Secretary - Acquisition, Technology, and LogisticsaII
Under Secretary - Intelligence bIII
Under Secretary - Comptroller/Chief Financial Officer III
Under Secretary - PolicyIII
Under Secretary - Personnel and ReadinessIII
Deputy Under Secretary - Logistics and Materiel ReadinessIII
Principal Deputy Under Secretary - Acquisition, Technology, andIII
Logistics
Principal Deputy Under Secretary - Policy IV
Principal Deputy Under Secretary - Personnel and ReadinessIV
Assistant Secretary - Networks and Information Integration/ChiefIV
Information Officer
Assistant Secretary - Health AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Legislative AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - International Security PolicyIV
Assistant Secretary - Public AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Reserve AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Special Operations and Low-Intensity ConflictIV
Assistant Secretary - International Security AffairscIV
Assistant Secretary - Homeland Defense IV
Director - Defense Research and EngineeringIV
Director - Operational Test and EvaluationIV
General CounseldIV
Inspector General IV
Assistant to the Secretary - Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological DefenseV
Programs
Department of the Air Force
SecretaryII
Under SecretaryIV
Assistant Secretary - AcquisitionIV
Assistant Secretary - Financial Management/ComptrollerIV
Assistant Secretary - Manpower and Reserve AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Installations, Environment, and LogisticsIV
General CounselIV



Department of the Army
SecretaryII
Under SecretaryIV
Assistant Secretary - Civil WorksIV
Assistant Secretary - Financial Management/ComptrollerIV
Assistant Secretary - Installations and EnvironmentIV
Assistant Secretary - Manpower and Reserve AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Acquisition, Logistics, and TechnologyIV
General CounselIV
Department of the Navy
SecretaryII
Under SecretaryIV
Assistant Secretary - Financial Management/ComptrollerIV
Assistant Secretary - Installations and EnvironmentIV
Assistant Secretary - Manpower and Reserve AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Research, Development, and AcquisitionIV
General CounselIV
Joint Chiefs of Staff e
Chairman(Members of the Joint
Vice ChairmanChiefs of Staff are
Chief of Staff (Air Force)compensated under the
Chief of Staff (Army)military pay system,
Chief of Naval Operationsrather than the executive
Commandant of the Marine Corpsschedule.)
a. The position of Under Secretary - Intelligence in the Department of Defense was established by P.L. 107-314, Titleth
IX, Subtitle A, § 901(a)(2) (116 Stat. 2619), and filled for the first time during the 108 Congress, as shown below.
b. The chief financial officer may be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, or may be
designated by the President from among agency officials who have been confirmed by the Senate for other positions
(31 U.S.C. § 901(a)(1)).
c. The position of Assistant Secretary - Homeland Defense in the Department of Defense was established by P.L. 107-th
314, Title IX, Subtitle A, § 902(a) (116 Stat. 2620), and filled for the first time in the 108 Congress, as shown below.
d. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed officials
in the departments. In the case of the IG, however, the law provides that heshall communicate the reasons for any such
removal to both Houses of Congress (5 U.S.C. App. § 3(b)).
e. The chairman and vice chairman serve two-year terms; other members serve four-year terms.



DOD Appointment Action During the 108th Congress
Days to
Nom i ne e P ositions Nominated Conf irmed conf irm
Paul McHaleAsst. Secy. - Homeland Defense01/09/0302/04/0326
Christopher R. HenryDeputy Under Secy. - Policy01/09/0302/04/0326
John Paul Woodley Jr.Asst. Secy. - Army - Civil Works01/22/03Returned 12/08/04 a
Steven A. CamboneUnder Secy. - Intelligence02/04/0303/07/0331
Thomas W. O’ConnellAsst. Secy. - Special Operations and05/01/0307/21/0381
Low-Intensity Conflict
James G. RocheSecretary - Army07/07/03Withdrawn 04/08/04
Gordon EnglandSecretary - Navy09/03/0309/26/0323
Michael W. WynneUnder Secy. - Acquisition , Technology,09/03/03Returned 12/08/04 a
and Logistics
John Paul Woodley Jr.Asst. Secy. - Army - Civil Works Recess Appointment 08/22/03 b
John Paul Woodley Jr.Asst. Secy. - Army - Civil Works 10/01/03Returned 12/08/04 a
Francis J. HarveyAsst. Secy. - Command, Control,11/06/03Withdrawn 09/15/04
Communications, and Intelligence
Lawrence T. Di RitaAsst. Secy. - Public Affairs11/21/03Withdrawn 11/16/04
Jaymie Alan DurnanAsst. Secy. - Army - Installations and11/21/03Withdrawn 02/23/04
Environment
John J. Young Jr.Principal Deputy Under Secy. -01/23/04Returned 12/08/04 a
Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics
Dionel M. AvilesUnder Secy. - Navy02/06/0409/28/04189
Tina W. JonasUnder Secy. - Comptroller03/11/0407/22/04133
Peter C. W. FloryAsst. Secy. - International Security06/01/04Returned 12/08/04 a
Policy
Valerie L. BaldwinAsst. Secy. - Army - Financial07/08/0407/22/0414
Management/Comptroller
Raymond F. DuBoisDeputy Under Secy. - Logistics and09/08/04Returned 12/08/04 a
Materiel Readiness
Richard Greco Jr.Asst. Secy. - Navy - Financial09/13/0410/10/0427
Management/Comptroller
Francis J. HarveySecretary - Army09/15/0411/16/0462
Buddie J. PennAsst. Secy. - Navy - Installations and09/23/04Returned 12/08/04 a
Environment
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination61
Median number of days to confirm a nomination29
a. Returned to the President at the end of the 108th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the
Standing Rules of the Senate. th
b. Woodleys recess appointment expired at the end of the second session of the 108 Congress.



Department of Education (ED)
Full-time Positions,
as of the End of the 108th Congress
PositionPay level
SecretaryI
Deputy SecretaryaII
Director - Institute of Education Sciences II
Under SecretarybIII
Chief Financial Officer IV
Assistant Secretary - ManagementIV
Assistant Secretary - Civil RightsIV
Assistant Secretary - Educational Research and ImprovementIV
Assistant Secretary - Elementary and Secondary EducationIV
Assistant Secretary - Intergovernmental and Interagency AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Legislation and Congressional AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Postsecondary EducationIV
Assistant Secretary - Special Education and Rehabilitative ServicesIV
Assistant Secretary - Vocational and Adult Education cIV
Commissioner - Education Statistics IV
General CounseldIV
Inspector General IV
Commissioner - Rehabilitation Services AdministrationV
a. The position of Director, Institute of Education Sciences was established by P.L. 107-279, § 114 (116 Stat. 1946). As
permitted by this provision, the President, alone, appointed the last Assistant Secretary for Educational Research and
Improvement to serve as the first Director. Subsequent Directors must be appointed by the President with the advice and
consent of the Senate. The position has a six-year term and specified qualifications. P.L. 107-279, § 402 (116 Stat. 1984-
1985) eliminated the position of Assistant Secretary for Educational Research and Improvement.
b. The chief financial officer may be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, or may be
designated by the President from among agency officials who have been confirmed by the Senate for other positions (31
U.S.C. § 901(a)(1)).
c. Position has a six-year term and specified qualifications. See 20 U.S.C. § 9517(b).
d. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed officials in the
departments. In the case of the IG, however, the law provides that heshall communicate the reasons for any such removal
to both Houses of Congress (5 U.S.C. Appx. § 3(b)).



ED Appointment Action During the 108th Congress
Days to
Nominee P osition Nominated Conf irmed conf irm
Gerald ReynoldsAsst. Secy. - Civil Rights01/09/03Returned 12/08/04 a
Karen JohnsonAsst. Secy. - Legislation and01/21/0305/23/03122
Congressional Affairs
Robert LernerCommissioner of Education Statistics06/03/03Returned 12/08/04 a
Raymond SimonAsst. Secy. - Elementary and Secondary09/22/0301/26/0485
Education
Susan K. SclafaniAsst. Secy. - Vocational and Adult10/29/0301/26/0448
Education
Robert LernerCommissioner of Education StatisticsRecess Appointment 12/23/03 b
Raymond SimonAsst. Secy. - Elementary and SecondaryRecess Appointment 12/23/03 c
Education
Robert LernerCommissioner of Education Statistics01/21/04Returned 12/08/04 a
Raymond SimonAsst. Secy. - Elementary and Secondary01/21/04Returned 12/08/04 a
Education
Eugene HickokDeputy Secretary01/28/04Returned 12/08/04 a
Edward R. McPhersonUnder Secretary02/26/0411/21/04223 d
Eugene HickokDeputy SecretaryRecess Appointment 04/16/04 e
Edward R. McPhersonUnder SecretaryRecess Appointment 04/18/04 e
Eugene HickokDeputy Secretary05/13/0411/21/04146
d
Edward R. McPhersonUnder Secretary05/13/0411/21/04
John H. HagerAsst. Secy. - Special Education and06/01/0411/21/04127
Rehabilitative Services
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination125
Median number of days to confirm a nomination125
a. Returned to the President at the end of the 108th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the
Standing Rules of the Senate. th
b. Lerner’s recess appointment expired at the end of the second session of the 108 Congress.th
c. The recess appointment of Simon would have expired at the end of the second session of the 108 Congress, by which
time he had been confirmed, as shown above.
d. President Bush submitted two nominations of McPherson to be Under Secretary. Usually when two or more identical
nominations are submitted and the nominee is confirmed, one nomination is documented as confirmed and the others are
returned to the President. In this case, both nominations were shown, in the LIS database, as confirmed. The elapsed time
(days to confirm) for the first nomination was used in the calculation of the mean and the median.th
e. The recess appointments of McPherson and Hickok would have expired at the end of the first session of the 109
Congress, by which time both had been confirmed to their respective positions, as shown above.



