Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE): A Comparison of Selected Legislation in the 110th Congress

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE):
A Comparison of Selected Legislation in
th
the 110 Congress
Updated August 16, 2007
Brent D. Yacobucci
Specialist in Energy Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Robert Bamberger
Specialist in Energy Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE):
A Comparison of Selected Legislation in
the 110^th Congress
Summary
The rise in crude oil and gasoline prices since the winter of 2006 has renewed
the focus on U.S. fuel consumption in the transportation sector. Wider concerns over
greenhouse gas emissions and climate change have contributed to interest in reducing
fossil fuel consumption and improving the efficiency of the U.S. transportation
sector. Possible changes to the federal Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
standards are one policy option to address the issue.
CAFE standards are fleetwide fuel economy averages that manufacturers must
meet each model year. Currently, separate CAFE standards are established for
passenger cars and light trucks, which include sport utility vehicles (SUVs), vans,^th
and pickup trucks. Several bills have been introduced in the 110 Congress to
modify the CAFE program. Senate energy legislation, H.R. 6, passed that body on
June 21, 2007; the bill includes language on CAFE. On August 3, 2007, the House
passed energy legislation — H.R. 3221 (241-170) and H.R. 2776 (221-189) — but
these bills did not include CAFE provisions. Two House bills addressing CAFE
(H.R. 1506, H.R. 2729) were circulated as possible amendments, but neither were
debated on the House floor.
This report provides a side-by-side comparison of these and other bills in the
110^th Congress addressing passenger vehicle fuel economy in general and the CAFE
program specifically. The bills are compared on various policy options including, but
not limited to, the types of provisions identified above. The report also compares
provisions in bills that would establish greenhouse gas emissions standards for
passenger cars outside of the CAFE structure. Such emissions standards would likely
also have the effect of increasing fuel economy.
One issue in the CAFE debate over the years has been whether Congress should
set CAFE standards or delegate that authority exclusively to NHTSA. For passenger
cars, the original EPCA legislation established specific targets for model year (MY)
1978 and MY1985, and required that the Secretary of Transportation set standards
for the interim years. Some of the current proposals would also set specific targets
in the future; others would require annual improvements in CAFE by some specified
percentage. In some instances, both approaches are used. Those proposals would
establish a mandated CAFE by a certain date and require subsequent annual
percentage increases. Some bills would also require NHTSA to set the maximum
feasible interim standards.
Another key question is the form CAFE standards should take. One bill would
require that the CAFE standard be expressed in grams per mile of carbon dioxide
emissions (CO²), in addition to miles per gallon. States are pre-empted from
establishing their own CAFE standards but are permitted to set clean air
requirements. This has generated controversy, and some believe a requirement to
report fuel economy as a function of CO² emissions is intended to have some bearing
on the differing treatment of the states between CAFE and emissions standards.

Contents
Background: Establishment of the CAFE Standards.......................1
Recent CAFE Regulations...........................................2
Policy Options....................................................2
Policy Options Within CAFE....................................2
Combined Passenger Car/Light Truck Standards.................3
Definition of “Automobile” and “Light Truck”...................3
Mandated Numeric Increase in CAFE Standards.................3
Mandated Percentage Increase in CAFE Standards................3
Regulatory Flexibility/Authority..............................4
Expanded Considerations for Maximum Feasible Fuel Economy.....4
Attribute-Based Standards...................................4
Credit Trading............................................4
Carbon Dioxide Standards...................................5
Bush Administration Proposal....................................5
Non-CAFE Policy Options......................................5
Comparison of Legislation...........................................6
List of Tables
Table 1. Comparison of Senate CAFE Bills in the 110^th Congress...........7
Table 2. Comparison of House CAFE Bills in the 110^th Congress...........13
Table 3. Comparison of Bills To Establish Automobile Greenhouse Gas
Standards in the 110^th Congress..................................17

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE):
A Comparison of Selected Legislation
th
in the 110 Congress
The rise in crude oil and gasoline prices since the winter of 2006 has renewed
the focus on U.S. fuel consumption in the transportation sector. Wider concerns over
greenhouse gas emissions and climate change have contributed to interest in reducing
fossil fuel consumption and improving the efficiency of the U.S. transportation
sector. Among the various policy options to address the issue are changes to the
federal Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards.¹ CAFE refers to the
average miles per gallon used by a manufacturer’s entire fleet of cars or light trucks
in a given model year.
Various bills in the 110^th Congress would modify the CAFE program to increase
fuel economy standards for all vehicles, heighten the stringency of testing procedures,
and/or grant the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) broader
authority to implement the program. In the Senate, S. 357 was reported, as amended,
from the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on May 8, 2007.
Some of its provisions were inserted, along with other energy initiatives reported
from committee, into S.Amdt. 1502 to H.R. 6. H.R. 6 passed the Senate June 21,

2007 and includes CAFE language.

On August 3, 2007, the House passed energy legislation — H.R. 3221 (241-170)
and H.R. 2776 (221-189) — but these bills did not include CAFE provisions. Two
House bills addressing CAFE (H.R. 1506, H.R. 2729) were circulated as possible
amendments, but neither were debated on the House floor. Some argued that it would
strengthen House negotiations with the Senate in conference if the House bill had
also included CAFE provisions. An effort to add CAFE language to House energy
legislation was defeated on June 28th in a House Committee on Energy and
Commerce markup (26-31). It is possible that provisions of H.R. 1506 and H.R. 2927
may figure in discussions should an energy bill reach conference.
Background: Establishment of the CAFE Standards
The Arab oil embargo of 1973-1974 and the subsequent tripling in the price of
crude oil brought into sharp focus the fuel inefficiency of U.S. automobiles. New car
fleet fuel economy had declined from 14.8 miles per gallon (mpg) in model year
(MY) 1967 to 12.9 mpg in 1974. In the search for ways to reduce dependence on
imported oil, automobiles were an obvious target. The Energy Policy and

¹ For more information on CAFE, see CRS Report RL33413, Automobile and Light Truck
Fuel Economy: The CAFE Standards, by Brent D. Yacobucci and Robert Bamberger.

Conservation Act (EPCA, P.L. 94-163) established CAFE standards for passenger
cars for MY1978. The CAFE standards called for an eventual doubling in new car
fleet fuel economy. EPCA also granted NHTSA the authority to establish CAFE
standards for other classes of vehicles, including light-duty trucks.² NHTSA
established fuel economy standards for light trucks, beginning in MY1979. For
passenger cars, the current standard is 27.5 miles per gallon (mpg) for MY2007. For
light trucks, the standard is 22.2 mpg for MY2007.
Under EPCA, the Secretary of Transportation has the discretion to adjust the
passenger car standard within a range from 26.0 to 27.5 mpg. Any increase above
27.5 mpg or below 26.0 mpg requires the Secretary to issue an amendment to the
standards. That amendment would be in force unless either chamber of Congress
disapproves. However, this one-House veto could be judged to be unconstitutional.³
The Secretary has much broader discretion with respect to setting light truck fuel
economy standards (referred to in the regulations as “non-passenger automobiles”).
This includes the authority to establish different standards for different classifications
of these vehicles.
Recent CAFE Regulations
In April 2006, NHTSA promulgated new CAFE rules for light trucks. After
MY2007, light truck manufacturers may voluntarily comply with a new “reformed”
standard based on the size of each specific manufacturer’s vehicles. Starting in
MY2011, all light truck makers will be subject to the reformed standards, which
NHTSA estimates will be equivalent to about 24.0 mpg under the old system. EPCA
gives NHTSA the authority to modify the light truck standards as it sees fit, including
setting standards based on vehicle attributes (in this case, size). EPCA does not grant
similar flexibility in application of the passenger car standard.
Policy Options
Policy Options Within CAFE
Several bills would amend the current CAFE program to increase CAFE
standards, change testing procedures, and/or grant NHTSA broader regulatory
discretion. CRS analyzed 12 CAFE-related bills with regard to several key policy
options:
^!combined passenger car/light truck standards,
^!definition of “automobile” and “light truck,”
^!mandated numeric increase in CAFE standards,
^!mandated percentage increase in CAFE standards,

² Light-duty trucks include most sport utility vehicles (SUVs), vans, and pickups.
³ For more information see CRS Report RS22132, Legislative Vetoes After Chadha, by
Louis Fisher.