Department of Energy (DOE)
Full-time Positions,
as of the End of the 108th Congress
PositionPay level
SecretaryI
Deputy SecretaryII
Under Secretary - Energy, Science, and EnvironmentIII
Under Secretary - Nuclear Security/Administrator - National Nuclear SecurityaIII
Administration (NNSA)a
Principal Deputy Administrator - NNSA IV
Deputy Administrator - Defense Programs, NNSAIV
Deputy Administrator - Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, NNSAIV
Administrator - Energy Information AdministrationIV
Assistant Secretary - Congressional and Intergovernmental AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyIV
Assistant Secretary - Environment, Safety, and HealthIV
Assistant Secretary - Environmental ManagementIV
Assistant Secretary - Fossil EnergyIV
Assistant Secretary - International Affairs and Domestic PolicyIV
Assistant Secretary - Nuclear Energy, Science, and TechnologybIV
Chief Financial Officer IV
Director - Civilian Radioactive Waste ManagementIV
Director - Office of Minority Economic ImpactIV
Director - Office of ScienceIV
General CounselcIV
Inspector General IV
a. The position of Principal Deputy Administrator - NNSA in the Department of Energy was established by P.L.107-107,th
Division C, Title XXXI, § 3141 (115 Stat. 1369), and filled for the first time during the 108 Congress, as shown below.
b. The chief financial officer may be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, or may be
designated by the President from among agency officials who have been confirmed by the Senate for other positions (31
U.S.C. § 901(a)(1)).
c. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed officials in the
departments. In the case of the IG, however, the law provides that heshall communicate the reasons for any such removal
to both Houses of Congress (5 U.S.C. Appx. § 3(b)).



DOE Appointment Action During 108th Congress
Days to
Nominee P osition Nominated Conf irmed conf irm
Linton F. BrooksUnder Secy. - Nuclear Security/a02/04/0305/01/0386
Administrator - NNSA
Paul M. LongsworthDeputy Admin. - Defense Nucleara04/28/0307/21/0384
Nonproliferation, NNSA
Rick A. DearbornAsst. Secy. - Congressional and06/26/0310/03/0368
Intergovernmental Affairs
Susan J. GrantChief Financial Officer10/14/0312/08/04334
Jerald S. PaulPrincipal Deputy Admin. - NNSA a02/03/0407/22/04170
Karen A. HarbertAsst. Secy. - International Affairs and07/22/0412/08/0493
Domestic Policy
John S. ShawAsst. Secy. - Environment, Safety, and07/22/0412/08/0493
Health
Susan J. GrantChief Financial OfficerRecess Appointment 08/02/04 b
Susan J. GrantChief Financial Officer09/10/04Returned 12/08/04 c
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination133
Median number of days to confirm a nomination93
a. NNSA: National Nuclear Security Administrationth
b. Grants recess appointment would have expired at the end of the first session of the 109 Congress, by which time she
had been confirmed, as shown.th
c. Returned to the President at the end of the 108 Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the
Standing Rules of the Senate.



Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
Full-time Positions,
as of the End of the 108th Congress
PositionPay level
SecretaryI
Deputy SecretaryII
Administrator - Centers for Medicare & Medicaid ServicesIII
Administrator - Substance Abuse and Mental Health ServicesIV
Administration
Assistant Secretary - AgingIV
Assistant Secretary - Children and Families IV
Assistant Secretary - LegislationIV
Assistant Secretary - Budget, Technology, and Finance/Chief FinancialaIV
Officer
Assistant Secretary - Planning and EvaluationIV
Assistant Secretary - Public AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Health b
Commissioner - Food and Drug AdministrationIV
Director - National Institutes of HealthIV
General CounselcIV
Inspector General IV
Commissioner - Children, Youth, and FamiliesV
Commissioner - Administration for Native AmericansdV
Director - Indian Health Services eV
Surgeon General f
a. The chief financial officer may be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, or may be
designated by the President from among agency officials who have been confirmed by the Senate for other positions (31
U.S.C. § 901(a)(1)). Department representatives have indicated that positions have been combined as noted in the table.
b. The Assistant Secretary for Health is compensated as a commissioned officer at Level 0-10 (37 U.S.C. § 201).
c. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed officials in the
departments. In the case of the IG, however, the law provides that heshall communicate the reasons for any such removal
to both Houses of Congress (5 U.S.C. Appx. § 3(b)).
d. Position has a four-year term; a Director may serve more than one term. See 25 U.S.C. § 1661(a).
e. Position has a four-year term and specified qualifications. See 42 U.S.C. § 205.
f. The Surgeon General is compensated as a commissioned officer at Level 0-9 (37 U.S.C. § 201).



HHS Appointment Action During the 108th Congress
Days to
Nominee P osition Nominated Conf irmed conf irm
Charles W. GrimDirector - Indian Health Services03/27/0307/16/03111
Kerry N. WeemsAsst. Secy.- Budget, Technology, and07/22/03Withdrawn 09/04/03
Finance
Cristina BeatoAsst. Secy. - Public Health and Science07/30/03Returned 12/08/04 a
Jennifer YoungAsst. Secy. - Legislation09/03/0312/08/0396
Michael O’GradyAsst. Secy. - Planning and Evaluation09/08/0312/08/0391
Daniel R. LevinsonInspector General07/19/04Returned 12/08/04 a
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination99
Median number of days to confirm a nomination96
a. Returned to the President at the end of the 108th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the
Standing Rules of the Senate.



Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Full-time Positions,
as of the End of the 108th Congress a
Position bPay level
SecretaryI
Deputy SecretaryII
Assistant Secretary, Transportation Security AdministrationII
Under Secretary - Information Analysis and Infrastructure ProtectionIII
Under Secretary - Science and TechnologyIII
Under Secretary - Border and Transportation SecuritycIII
Under Secretary - Emergency Preparedness and Response III
Under Secretary - ManagementIII
Director - Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration ServicesdIII
Commissioner - Customs III
Assistant Secretary - Bureau of Immigration and Customs EnforcementIV
Assistant Secretary - Border and Transportation Security PolicyIV
Assistant Secretary - Plans, Programs, and BudgetseIV
Chief Financial Officer IV
General CounselfIV
Inspector General gIV
Commandant of the Coast Guard Admiral
Director - Office for State and Local Government Coordination andIV
Preparedness h
United States Fire Administrator IV
a. The Homeland Security Act of 2002, P.L. 107-296, § 103 (116 Stat. 2135) established the Department of Homelandth
Security, and the first new appointments to positions in the department were made during the 108 Congress.
b. The Homeland Security Act (P.L. 107-296, § 103 (116 Stat. 2135)) provided for “Not more than 12 Assistant
Secretaries appointed through the advice and consent process. Of these, only the four positions in use at the end of theth
108 Congress are shown.
c. The previously appointed Deputy Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (Michael Brown)
was appointed as the Under Secretary for Emergency Preparedness and Response without the advice and consent of the
Senate, under § 1511(c)(2) of the Homeland Security Act (116 Stat. 2309).
d. The previously appointed Commissioner of Customs (Robert Bonner) continued to serve after the transfer of his
agency to the new department.
e. The Homeland Security Act established the chief financial officer (CFO) as a position to which appointments were
made by the President alone (P.L. 107-296, § 103(d)(4) (116 Stat. 2145)). P.L. 108-330 (118 Stat.1275), enacted in
2004, provided that future office holders would be appointed under the process statutorily required for most other
departmental CFOs. Under this process, the CFO may be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, or may be designated by the President from among agency officials who have been confirmed by
the Senate for other positions (31 U.S.C. § 901(a)(1)).
f. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed officials in
the departments. In the case of the IG, however, the law provides that heshall communicate the reasons for any such
removal to both Houses of Congress (5 U.S.C. Appx. § 3(b)).
g. The previously appointed Commandant of the Coast Guard (Thomas H. Collins) continued to serve after the transfer
of his agency to the new department.
h. The previously appointed U.S. Fire Administrator (R. David Paulison) continued to serve after the transfer of his
agency to the new department. For a period after the effective date of the Homeland Security Act, this position was not
a PAS position. During that time, Paulison continued to serve, so the change had no material effect. The position was
re-established as a PAS position by P.L. 108-169, § 102 (117 Stat. 2036).



DHS Appointment Action During 108th Congress
Days to
Nominee P osition Nominated Conf irmed conf irm
Thomas J. Ridge Secretary 01/07/0301/22/0315
Gordon EnglandDeputy Secretary01/07/0301/30/0323
Clark Kent ErvinInspector General01/10/03Returned 12/08/04a
Asa HutchinsonUnder Secy. - Border and Transportation01/10/0301/23/0313
Security
Janet HaleUnder Secy. - Management01/21/0303/06/0344
Charles E.Under Secy. - Science and Technology02/14/0303/19/0333
McQueary
Edward Aguirre Jr.Dir.- Bureau of Citizenship and03/11/0306/19/03100
Immigration Services
Michael J. GarciaAsst. Secy. -Bureau of Immigration and03/26/0311/25/03213
Customs Enforcement
C. Stewart VerderyAsst. Secy. - Border and Transportation04/10/0306/19/0370
Jr.Security Policy and Planning
Frank LibuttiUnder Secy. - Information Analysis and04/28/0306/23/0356
Infrastructure Protection
Joe D. Whitley General Counsel04/28/0307/31/0394
C. Suzanne MencerDir. - Office for Domestic Preparedness b06/16/0310/03/0378
Penrose C. AlbrightAsst. Secy. - Science & Technology06/26/0310/03/0368
James M. LoyDeputy Secretary11/05/0311/25/0320
Clark Kent ErvinInspector GeneralRecess Appointment 12/23/03 c
Clark Kent ErvinInspector General01/21/04Returned 12/08/04 a
David M. StoneAsst. Secy. - Transportation Security04/08/0407/22/04105
Administration
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination67
Median number of days to confirm a nomination62
a. Returned to the President at the end of the 108th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of
the Standing Rules of the Senate.
b. Under a secretarial reorganization in 2004, this office was merged with the Office of State and Local Government
Coordination to become the Office of State and Local Government and Preparedness (letter from Secretary Tom Ridge
to Senator Joseph I. Lieberman, Jan. 26, 2004).th
c. Ervins recess appointment expired at the end of the second session of the 108 Congress.



Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
Full-time Positions,
as of the End of the 108th Congress
PositionPay level
SecretaryI
Deputy SecretaryaII
Director - Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight II
Assistant Secretary - AdministrationIV
Assistant Secretary - Community Planning and DevelopmentIV
Assistant Secretary - Congressional and Intergovernmental RelationsIV
Assistant Secretary - Fair Housing and Equal OpportunityIV
Assistant Secretary - Housing/Federal Housing CommissionerIV
Assistant Secretary - Policy Development and ResearchIV
Assistant Secretary - Public AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Public and Indian HousingbIV
Chief Financial Officer IV
General CounselcIV
Inspector General IV
President - Government National Mortgage AssociationIV
a. Position has a five-year term and specified qualifications. See 12 U.S.C. § 4512.
b. The chief financial officer may be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, or may be
designated by the President from among agency officials who have been confirmed by the Senate for other positions
(31 U.S.C. § 901(a)(1)).
c. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed officials in
the departments. In the case of the IG, however, the law provides that heshall communicate the reasons for any such
removal to both Houses of Congress (5 U.S.C. Appx. § 3(b)).



HUD Appointment Action During the 108th Congress
Days to
NomineePositionNominatedConfirmed confirm
Steven B. NesmithAsst. Secy. - Congressional and04/07/0305/22/0345
Intergovernmental Relations
Mark C. BrickellDirector - Office of Federal Housing06/12/03Withdrawn 01/21/04
Enterprise Oversight
Alphonso R. JacksonSecretary 01/28/0403/31/0463
Cathy M. MacFarlaneAsst. Secy. - Public Affairs02/11/0411/21/04238
Dennis C. SheaAsst. Secy. - Policy Development and02/11/0411/21/04238
Research
Romolo A. BernardiDeputy Secretary03/11/0411/21/04209
Romolo A. BernardiDeputy SecretaryRecess appointment 05/28/04 a
Cathy M. MacFarlaneAsst. Secy. - Public AffairsRecess appointment 05/28/04 a
Dennis C. SheaAsst. Secy. - Policy Development andRecess appointment 05/28/04 a
Research
Carin M. BarthChief Financial Officer06/01/0411/21/04127
Cathy M. MacFarlaneAsst. Secy. - Public Affairs06/24/04Returned 12/08/04 b
Dennis C. SheaAsst. Secy. - Policy Development and06/24/04Returned 12/08/04 b
Research
Romolo A. BernardiDeputy Secretary06/24/04Returned 12/08/04 b
Carin M. BarthChief Financial OfficerRecess appointment 08/02/04 a
Carin M. BarthChief Financial Officer09/10/04Returned 12/08/04 b
Pamela H. PatenaudeAsst. Secy. - Community Planning and09/15/04Returned 12/08/04 b
Development
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination153
Median number of days to confirm a nomination168
a. The recess appointments of Bernardi, MacFarlane, Shea, and Barth would have expired at the end of the first sessionth
of the 109 Congress, by which time each of the nominees had been confirmed.th
b. Returned to the President at the end of the 108 Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of
the Standing Rules of the Senate.



Department of the Interior (DOI)
Full-time Positions,
as of the End of the 108th Congress
PositionPay level
SecretaryI
Deputy SecretaryII
Special Trustee for American Indiansa
Assistant Secretary - Fish, Wildlife, and ParksIV
Assistant Secretary - Indian AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Land and Minerals ManagementIV
Assistant Secretary - Policy, Management, and Budget/Chief FinancialbIV
Officer IV
Assistant Secretary - Water and Sciencec
Chairman - National Indian Gaming Commission dIV
Inspector General IVIV
Solicitor
Director - National Park ServiceV
Director - Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and EnforcementV
Commissioner - Bureau of ReclamationV
Director - Bureau of Land ManagementV
Director - U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceV
Director - U.S. Geological SurveyeVV
Commissioner - Indian Affairs
a. The Special Trustee is to be paidat a rate determined by the Secretary to be appropriate for the position, but not less
than the rate of basic pay payable at Level II of the Executive Schedule...” (25 U.S.C. § 4042).
b. The chief financial officer may be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, or may be
designated by the President from among agency officials who have been confirmed by the Senate for other positions
(31 U.S.C. § 901(a)(1)).
c. Position has a three-year term, specified qualifications, and limitations on the President’s removal power. See 25
U.S.C. § 2704(b).
d. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed officials in
the departments. In the case of the IG, however, the law provides that heshall communicate the reasons for any such
removal to both Houses of Congress (5 U.S.C. Appx. § 3(b)).
e. Position (provided for at 25 U.S.C. § 1) has been vacant since 1981.



DOI Appointment Action During the 108th Congress
Days to
Nominee P osition Nominated Conf irmed conf irm
Ross O. SwimmerSpecial Trustee for American Indians02/04/0304/10/0365
David W. AndersonAsst. Secy. - Indian Affairs09/15/0312/09/0385
Sue EllenSolicitor02/02/0411/21/04247
Wooldridge
Sue EllenSolicitorRecess appointment 05/28/04 a
Wooldridge
Sue EllenSolicitor06/24/04Returned 12/08/04 b
Wooldridge
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination132
Median number of days to confirm a nomination85
a. Wooldridges recess appointment would have expired at the end of the first session of the 109th Congress, by which
time she had been confirmed, as shown above.th
b. Returned to the President at the end of the 108 Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of
the Standing Rules of the Senate.