^!regulatory flexibility/authority,
^!expanded considerations for maximum feasible fuel economy,
^!attribute-based standards,
^!credit trading,
^!carbon dioxide emissions, and
^!other key provisions.
None of these policy options is mutually exclusive, and any or all options could be
adopted together. Each of these options is discussed below.
Combined Passenger Car/Light Truck Standards. One criticism of the
current CAFE program is its separate treatment of light trucks and passenger cars.
When EPCA was first enacted, most light trucks were used solely as work vehicles,
and they constituted a relatively small percentage of the light-duty vehicle fleet.
Since that time, light trucks, which include sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and vans,
are used more and more as passenger vehicles. Currently, light trucks make up
roughly half of the new light-duty vehicle market. As a consequence, some argue
that the distinction between the two fleets should be eliminated. Critics also allege
that specifications for some car-like vehicle models may have been designed
purposefully to qualify those vehicles for the lower mpg standard that applies to the
light truck fleet.
Definition of “Automobile” and “Light Truck”. Passenger car and light
truck standards could be combined by simply expanding the definition of “passenger
automobile” to include light trucks up to 8,500 pounds. Some proponents of tighter
standards argue that light trucks should be treated as passenger vehicles.
Further, some light trucks are too heavy to be included under the current CAFE
standard. Therefore, some proposals would expand the definition of “automobile”
or “light truck” to include all vehicles up to 10,000 pounds gross weight (current
standards cover vehicles up to 8,500 pounds gross weight). Other proposals would
expand CAFE standards to some heavier vehicles (e.g. SUVs and passenger vans) but
would exclude “work trucks” (e.g. pickups and cargo vans).
Mandated Numeric Increase in CAFE Standards. Some analysts argue
that price volatility in oil markets sends inconsistent signals to prospective new car
purchasers, and that the only way to avoid these mixed signals would be to mandate
higher CAFE standards. Some legislative proposals would require NHTSA to
establish new CAFE standards set at a fixed mpg target in a given year. Various
proposals would mandate increased standards for passenger cars, light trucks, or
both.
Mandated Percentage Increase in CAFE Standards. While some bills
would mandate an increase in the CAFE standards to specified levels, others would
require NHTSA to set rules to increase fuel economy by a set percentage every year.
In most cases, the bills mandate an annual CAFE increase of 4% from the previous
year. The bills vary on whether the increase would cover passenger cars, light trucks,
or both.

Regulatory Flexibility/Authority. As was mentioned above, NHTSA
currently has limited authority to modify the specific mpg target or the general design
of passenger car CAFE standards. Some legislative proposals would significantly
broaden NHTSA’s authority to amend the program, including allowing NHTSA to
set higher passenger car standards than EPCA currently allows. Currently, any
increase above 27.5 mpg or below 26.0 mpg requires the Secretary to issue an
amendment to the standards. That amendment is to be in force unless either chamber
of Congress disapproves.
Other proposals would allow NHTSA to extend the current single-year
compliance period to multiyear periods. Such a proposal, for example, might allow
NHTSA to require manufacturers to meet a set CAFE average for MY2011 through
MY2013, instead of requiring that the CAFE average be achieved in each model year.
Expanded Considerations for Maximum Feasible Fuel Economy.
Current law requires NHTSA to consider various factors in determining “maximum
feasible average fuel economy.” NHTSA must consider “technological feasibility,
economic practicability, the effect of other motor vehicle standards of the⁴
government on fuel economy, and the need of the United States to conserve energy.”
Some of the bills would add a further dimension, “cost-effectiveness,” and stipulate
weighing of several factors in assessing the cost-effectiveness of any proposed
changes in the standards. Among these factors are value to consumers, economic
security, national security, foreign policy, and the impact of oil use on various other
national policy concerns.
Attribute-Based Standards. As noted above, NHTSA has established size-
based CAFE standards for light trucks but does not have similar authority for
passenger cars. Some proposals would allow NHTSA to establish multiple levels of
passenger car CAFE standards for a given model year. The levels could be based on
a variety of vehicle attributes, including size and/or weight. The Senate-passed H.R.
6 would require attribute-based standards. H.R. 6 would also require that, after
enactment, the Secretary of Transportation would initiate a study toward developing
a fuel economy program to raise the vehicle fuel efficiency of medium- and heavy-
duty trucks.
Credit Trading. For each model year, automakers must meet separate CAFE
targets for three new vehicle fleets: domestically produced passenger cars, imported
passenger cars, and light trucks. In any year that a manufacturer exceeds the CAFE
standard for one of these given fleets, that manufacturer may “bank” credits for use
in meeting future year requirements. Conversely, in any year that the manufacturer
comes up short, it may “borrow” credits from an anticipated surplus in future years.
Under the current CAFE program, banked or borrowed credits may be used only for
the fleet in which they originated. For example, if an automaker generates credits for
its fleet of imported passenger cars, those credits may not be applied to its fleets of
domestic cars or light trucks. Similarly, automakers may not trade credits with other
automakers. However, some of the legislative proposals would allow a manufacturer
to move credits between fleets and/or trade credits with another manufacturer.