Department of Justice (DOJ)
Full-time Positions,
as of the End of the 108th Congress
Position aPay level
Attorney GeneralI
Deputy Attorney GeneralbII
Director - Federal Bureau of Investigation II
Administrator of Drug EnforcementIII
Associate Attorney GeneralIII
Solicitor GeneralcIII
Director - Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives III
Assistant Attorney General - Antitrust DivisionIV
Assistant Attorney General - Civil DivisionIV
Assistant Attorney General - Civil Rights DivisionIV
Assistant Attorney General - Criminal DivisionIV
Assistant Attorney General - Environment and Natural Resources IV
Assistant Attorney General - Legislative AffairsIV
Assistant Attorney General - Office of Justice ProgramsIV
Assistant Attorney General - Office of Legal CounselIV
Assistant Attorney General - Office of Legal PolicyIV
Assistant Attorney General - Tax DivisionIV
Administrator - Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency PreventionIV
Deputy Administrator - Drug Enforcement AdministrationIV
Director - Bureau of Justice AssistanceIV
Director - Bureau of Justice StatisticsdIV
Director - Community Relations Service IV
Director - National Institute of JusticeIV
Director - Office for Victims of CrimeIV
Director - U.S. Marshals ServiceeIV
Inspector General fIV
Special Counsel - Immigration-Related Unfair Employment Practices h g
Director - Violence Against Women Office V
a. Does not include positions of U.S. Attorney and U.S. Marshal. The position of chief financial officer (CFO) is also
not listed here. Although the Department of Justice is included in the statute that provides presidentially appointed and
Senate-confirmed CFOs for all of the major executive branch agencies (31 U.S.C. § 901(a)(1)), this provision is
superseded by 28 U.S.C. § 507. The latter section provides that the Assistant Attorney General for Administration,
appointed by the Attorney General with the approval of the President, shall be the CFO for the Department of Justice.
b. Position has a 10-year term. See 28 U.S.C. § 532 note.
c. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L.107-296) transferred, in early 2003, the law enforcement functions of the
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) from the Department of the Treasury to the Department of
Justice (Subtitle B, 116 Stat. 2274).
d. Position has a four-year term. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000g.
e. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed officials in
the departments. In the case of the IG, however, the law provides that heshall communicate the reasons for any such
removal to both Houses of Congress (5 U.S.C. Appx. § 3(b)).
f. Position has a four-year term. See 8 U.S.C. § 1324b(c)(1).
g.The Special Counsel for Immigration-Related Unfair Employment Practices is entitled to receive compensation at a
rate not to exceed the rate now or hereafter provided for grade GS-17 of the General Schedule,” under 5 U.S.C. § 5332
(8 U.S.C. § 1324b(c)(3)).
h. The position of Director of the Violence Against Women Office in the Department of Justice was established by P.L.th
107-273, Title IV, § 402 (116 Stat. 1789), and filled for the first time during the 108 Congress, as shown below.



DOJ Appointment Action During the 108th Congress
Days to
Nominee P osition Nominated Conf irmed conf irm
Diane M. StuartDirector - Violence Against Women03/05/0307/31/03148
Office
R. Hewitt PateAsst. Atty. General - Antitrust Division03/13/0306/13/0392
William E. MoschellaAsst. Atty. General - Legislative Affairs04/02/0305/09/0337
Robert D. McCallumAssociate Attorney General04/07/0306/27/0381
Jr.
Peter D. KeislerAsst. Atty. General - Civil Division04/10/0306/05/0356
Karen P. TandyAdmin. - Drug Enforcement06/02/0307/31/0359
Jack L. Goldsmith IIIAsst. Atty. General - Office of Legal06/09/0310/03/0385
Counsel
Christopher A. WrayAsst. Atty. General - Criminal Division06/09/0309/11/0363
Rene AcostaAsst. Atty. General - Civil Rights Division06/26/0308/01/0336
Daniel J. BryantAsst. Atty. General - Office of Legal07/08/0310/03/0331
Policy
Domingo S. HerraizDirector - Bureau of Justice Assistance09/08/0303/08/04141
Michele M. LeonhartDeputy Admin. - Drug Enforcement 10/03/0303/08/04116
James B. ComeyDeputy Attorney General10/17/0312/09/0353
William SanchezSpecial Counsel - Immigration-Related06/01/0412/08/04144
Unfair Employment Practices
Alberto R. GonzalezAttorney General11/16/04Returned 12/08/04 a
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination 82
Median number of days to confirm a nomination 72
a. Returned to the President at the end of the 108th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of
the Standing Rules of the Senate.



Department of Labor (DOL)
Full-time Positions,
as of the End of the 108th Congress
PositionPay level
SecretaryI
Deputy SecretaryII
Assistant Secretary - Administration and ManagementIV
Assistant Secretary - Congressional and Intergovernmental AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Employment and Training AdministrationIV
Assistant Secretary - Employment Standards AdministrationIV
Assistant Secretary - Mine Safety and Health AdministrationIV
Assistant Secretary - Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)IV
Assistant Secretary - Office of Public AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Employee Benefits Security AdministrationIV
Assistant Secretary - PolicyIV
Assistant Secretary - Veterans’ Employment and Training ServiceIV
Assistant Secretary - Disability Employment PolicyaIV
Chief Financial Officer bIV
Commissioner - Bureau of Labor Statistics cIV
Inspector General IV
SolicitorIV
Administrator - Wage and Hour DivisiondV
Director - Women’s Bureau e
a. The chief financial officer may be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, or may be
designated by the President from among agency officials who have been confirmed by the Senate for other positions
(31 U.S.C. § 901(a)(1)).
b. Position has a four-year term. See 29 U.S.C. § 3.
c. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed officials in
the departments. In the case of the IG, however, the law provides that heshall communicate the reasons for any such
removal to both Houses of Congress (5 U.S.C. Appx. § 3(b)).
d. By statute, the incumbent must be a woman (29 U.S.C. § 12).
e. Ungraded senior level position with a salary maximum equal to Executive Schedule Level IV.
DOL Appointment Action During the 108th Congress
Days to
Nominee P osition Nominated Conf irmed conf irm
Howard RadzelySolicitor 05/06/0312/09/03186
Steven J. LawDeputy Secretary11/07/0312/09/0332
Lisa KruskaAsst. Secy. - Office of Public Affairs12/09/0311/21/04261
Veronica V. StidventAsst. Secy. - Policy06/01/0412/08/04144
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination156
Median number of days to confirm a nomination165



Department of State (DOS)
Full-time Positions,
as of the End of the 108th Congress
Position aPay level
SecretaryI
Deputy SecretarybII
Deputy Secretary - Management and Resources II
Under Secretary - Economic, Business, and Agricultural AffairsIII
Under Secretary - Global AffairsIII
Under Secretary - Arms Control and International SecurityIII
Under Secretary - ManagementIII
Under Secretary - Political AffairsIII
Under Secretary - Public Diplomacy and Public AffairsIII
CounselorIII
Ambassador-at-Large - International Religious FreedomIII
Ambassador-at-Large/Director - Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking incIV
Persons
Ambassador-at-Large - War CrimesIV
Ambassador-at-Large /Coordinator - CounterterrorismdIV
Coordinator - U.S. Global AIDS IV
Chief of ProtocolIV
Assistant Secretary - AdministrationIV
Assistant Secretary - African AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Arms ControlIV
Assistant Secretary - Consular AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Democracy, Human Rights, and LaborIV
Assistant Secretary - Diplomatic Security and Director - Office of Foreign MissionsIV
Assistant Secretary - East Asia and Pacific AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Economic and Business AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Educational and Cultural AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - European and Eurasian AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Intelligence and ResearchIV
Assistant Secretary - International Narcotics and Law Enforcement IV
Assistant Secretary - International OrganizationsIV
Assistant Secretary - Legislative AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Near Eastern AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Non-proliferationIV
Assistant Secretary - Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Political and Military AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Population, Refugee, and Migration AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Public AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - South Asian AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Verification and ComplianceIV
Assistant Secretary - Western Hemisphere AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Resource ManagementeIV
Chief Financial Officer fIV
Director General - Foreign Service gIV
Inspector General IV
Legal AdviserIV



Position aPay level
International Organizations
U.S. Representative - United NationsIIh
U.S. Representative - Organization of American States
U.S. Deputy Representative - United NationsIII
U.S. Alternate Representative - U.N. Economic and Social CouncilIV
U.S. Alternate Representative - U.N. Management and ReformIV
U.S. Alternate Representative - Special Political Affairs in the U.N.IV
a. Does not include chiefs of mission in overseas posts.
b. The position of Deputy Secretary - Management and Resources in the Department of State was established by P.L.
106-553, § 404 (a) (114 Stat. 2762A96), enacted Dec. 21, 2000. This position has never been filled.
c. The position of Director - Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons in the Department of State was
established by P.L. 106-386, Division A, § 105 (e) (114 Stat. 1474), enacted Oct. 28, 2000. It became an advice and
consent position with P.L. 108-193, § 6 (b)(1) (117 Stat. 2881), enacted Dec. 19, 2003.
d. The position of Coordinator of United States Government Activities to Combat HIV/AIDS Globally (called U.S.
Global AIDS Coordinator) in the Department of State was established by P.L. 108-25 § 102 (117 Stat. 721), and filledth
for the first time during the 108 Congress, as shown below.
e. The chief financial officer may be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, or may be
designated by the President from among agency officials who have been confirmed by the Senate for other positions
(31 U.S.C. § 901(a)(1)). With regard to State Department appointments, since 2001, the same individual has been
separately and simultaneously nominated for, and confirmed to, the positions of chief financial officer and Assistant
Secretary for Resource Management.
f. By law, incumbent must be a current or former career senior foreign service officer (22 U.S.C. § 3928).
g. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed officials in
the departments. In the case of the IG, however, the law provides that heshall communicate the reasons for any such
removal to both Houses of Congress (5 U.S.C. Appx. § 3(b)).
h. Senior Foreign Service - political appointment on a career track.