⁴ 49 U.S.C. 32902(f)

Carbon Dioxide Standards. One bill, H.R. 2927, would require that new
CAFE standards be expressed in grams per mile of carbon dioxide (CO²), in addition
to miles per gallon. Under EPCA, states are pre-empted from establishing their own
CAFE standards. But the Clean Air Act permits states to set their own clean air
requirements. This has generated controversy, and some believe a requirement to
report fuel economy as a function of CO² emissions is intended to have some bearing
on the differing treatment of the states between CAFE and emissions standards.
Some of these matters are currently being litigated.
Bush Administration Proposal
In his 2007 State of the Union address, President Bush outlined a goal of
reducing gasoline⁵ consumption by 20% from projected levels in 2017. Of that 20%
reduction, the President proposed that 15% come from the increased use of renewable
and alternative fuels, and that 5% come from increased vehicle fuel efficiency. It has
been estimated that an annual 4% increase in CAFE standards would lead to a 5%
reduction in projected gasoline consumption in 2017. The Bush Administration has
not proposed legislation that would mandate an increase in CAFE standards.
On February 6, 2007, NHTSA submitted draft legislation to the House Energy
and Commerce Committee on the Bush Administration’s CAFE proposal.⁶ The
Administration’s proposal would not require an increase in fuel economy standards
but would grant NHTSA broader regulatory authority. The draft would allow
NHTSA to establish attribute-based standards for passenger cars and would allow for
CAFE credit trading.
Non-CAFE Policy Options
In addition to bills modifying the CAFE program, several other bills have been
introduced that would likely increase vehicle fuel economy through other measures.
For example, several bills requiring reductions in carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gas emissions have been introduced. Of those bills, two would require
per-mile emissions reductions from passenger vehicles. While such emissions
standards would not technically constitute a change in fuel economy standards,
automakers and others contend that there is no way other than fuel economy increases
to reduce automobile greenhouse gas emissions.⁷

⁵ Gasoline is only one part of oil consumption (albeit the largest), and thus a 20% reduction
in gasoline consumption translates to a smaller reduction in overall petroleum consumption.
⁶ As of February 22, 2007, no Member has sponsored and introduced the Administration’s
proposal.
⁷ For more information on climate change bills, see CRS Report RL33846, Climate Change:
Greenhouse Gas Reduction Bills in the 110^th Congress, by Larry Parker and Brent D.
Yacobucci.

Comparison of Legislation
Of the 14 CAFE bills compared, the eight Senate bills are compared in Table
1 and the four House bills are compared in Table 2. The two bills to control
greenhouse gas emissions from passenger cars are compared in Table 3.

CRS-7
Table 1. Comparison of Senate CAFE Bills in the 110^th Congress
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^{30127) w}ⁱ^t^h^{a g}^r^os^s^m^e^diu^m^-^an^{d h}^eav^y^-
^ve^hi^c^l^e^w^eⁱ^ght^du^t^y^on^-^hⁱ^g^h^w^ay
^bet^w^een^{10,000 an}^d^t^r^uc^ks.^Aⁿ^y^p^r^o^g^r^a^m
^{26,000 pou}ⁿ^d^s^.^w^o^u^l^{d prov}^{ide a lead}
^tⁱ^m^{e of}^{4 m}^odel^y^ears
^aⁿ^d^m^a^ke^no^c^h^a^nge^s
ⁱⁿ^an^y^targ^ets^{at les}^s
^th^an^th^ree-^y^ear

CRS-9
^S^.¹⁸³^S^.^{357 (Fei}ⁿ^s^teiⁿ⁾^S^.^{767 /}^S^.⁷⁶⁸^S^.⁸⁷⁵^S^.¹¹¹⁸^H^.^{R. 6}^-^Sena^t^e
^(S^teven^s⁾^[asⁱⁿ^trod^u^ced^]^(Ob^a^m^a⁾^(L^u^gar)^(D^organ⁾^Vers^{ion (Reid)}
ⁱⁿ^ter^v^als.
^u^la^to^ry^NHT^SA^{is au}^th^o^r^ized^N^H^T^SAⁱ^s^gi^veⁿ^NHT^SA^m^a^y^{set lo}^w^e^r^NHT^SA^m^a^y^{set lo}^w^e^r^NHT^SA^m^a^y^{set lo}^w^e^r^N^H^T^SAⁱ^s^gi^veⁿ
^ibilit^y^/^to^estab^lish^m^u^ltiy^ear^{broader au}^t^h^ori^t^y^t^o^s^t^an^dards^f^o^{r a m}^odel^s^t^an^dards^f^o^{r a m}^odel^s^t^an^dards^f^o^{r a m}^odel^{broader au}^t^h^ori^t^y^t^o
^r^ity^com^p^lian^{ce periods}ⁱⁿ^creas^{e pas}^s^eⁿ^g^e^{r car}^y^{ear if}^th^{e targ}^ets^are^y^{ear if}^th^{e targ}^ets^are^y^{ear if}^th^{e targ}^ets^areⁱⁿ^creas^{e pas}^s^eⁿ^g^e^{r car}
ⁱⁿ^s^t^{ead of}^th^{e cu}^rren^t^f^u^{el econ}^o^m^y^w^ith^ou^tⁿ^o^{t tech}ⁿ^o^lo^gⁱ^callyⁿ^o^{t tech}ⁿ^o^lo^gⁱ^callyⁿ^o^{t tech}ⁿ^o^lo^gⁱ^cally^f^u^{el econ}^o^m^y^w^ith^ou^t
^sⁱⁿ^g^l^e-^y^ear^con^g^r^es^sⁱ^on^al^ach^iev^a^{ble, w}^o^u^l^{d lead}^ach^iev^a^{ble, w}^o^u^l^{d lead}^ach^iev^a^{ble, w}^o^u^l^{d lead}^con^g^r^es^sⁱ^on^al
^com^p^lian^{ce period.}^approv^al^{. [S}^{ec. 3]}^to^r^e^d^u^ctioⁿ^sⁱⁿ^to^r^e^d^u^ctioⁿ^sⁱⁿ^to^r^e^d^u^ctioⁿ^sⁱⁿ^approv^al^{. [S}^{ec. 502]}