DOS Appointment Action During the 108th Congress
Days to
Nominee P osition Nominated Conf irmed conf irm
Grant S. Green Jr.Dep. Secy. - Management and Resources 01/09/03Returned 12/08/04 a
Roger F. NoriegaAsst. Secy. - Western Hemisphere Affairs03/24/0307/29/03127
John F. MaistoU.S. Rep. - Organization of American04/02/0306/27/0386
States
Robert B. CharlesAsst. Secy. - International Narcotics and07/15/0310/03/0349
Law Enforcement
W. Robert PearsonDirector General - Foreign Service09/15/0310/03/0318
Randall L. TobiasCoordinator - U.S. Global AIDS09/15/0310/03/0318
Margaret D. TutwilerUnder Secy. - Public Diplomacy and10/14/0312/09/0356
Public Affairs
Stuart W. HollidayU. S. Alt. Rep. - Special Political Affairs10/16/0312/09/0354
in the United Nations
Constance B. NewmanAsst. Secy. - African Affairs03/22/0406/03/0473
Thomas Fingar Asst. Secy. - Intelligence and Research04/19/0407/21/0493
John C. DanforthU.S. Rep. - United Nations06/14/0406/24/0410
John R. MillerAmbassador-at-Large/Dir. - Office to06/17/0407/22/0435
Monitor and Combat Trafficking
Howard J. KrongardInspector General09/08/04Returned 12/08/04 a
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination56
Median number of days to confirm a nomination54
a. Returned to the President at the end of the 108th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of
the Standing Rules of the Senate.



Department of Transportation (DOT)
Full-time Positions,
as of the End of the 108th Congress
PositionPay level
SecretaryI
Deputy SecretaryaII
Under Secretary - Policy bII
Administrator - Federal Aviation Administration II
Administrator - Federal Highway AdministrationII
Administrator - Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationIII
Administrator - Federal Railroad AdministrationIII
Administrator - Federal Transit AdministrationIII
Administrator - Maritime AdministrationIII
Administrator - National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationIII
Administrator - Research and Special Programs AdministrationcIII
Administrator - St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation IV
Assistant Secretary - Aviation and International AffairsdIV
Assistant Secretary - Budget and Programs/Chief Financial Officer IV
Assistant Secretary - Governmental AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Transportation PolicyeIV
Deputy Administrator - Federal Aviation Administration IV
Director - Bureau of Transportation StatisticsIV
General CounselfIV
Inspector General IV
a. The position of Under Secretary - Policy in the Department of Transportation was established by P.L. 107-295, § 215 th
(116 Stat. 2101), and filled for the first time during the 108 Congress, as shown below. P.L. 107-295, § 215 also
abolished the position of Associate Deputy Secretary.
b. Position has a five-year term and specified qualifications. See 49 U.S.C. § 106.
c. Position has a seven-year term. See 33 U.S.C. § 982(a).
d. The chief financial officer may be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, or may be
designated by the President from among agency officials who have been confirmed by the Senate for other positions
(31 U.S.C. § 901(a)(1)).
e. Position has specified qualifications. See 49 U.S.C. § 106.
f. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed officials in
the departments. In the case of the IG, however, the law provides that heshall communicate the reasons for any such
removal to both Houses of Congress (5 U.S.C. Appx. § 3(b)).



DOT Appointment Action During the 108th Congress
Days to
Nominee P osition Nominated Conf irmed conf irm
Emil H. FrankelAsst. Secy. - Transportation Policy01/09/0303/19/0369
Jeffrey ShaneAssociate Deputy Secretary01/09/03Withdrawn 02/11/03
Robert A. SturgellDep. Admin. - Federal Aviation01/15/0303/19/0363
Administration
Jeffrey ShaneUnder Secy. - Policy02/11/0303/19/0336
Annette SandbergAdmin. - Federal Motor Carrier Safety03/24/0307/31/03129
Administration
Nicole R. NasonAsst. Secy. - Governmental Affairs05/14/0307/23/0370
Karan K. BhatiaAsst. Secy. - Aviation and International09/03/0312/09/0397
Affairs Administration
Kirk Van TineDeputy Secretary09/18/03Returned 12/09/03 a
Jeffrey A. RosenGeneral Counsel 10/03/0312/09/0367
Linda M. CombsAsst. Secy. - Budget and Programs11/25/0305/21/04137
Kirk Van TineDeputy Secretary01/26/04Returned 12/08/04 b
Linda M. CombsAsst. Secy. - Budget and ProgramsRecess Appointment 04/16/04 c
Linda M. CombsAsst. Secy. - Budget and Programs05/13/04Returned 12/08/04 b
Kirk Van TineDeputy SecretaryRecess Appointment 05/28/04 c
Kirk Van TineDeputy Secretary06/24/04Returned 12/08/04b
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination84
Median number of days to confirm a nomination70
a. Returned to the President at the end of the first session of the 108th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule
XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.th
b. Returned to the President at the end of the 108 Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of
the Standing Rules of the Senate. th
c. Recess appointments would have expired at the end of the first session of the 109 Congress. By this time, Combs
had been confirmed, as shown above, and Van Tine had left office.



Department of the Treasury (TREA)
Full-time Positions,
as of the End of the 108th Congress
PositionPay level
SecretaryI
Deputy SecretaryaII
Commissioner of Internal Revenue III
Commissioner of CustomsbIII
Comptroller of the Currency cIII
Director - Office of Thrift Supervision III
Under Secretary - Domestic FinancedIII
Under Secretary - Terrorism and Financial Intelligence III
Under Secretary - International AffairsIII
Assistant Secretary - Economic PolicyIV
Assistant Secretary - Financial InstitutionsIV
Assistant Secretary - Financial MarketseIV
Assistant Secretary - Intelligence and Analysis fIV
Assistant Secretary - Management/Chief Financial OfficerIV
Assistant Secretary - Public Affairs and Public LiaisonIV
Assistant Secretary - Tax Policy gIV
Assistant Secretary - Terrorist FinancingIV
Deputy Under Secretary/Assistant Secretary - International AffairsIV
Deputy Under Secretary/Assistant Secretary - Legislative AffairsIV
General CounselhIV
Inspector General IV
Inspector General for Tax AdministrationIV
Chief Counsel - IRS/Assistant General Counsel for TaxiVj
Director of the Mint SL j
Treasurer of the United StatesSL
a. Position has a five-year term and specified qualifications. See 26 U.S.C. § 7803(a)(1).
b. Position has a five-year term, and a limitation on the President’s removal power. See 12 U.S.C. § 2.
c. Position has a five-year term and specified qualifications. See 12 U.S.C. § 1462a(c).
d. The position of Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Crimes (called Under Secretary for Terrorism and
Financial Intelligence) was established by P.L. 108-447, Division H, Title II, § 222 (118 Stat. 3242). The Under
Secretary was the successor office to the Office of Enforcement, and the incumbent in that office, Stuart Levey,
continued to serve.
e. The position of Assistant Secretary for Intelligence and Analysis was established by P.L. 108-177, § 105 (117 Stat.th
2603), but it had not been filled by the end of the 108 Congress.
f. The chief financial officer may be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, or may be
designated by the President from among agency officials who have been confirmed by the Senate for other positions
(31 U.S.C. § 901(a)(1)).
g. The position of Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing was initially created administratively, in early 2004, as a
successor position to the Assistant Secretary for Enforcement. As shown below, Juan C. Zarate was nominated and
confirmed for this position. P.L. 108-447 established the Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing as a distinct
position with responsibility forformulating and coordinating the counter-terrorist financing and anti-money laundering
efforts of the Department of the Treasury...” [Div. H, Title II, § 222(a), 118 Stat. 3242].
h. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed officials in
the departments. In the case of the IG, however, the law provides that heshall communicate the reasons for any such
removal to both Houses of Congress (5 U.S.C. Appx. § 3(b)).
i. Position has a five-year term and a limitation on the President’s removal power. See 31 U.S.C. § 304.
j. Ungraded senior level position with a base pay maximum at a rate equal to Executive Schedule Level IV, but base
plus locality maximum is Executive Schedule Level III.