^[S^{ec. 101]}^v^e^hⁱ^{cle s}^a^f^e^ty^{, or are}^v^e^hⁱ^{cle s}^a^f^e^ty^{, or are}^v^e^hⁱ^{cle s}^a^f^e^ty^{, or are}
^NHT^SA^m^a^y^setⁿ^o^{t cos}^t^-^e^f^f^ectiv^e.ⁿ^o^{t cos}^t^-^e^f^f^ectiv^e.ⁿ^o^{t cos}^t^-^e^f^f^ectiv^e.^Secretary^m^a^y^s^e^{t a}
^S^t^an^dards^m^a^y^{be s}^e^t^dⁱ^ffe^r^e^nt^CAF^E^t^a^r^g^e^t^s^{[Sec. 4]}^[S^{ec. 102]}^{[Sec. 3]}^stan^d^a^r^d^th^{at is lo}^w^e^r
ⁱⁿ^dⁱ^vⁱ^d^u^ally^f^o^r^fo^r^dⁱ^ffe^r^e^nt^th^an^th^{e “}^m^ax^im^u^m
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL33982}^dⁱ^ffe^r^e^{nt c}^l^a^sse^{s o}^f^a^m^aⁿ^u^f^actu^r^er’^s^f^l^{eet of}^m^a^nufa^c^t^ur^e^r^s,^b^u^tⁱⁿ^an^y^gⁱ^v^eⁿ^y^{ear each}^NHT^SA^m^a^y^estab^lish^m^u^ltiy^ear^co^m^p^lian^c^e^f^easib^{le” lev}^e^{l if}^th^er^e^is^“^c^{lear an}^d
^g/w^p^a^sse^nge^r^m^a^nufa^c^t^ur^e^r^m^u^st^peri^ods^(u^{p t}^o^f^o^u^r^con^vⁱⁿ^cⁱⁿ^g^ev^iden^ce”
^s^.or^au^to^m^o^b^{iles. [}^S^ec.^ach^iev^e^{a m}ⁱⁿⁱ^m^u^m^y^ears⁾^{. [Sec. 5]}^th^{at th}^{is lev}^e^{l can}^b^e
^le^ak^101]^av^erag^{e of}^{92% of}^th^e^d^e^m^oⁿ^s^tr^ated^toⁿ^o^{t b}^e
ⁱⁿ^d^u^str^y^-^w^id^{e CA}^FE^NHT^SA^m^a^y^set^“^c^os^t-^ef^f^ectiv^{e.” [Sec.}
^://wiki^targ^{et. [Sec. 2]}^di^f^f^e^ren^t^C^A^F^E^t^a^rg^et^s^503]
^h^ttp^fo^r^dⁱ^ffe^r^e^nt
^m^a^nufa^c^t^ur^e^r^s,^b^u^tⁱⁿ
^an^y^gⁱ^v^eⁿ^y^{ear each}
^m^a^nufa^c^t^ur^e^r^m^u^st
^ach^iev^e^{a m}ⁱⁿⁱ^m^u^m
^av^erag^{e of}^{92% of}^th^e
ⁱⁿ^d^u^str^y^-^w^id^{e tar}^g^et.
^{[Sec. 4]}
^nded^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Co^st-^e^f^f^ectiv^en^{ess is}^Su^b^s^tan^tially^sim^ilar^to^Su^b^s^tan^tially^sim^ilar^to^Su^b^s^tan^tially^sim^ilar
^iderations^ad^d^e^d^to^th^{e list o}^f^S^.^767/^768.^S^.^767/^768.^t^o^S^.^767/^768.