TREA Appointment Action During the 108th Congress
Days to
Nominee P osition Nominated Conf irmed conf irm
John W. SnowSecretary01/13/0301/30/0317
Mark W. EversonCommissioner of Internal Revenue01/22/0305/01/0399
Teresa M. ResselAsst. Secy. - Management04/02/0308/01/03121
Robert S. NicholsAsst. Secy. - Public Affairs and Public04/10/0308/01/03113
Liaison
Susan C. SchwabDeputy Secretary07/17/03Withdrawn 12/09/03
Arnold I. HavensGeneral Counsel10/29/0312/09/0341
J. Russell GeorgeInspector General for Tax11/19/0311/21/04281
Administration
Mark J.Asst. Secy. - Economic Policy11/25/0303/12/0467
Warshawsky
Samuel W. BodmanDeputy Secretary12/09/0302/12/0424
Donald KorbChief Counsel - IRS/Assistant General12/09/0304/08/0480
Counsel - Tax
Brian C. RoseboroUnder Secy. - Domestic Finance12/09/0304/08/0480
Juan C. ZarateAsst. Secy. - Terrorist Financing03/11/0407/21/04132
Stuart LeveyUnder Secy. - Enforcement04/08/0407/21/04104
Timothy S.Asst. Secy. - Financial Markets05/11/0411/21/04148
Bitsberger
Gregory F. JennerAsst. Secy. - Tax Policy07/22/04Returned 12/08/04 a
Anna E. CabralTreasurer of the United States07/22/0411/21/0443
Jesus H. Delgado-Asst. Secy. - Management09/20/04Returned 12/08/04 a
Jenkins
Harold DamelinInspector General10/07/04Returned 12/08/04 a
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination96
Median number of days to confirm a nomination90
a. Returned to the President at the end of the 108th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of
the Standing Rules of the Senate.



Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA)
Full-time Positions,
as of the End of the 108th Congress
PositionPay level
SecretaryI
Deputy SecretaryaII
Under Secretary - Benefits bIII
Under Secretary - Health III
Under Secretary - Memorial AffairsIII
Assistant Secretary - Congressional and Legislative AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Human Resources and AdministrationcIV
Assistant Secretary - Management and Chief Financial Officer IV
Assistant Secretary - Policy, Planning, and PreparednessIV
Assistant Secretary - Public and Intergovernmental AffairsIV
Assistant Secretary - Information and TechnologydIV
Chairman - Board of Veterans’ Appeals IV
General CounseleIV
Inspector General IV
a. Position has a four-year term, limitations on the President’s removal power, and specified qualifications. See 38
U.S.C. § 306.
b. Position has a four-year term, limitations on the President’s removal power, and specified qualifications. See 38
U.S.C. § 305.
c. The chief financial officer may be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, or may be
designated by the President from among agency officials who have been confirmed by the Senate for other positions (31
U.S.C. § 901(a)(1)). Department representatives have indicated that positions will be combined as noted in the table.
d. Position has a six-year term, limitations on the President’s removal power, and specified qualifications. See 38 U.S.C.
§ 7101(b).
e. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed officials in
the departments. In the case of the IG, however, the law provides that heshall communicate the reasons for any such
removal to both Houses of Congress (5 U.S.C. Appx. § 3(b)).



DVA Appointment Action During the 108th Congress
Days to
Nominee P osition Nominated Conf irmed conf irm
John W. NicholsonUnder Secy. - Memorial Affairs01/09/0304/11/0392
Dee Ann McWilliamsAsst. Secy. - Human Resources and03/24/0306/02/0370
Administration
Cynthia R. ChurchAsst. Secy. - Public and07/11/0301/22/04154
Intergovernmental Affairs
Robert N. McFarlandAsst. Secy. - Information and10/14/0301/22/0459
Technology
Gordon H. MansfieldDeputy Secretary11/03/0301/22/0439
Pamela M. IovinoAsst. Secy. - Congressional and01/28/0411/21/04252
Legislative Affairs
Robert A. PittmanAsst. Secy. - Human Resources and06/17/0411/21/04111
Administration
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination111
Median number of days to confirm a nomination92



Appendix A. Nominations and Recess Appointments,
108th Congress
Nomina-Confirm-Days to
NomineePositionDept.tion dateation dateconfirm
Rene AcostaAsst. Atty. General - Civil Rights DivisionDOJ06/26/0308/01/0336
Edward Aguirre Jr.Dir. - Bureau of Citizenship and ImmigrationDHS03/11/0306/19/03100
Services
Penrose C. AlbrightAsst. Secy. - Science & TechnologyDHS06/26/0310/03/0368
David W. AndersonAsst. Secy. - Indian AffairsDOI09/15/0312/09/0385
Dionel M. AvilesUnder Secy. - NavyDOD02/06/0409/28/04189
Valerie L. BaldwinAsst. Secy. - Army - Financial Management/DOD07/08/0407/22/0414
Co mp tr o ller
Carin M. BarthChief Financial OfficerHUD06/01/0411/21/04127
Carin M. BarthChief Financial OfficerHUDRecess appointment 08/02/04
Carin M. BarthChief Financial OfficerHUD09/10/04Returned 12/08/04
Cristina BeatoAsst. Secy. - Public Health and ScienceHHS07/30/03Returned 12/08/04
Romolo A. BernardiDeputy SecretaryHUD03/11/0411/21/04209
Romolo A. BernardiDeputy SecretaryHUDRecess appointment 05/28/04
Romolo A. BernardiDeputy SecretaryHUD06/24/04Returned 12/08/04
Karan K. BhatiaAsst. Secy. - Aviation and International AffairsDOT09/03/0312/09/0397
Ad mi ni str a tio n
Timothy S. BitsbergerAsst. Secy. - Financial MarketsTREA05/11/0411/21/04148
Samuel W. BodmanDeputy SecretaryTREA12/09/0302/12/0424
Mark C. BrickellDirector - Office of Federal Housing EnterpriseHUD06/12/03Withdrawn 01/21/04
O ve r si ght
Linton F. BrooksUnder Secy. - Nuclear Security/AdministratorDOE02/04/0305/01/0386
National Nuclear Security Administration
(NNSA)
Daniel J. BryantAsst. Atty. General - Office of Legal PolicyDOJ07/08/0310/03/0331
Anna E. CabralTreasurer of the United StatesTREA07/22/0411/21/0443
Steven A. CamboneUnder Secy. - IntelligenceDOD02/04/0303/07/0331
Robert B. CharlesAsst. Secy. - International Narcotics and LawDOS07/15/0310/03/0349
Enforcement
Cynthia R. ChurchAsst. Secy. - Public and IntergovernmentalDVA07/11/0301/22/04154
Affa i r s
Linda M. CombsAsst. Secy. - Budget and ProgramsDOT11/25/0305/21/04137
Linda M. CombsAsst. Secy. - Budget and ProgramsDOTRecess Appointment 04/16/04
Linda M. CombsAsst. Secy. - Budget and ProgramsDOT05/13/04Returned 12/08/04
James B. ComeyDeputy Attorney GeneralDOJ10/17/0312/09/0353
Harold DamelinInspector GeneralTREA10/07/04Returned 12/08/04
John C. DanforthU.S. Rep. - United NationsDOS06/14/0406/24/0410



Nomina-Confirm-Days to
NomineePositionDept.tion dateation dateconfirm
Rick A. DearbornAsst. Secy. - Congressional andDOE06/26/0310/03/0368
Intergovernmental Affairs
Jesus H. Delgado-JenkinsAsst. Secy. - ManagementTREA09/20/04Returned 12/08/04
Lawrence T. Di RitaAsst. Secy. - Public AffairsDOD11/21/03Withdrawn 11/16/04
Thomas C. DorrUnder Secy. - Rural DevelopmentUSDA01/09/03 Returned 12/08/04
Raymond F. DuBoisDep. Under Secy. - Logistics and MaterielDOD09/08/04Returned 12/08/04
Readiness
Jonathan W. DudasUnder Secy. - Intellectual Property/Dir. - Patent and Trademark OfficeDOC03/22/0411/21/04198

Jonathan W. DudasUnder Secy. - Intellectual Property/Dir. - Patent and Trademark OfficeDOCRecess Appointment 08/02/04

Jonathan W. DudasUnder Secy. - Intellectual Property/Dir. - Patent and Trademark OfficeDOC09/10/04 Returned 12/08/04
Jaymie Alan DurnanAsst. Secy. - Army -Installations andDOD11/21/03Withdrawn 02/23/04
E nvi r o nme nt
Gordon EnglandDeputy SecretaryDHS01/07/0301/30/0323
Gordon EnglandSecretary - NavyDOD09/03/0309/26/0323
Clark Kent ErvinInspector GeneralDHS01/10/03 Returned 12/08/04
Clark Kent ErvinInspector GeneralDHSRecess Appointment 12/23/03
Clark Kent ErvinInspector GeneralDHS01/21/04 Returned 12/08/04
Mark W. EversonCommissioner of Internal RevenueTREA01/22/0305/01/0399
Thomas Fingar Asst. Secy. - Intelligence and ResearchDOS04/19/0407/21/0493
Peter C.W. FloryAsst. Secy. - International Security PolicyDOD06/01/04 Returned 12/08/04
Emil H. FrankelAsst. Secy. - Transportation PolicyDOT01/09/0303/19/0369
Albert A. Frink Jr.Asst. Secy. - Trade DevelopmentDOC06/17/0411/21/04111
Albert A. Frink Jr.Asst. Secy. - Trade DevelopmentDOCRecess Appointment 08/02/04
Albert A. Frink Jr.Asst. Secy. - Trade DevelopmentDOC09/10/04 Returned 12/08/04
Michael D. GallagherAsst. Secy. - Communications and InformationDOC10/14/0311/21/04317
Michael D. GallagherAsst. Secy. - Communications and InformationDOCRecess Appointment 07/02/04
Michael D. GallagherAsst. Secy. - Communications and InformationDOC07/19/04 Returned 12/08/04
Michael J. GarciaAsst. Secy. -Bureau of Immigration andDHS03/26/0311/25/03213
Customs Enforcement
J. Russell GeorgeInspector General for Tax AdministrationTREA11/19/0311/21/04281
Jack L. Goldsmith IIIAsst. Atty. General - Office of Legal Counsel DOJ06/09/0310/03/0385
Alberto R. GonzalezAttorney GeneralDOJ11/16/04 Returned 12/08/04
Susan J. GrantChief Financial OfficerDOE10/14/0312/08/04334
Susan J. GrantChief Financial OfficerDOERecess Appointment 08/02/04
Susan J. GrantChief Financial OfficerDOE09/10/04Returned 12/08/04
Richard Greco Jr.Asst. Secy. - Navy - Financial Management/DOD09/13/0410/10/0427


Co mp tr o ller

Nomina-Confirm-Days to
NomineePositionDept.tion dateation dateconfirm
Grant S. Green Jr.Dep. Secy. - Management and Resources DOS01/09/03Returned 12/08/04
Charles W. GrimDirector - Indian Health ServicesHHS03/27/0307/16/03111
John H. HagerAsst. Secy. - Special Education andED06/01/0411/21/04127
Rehabilitative Services
Janet HaleUnder Secy. - ManagementDHS01/21/0303/06/0344
Karen A. HarbertAsst. Secy. - International Affairs and DomesticDOE07/22/0412/08/0493
P o licy
Michael J. HarrisonAsst. Secy. - AdministrationUSDA09/15/0411/21/0467
Francis J. HarveyAsst. Secy. - Command, Control,DOD11/06/03Withdrawn 09/15/04
Communications, and Intelligence
Francis J. HarveySecretary - ArmyDOD09/15/0411/16/0462
Arnold I. HavensGeneral CounselTREA10/29/0312/09/0341
Christopher R. HenryDep. Under Secy. - PolicyDOD01/09/0302/04/0326
Domingo S. HerraizDir. - Bureau of Justice AssistanceDOJ09/08/0303/08/04141
Eugene HickokDeputy SecretaryED01/28/04Returned 12/08/04
Eugene HickokDeputy SecretaryEDRecess Appointment 04/16/04
Eugene HickokDeputy SecretaryED05/13/0411/21/04146
Stuart W. HollidayU.S. Alt. Rep. - Special Political Affairs in theDOS10/16/0312/09/0354
United Nations
Asa HutchinsonUnder Secy. - Border and TransportationDHS01/10/0301/23/0313
Security
Pamela M. IovinoAsst. Secy. - Congressional and LegislativeDVA01/28/0411/21/04252
Affa i r s
Alphonso R. JacksonSecretary HUD01/28/0403/31/0463
Gregory F. JennerAsst. Secy. - Tax PolicyTREA07/22/04Returned 12/08/04
James J. JochumAsst. Secy. - Import AdministrationDOC04/09/0308/01/03114
Karen JohnsonAsst. Secy. - Legislation and CongressionalED01/21/0305/23/03122
Affa i r s
Tina W. JonasUnder Secy. - ComptrollerDOD03/11/0407/22/04133
Theodore W. KassingerDeputy SecretaryDOC02/26/0411/21/04223
Theodore W. KassingerDeputy SecretaryDOCRecess Appointment 07/02/04
Theodore W. KassingerDeputy SecretaryDOC07/19/04Returned 12/08/04
Rhonda KeenumAsst. Secy. - Trade Promotion/Director General- U.S. and Foreign Commercial ServiceDOC12/09/0304/08/0480
Peter D. KeislerAsst. Atty. General - Civil DivisionDOJ04/10/0306/05/0356
Donald KorbChief Counsel - IRS/Assistant General CounselTREA12/09/0304/08/0480
- Tax
Howard J. KrongardInspector GeneralDOS09/08/04Returned 12/08/04
Lisa KruskaAsst. Secy. - Office of Public AffairsDOL12/09/0311/21/04261
Steven J. LawDeputy SecretaryDOL11/07/0312/09/0332



Nomina-Confirm-Days to
NomineePositionDept.tion dateation dateconfirm
Michele M. LeonhartDep. Admin. - Drug Enforcement DOJ10/03/0303/08/04116
Robert LernerCommissioner of Education StatisticsED06/03/03Returned 12/08/04
Robert LernerCommissioner of Education StatisticsEDRecess Appointment 12/23/03
Robert LernerCommissioner of Education StatisticsED01/21/04Returned 12/08/04
Stuart LeveyUnder Secy. - EnforcementTREA04/08/0407/21/04104
Daniel R. LevinsonInspector GeneralHHS07/19/04Returned 12/08/04
Frank LibuttiUnder Secy. - Information Analysis andDHS04/28/0306/23/0356
Infrastructure Protection
Peter LichtenbaumAsst. Secy. - Export AdministrationDOC07/22/0310/17/0356
Paul M. LongsworthDep. Admin. - Defense NuclearDOE04/28/0307/21/0384
Nonproliferation, NNSA
James M. LoyDeputy SecretaryDHS11/05/0311/25/0320
Cathy M. MacFarlaneAsst. Secy. - Public AffairsHUD02/11/0411/21/04238
Cathy M. MacFarlaneAsst. Secy. - Public AffairsHUDRecess appointment 05/28/04
Cathy M. MacFarlaneAsst. Secy. - Public AffairsHUD06/24/04Returned 12/08/04
John F. MaistoU.S. Rep. - Organization of American StatesDOS04/02/0306/27/0386
Gordon H. MansfieldDeputy SecretaryDVA11/03/0301/22/0439
Robert D. McCallum Jr.Associate Attorney GeneralDOJ04/07/0306/27/0381
Robert N. McFarlandAsst. Secy. - Information and TechnologyDVA10/14/0301/22/0459
Paul McHaleAsst. Secy. - Homeland DefenseDOD01/09/0302/04/0326
Edward R. McPhersonUnder SecretaryED02/26/0411/21/04223
Edward R. McPhersonUnder SecretaryEDRecess Appointment 04/18/04
Edward R. McPhersonUnder SecretaryED05/13/0411/21/04
Charles E. McQuearyUnder Secy. - Science and TechnologyDHS02/14/0303/19/0333
Dee Ann McWilliamsAsst. Secy. - Human Resources andDVA03/24/0306/02/0370
Ad mi ni str a tio n
C. Suzanne MencerDir. - Office for Domestic PreparednessDHS06/16/0310/03/0378
John R. MillerAmbassador-at-Large/Dir. - Office to MonitorDOS06/17/0407/22/0435
and Combat Trafficking
William E. MoschellaAsst. Atty. General - Legislative AffairsDOJ04/02/0305/09/0337
Julie L. MyersAsst. Secy. - Export EnforcementDOC06/25/0310/17/0383
Nicole R. NasonAsst. Secy. - Governmental AffairsDOT05/14/0307/23/0370
Steven B. NesmithAsst. Secy. - Congressional andHUD04/07/0305/22/0345
Intergovernmental Relations
Constance B. NewmanAsst. Secy. - African AffairsDOS03/22/0406/03/0473
Robert S. NicholsAsst. Secy. - Public Affairs and Public LiaisonTREA04/10/0308/01/03113
Roger F. NoriegaAsst. Secy. - Western Hemisphere AffairsDOS03/24/0307/29/03127
John W. NicholsonUnder Secy. - Memorial AffairsDVA01/09/0304/11/0392



Nomina-Confirm-Days to
NomineePositionDept.tion dateation dateconfirm
Thomas W. OConnellAsst. Secy. - Special Operations and Low-Intensity ConflictDOD05/01/0307/21/0381
Michael OGradyAsst. Secy. - Planning and EvaluationHHS09/08/0312/08/0391
Brett T. PalmerAsst. Secy. - Legislative and GovernmentalAffairsDOC05/11/0411/21/04148
Vernon Bernard ParkerAsst. Secy. - Civil RightsUSDA01/14/0303/27/0372
R. Hewitt PateAsst. Atty. General - Antitrust DivisionDOJ03/13/0306/13/0392
Pamela H. PatenaudeAsst. Secy. - Community Planning andHUD09/15/04Returned 12/08/04
Development
Jerald S. PaulPrincipal Dep. Admin. - NNSADOE02/03/0407/22/04170
W. Robert PearsonDir. General - Foreign ServiceDOS09/15/0310/03/0318
Buddie J. PennAsst. Secy. - Navy - Installations andDOD09/23/04Returned 12/08/04
E nvi r o nme nt
Robert A. PittmanAsst. Secy. - Human Resources andDVA06/17/0411/21/04111
Ad mi ni str a tio n
Howard RadzelySolicitor DOL05/06/0312/09/03186
Teresa M. ResselAsst. Secy. - ManagementTREA04/02/0308/01/03121
Gerald ReynoldsAsst. Secy. - Civil RightsED01/09/03Returned 12/08/04
Thomas J. Ridge Secretary DHS01/07/0301/22/0315
James G. RocheSecretary - ArmyDOD07/07/03Withdrawn 04/08/04
Brian C. RoseboroUnder Secy. - Domestic FinanceTREA12/09/0304/08/0480
Jeffrey A. RosenGeneral Counsel DOT10/03/0312/09/0367
William SanchezSpecial Counsel - Immigration-Related UnfairDOJ06/01/0412/08/04144
Employment Practices
Annette SandbergAdmin. - Federal Motor Carrier SafetyDOT03/24/0307/31/03129
Ad mi ni str a tio n
Susan C. SchwabDeputy SecretaryTREA07/17/03Withdrawn 12/09/03
Susan K. SclafaniAsst. Secy. - Vocational and Adult EducationED10/29/0301/26/0448
Jeffrey ShaneAssociate Deputy SecretaryDOT01/09/03Withdrawn 02/11/03
Jeffrey ShaneUnder Secy. - PolicyDOT02/11/0303/19/0336
John S. ShawAsst. Secy. - Environment, Safety, and HealthDOE07/22/0412/08/0493
Dennis C. SheaAsst. Secy. - Policy Development and ResearchHUD02/11/0411/21/04238
Dennis C. SheaAsst. Secy. - Policy Development and ResearchHUDRecess appointment 05/28/04
Dennis C. SheaAsst. Secy. - Policy Development and ResearchHUD06/24/04Returned 12/08/04
Raymond SimonAsst. Secy. - Elementary and SecondaryED09/22/0301/26/0485
Ed ucatio n
Raymond SimonAsst. Secy. - Elementary and SecondaryED Recess Appointment 12/23/03
Ed ucatio n
Raymond SimonAsst. Secy. - Elementary and SecondaryED01/21/04Returned 12/08/04
Ed ucatio n
John W. SnowSecretaryTREA01/13/0301/30/0317



Nomina-Confirm-Days to
NomineePositionDept.tion dateation dateconfirm
Veronica V. StidventAsst. Secy. - PolicyDOL06/01/0412/08/04144
David M. StoneAsst. Secy. - Transportation SecurityDHS04/08/0407/22/04105
Administration
Diane M. StuartDir. - Violence Against Women OfficeDOJ03/05/0307/31/03148
Robert A. SturgellDep. Administrator - Federal AviationDOT01/15/0303/19/0363
Administration
Ross O. SwimmerSpecial Trustee for American IndiansDOI02/04/0304/10/0365
Karen P. TandyAdministrator of Drug EnforcementDOJ06/02/0307/31/0359
Randall L. TobiasCoordinator - U.S. Global AIDSDOS09/15/0310/03/0318
Margaret D. TutwilerUnder Secy. - Public Diplomacy and PublicDOS10/14/0312/09/0356
Affa i r s
Kirk Van TineDeputy SecretaryDOT09/18/03Returned 12/09/03
Kirk Van TineDeputy SecretaryDOT01/26/04Returned 12/08/04
Kirk Van TineDeputy SecretaryDOTRecess Appointment 05/28/04
Kirk Van TineDeputy SecretaryDOT06/24/04Returned 12/08/04
C. Stewart Verdery Jr.Asst. Secy. - Border and TransportationDHS04/10/0306/19/0370
Security Policy and Planning
Mark J. WarshawskyAsst. Secy. - Economic PolicyTREA11/25/0303/12/0467
Kerry N. WeemsAsst. Secy. - Budget, Technology, and FinanceHHS07/22/03Withdrawn 09/04/03
Joe D. Whitley General CounselDHS04/28/0307/31/0394
John Paul Woodley Jr.Asst. Secy. - Army - Civil WorksDOD01/22/03Returned 12/08/04
John Paul Woodley Jr.Asst. Secy. - Army - Civil Works DODRecess Appointment 08/22/03
John Paul Woodley Jr.Asst. Secy. - Army - Civil Works DOD10/01/03Returned 12/08/04
Sue Ellen WooldridgeSolicitorDOI02/02/0411/21/04247
Sue Ellen WooldridgeSolicitorDOIRecess appointment 05/28/04
Sue Ellen WooldridgeSolicitorDOI06/24/04Returned 12/08/04
Christopher A. WrayAsst. Atty. General - Criminal DivisionDOJ06/09/0309/11/0363
Benjamin H. WuAsst. Secy. - Technology PolicyDOC04/08/0411/21/04181
Michael W. WynneUnder Secy. - Acquisition, Technology, andLogisticsDOD09/03/03Returned 12/08/04
Jennifer YoungAsst. Secy. - LegislationHHS09/03/0312/08/0396
John J. Young Jr.Principal Dep. Under Secy. - Acquisition,DOD01/23/04Returned 12/08/04
Technology, and Logistics
Juan C. ZarateAsst. Secy. - Terrorist FinancingTREA03/11/0407/21/04132
Mean number of days to confirm a98
Median number of days to confirm a83



CRS-45
Appendix B. Appointment Action, 108th Congress
IndividualRecessMean daysMedian days
partmentPositionsNominationsNomineesConfirmationsReturnedWithdrawnAppointmentsto confirmto confirm
riculture 16 3 3 2 1 0 0 70 70
mmerce 2 5 1 4 1 0 1 0 4 0 4 151 131
fense 53 21 20 10 7 4 1 61 29
cation181287 *504125125
ergy 21 8 7 7 1 0 1 133 93
and Human196632109996
iki/CRS-RL33783ices
g/wmeland Security191615142016762
s.orusing and Urban151286514153168
leakvelopment
://wikiterior 18 4 3 3 1 0 1 132 85stice 28 15 15 14 1 0 0 82 72
http
bor 19 4 4 4 0 0 0 156 165
ate 5 0 1 3 1 3 1 1 2 0 0 56 54
ansp o r tatio n 2 0 1 3 1 0 8 4 1 2 8 4 7 0
easur y 2 5 1 8 1 8 1 4 3 1 0 96 90
terans Affairs1477700011192
o tal 360 166 147 120 38 8 1 8 9 8 8 3
his column counts Gordon England twice, because he was nominated to positions in DHS (Deputy Secretary) and DOD (Secretary of the Navy) during the 108th Congress.
wise, Francis J. Harvey and Jeffrey Shane, each of whom was nominated to more than one position in a single department (DOD and DOT, respectively), are counted twice
for the figures in this column.
cludes two confirmations for Edward R. McPherson. See ED Appointment Action table for further information.



Appendix C. Senate Recessesa for the 108th
Congress
Number of recess
Date RecessedDate ReconvenedNumber of Daysbappointments to
Recessed depart m e nt al
positions
The first session of 108th Congress convened on 01/07/03.
01/23/03 01/28/03 4 0
02/14/03 02/24/03 9 0
04/11/03 04/29/03 17 0
05/23/03 06/02/03 9 0
06/27/03 07/07/03 9 0
08/01/03 09/02/03 31 1
10/03/03 10/14/03 10 0
11/25/03 12/09/03 10 0
The Senate adjourned sine die on 12/09/03. The second sessionth3
of 108 Congress convened 01/20/04. The intersession (period
between these two dates) was 41 days long.
02/12/04 02/23/04 10 0
03/12/04 03/22/04 9 0
04/08/04 04/19/04 10 3
05/21/04 06/01/04 10 5
06/09/04 06/14/04 4 0
06/25/04 07/06/04 10 2
07/22/04 09/07/04 46 4
10/11/04 12/07/04 35 0
11/24/04 12/07/04 12 0
The Senate adjourned sine die on 12/08/04. The first session ofth0
the 109 Congress convened on 01/04/05. The intersession
(period between these two dates) was 26 days long.
a. Includes all recesses of four days or longer as indicated in the Senate “Days-in-Session
Calendars website at [http://thomas.loc.gov/home/ds/index.html#senate], visited Nov. 15, 2006.
b. The entries for the number of days adjourned include all days between the day the Senate
adjourned and the day it reconvened. They do not include the days of adjournment or reconvening
because the Senate is able to act on nominations on these days.



Appendix D. Abbreviations of Departments
DHSDepartment of Homeland Security
DOCDepartment of Commerce
DODDepartment of Defense
DOEDepartment of Energy
DOIDepartment of the Interior
DOJDepartment of Justice
DOLDepartment of Labor
DOSDepartment of State
DOTDepartment of Transportation
DVADepartment of Veterans Affairs
EDDepartment of Education
HHSDepartment of Health and Human Services
HUDDepartment of Housing and Urban Development
TREADepartment of the Treasury
USDADepartment of Agriculture