^a^xⁱ^m^u^m^f^actors^f^o^{r NHT}^SA^to
^s^{ible Fuel}^con^s^{ider in}
^on^om^y^d^e^ter^mⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^m^a^xⁱ^m^u^m
^f^eas^{ible f}^u^{el econ}^o^m^y^.

CRS-10
^S^.¹⁸³^S^.^{357 (Fei}ⁿ^s^teiⁿ⁾^S^.^{767 /}^S^.⁷⁶⁸^S^.⁸⁷⁵^S^.¹¹¹⁸^H^.^{R. 6}^-^Sena^t^e
^(S^teven^s⁾^[asⁱⁿ^trod^u^ced^]^(Ob^a^m^a⁾^(L^u^gar)^(D^organ⁾^Vers^{ion (Reid)}
^C^o^s^t^-^e^f^f^ectiv^en^es^s
^w^o^u^l^{d be m}^eas^u^r^ed
^r^e^lativ^{e to}^sev^e^r^a^l
^cr^iterⁱ^{a, in}^clu^dⁱⁿ^g
^va^l^u^e^t^o^c^o^nsum^e^r^s,
^econ^o^mⁱ^{c s}^ecu^rity^,
ⁿ^a^tioⁿ^a^{l secu}^r^ity^,
^f^o^r^e^igⁿ^p^o^licy^,^an^d^th^e
ⁱ^m^pact^of^oi^l^u^s^{e on}
^va^rⁱ^o^u^{s o}^t^he^r^na^tⁱ^o^na^l
^policy^con^cern^s^{. [Sec.}
^4]
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL33982}^t^r^ibut^e-^B^a^sed^N^H^T^SAⁱ^s^gi^veⁿ^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^S^t^artⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^MY^2013,^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^NHT^SA^{is r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^to
^g/w^a^nda^rds^au^th^o^r^ity^to^estab^lish^N^H^T^SAⁱ^s^gi^veⁿ^estab^lish^attr^ib^u^t^e-
^s^.or^attr^ib^u^t^e-^b^a^sed^au^th^o^r^ity^to^estab^lish^bas^e^{d s}^t^an^dards^.^[S^ec.
^le^ak^s^t^an^dards^.^[S^{ec. 101]}^attr^ib^u^t^e-^b^a^sed^502]

^s^t^an^dards^.^{[Sec. 4]}
^://wiki
^h^ttp

CRS-11
^S^.¹⁸³^S^.^{357 (Fei}ⁿ^s^teiⁿ⁾^S^.^{767 /}^S^.⁷⁶⁸^S^.⁸⁷⁵^S^.¹¹¹⁸^H^.^{R. 6}^-^Sena^t^e
^(S^teven^s⁾^[asⁱⁿ^trod^u^ced^]^(Ob^a^m^a⁾^(L^u^gar)^(D^organ⁾^Vers^{ion (Reid)}
^Tra^d^ing^Green^h^o^u^s^{e g}^a^s^credits^M^a^nufa^c^t^ur^e^r^{s m}^a^y^Bef^o^{re MY}^2013,^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Su^b^s^tan^tially^sim^ilar^to
^regⁱ^s^t^{ered w}^ith^a^{trade credits}^betw^een^m^aⁿ^u^f^actu^r^ers^are^S^.^{357. [S}^{ec. 506]}
^na^tⁱ^o^na^l^r^e^gi^st^r^y^m^a^y^f^l^eets^an^{d w}^ith^oth^e^r^allo^w^e^d^to^tr^ad^e
^{be pu}^rch^a^s^e^{d by}^m^aⁿ^u^f^actu^r^ers^.^[Sec.^cr^ed^{its w}^ith^o^t^h^e^r
^m^aⁿ^u^f^actu^r^ers^an^d^9]^m^a^nufa^c^t^ur^e^r^{s fo}^r^t^h^e
^{applied to f}^l^{eet f}^u^el^s^a^m^e^f^l^{eet (e.g}^.
^econ^o^m^y^res^u^lts^af^ter^dom^es^tⁱ^c^pas^s^eⁿ^g^e^r
^MY^{2010. H}^o^w^e^v^e^r,^cars⁾^{. Startin}^gⁱⁿ
^credits^pu^rch^a^s^e^d^MY^2013,
^t^h^r^o^{ugh t}^h^e^r^e^gi^st^r^y^m^a^nufa^c^t^ur^e^r^{s m}^a^y
^canⁿ^o^{t of}^f^s^{et m}^o^re^{trade credits}^w^ith^oth^e^r
^th^an^{10% of}^th^{e f}^u^el^m^aⁿ^u^f^actu^r^ers^acros^s
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL33982}^econ^o^m^y^s^t^an^dard.^[S^{ec. 102, 201]}^{all f}^l^{eets. Ho}^w^e^v^e^r^,ⁱⁿ^th^{e abs}^eⁿ^{ce of}^s^u^ch
^g/w^credits^{, each}^f^l^{eet m}^u^s^t
^s^.or^ach^iev^e^{at leas}^{t 92% of}
^le^ak^th^{e ov}^{erall C}^A^FE
^targ^{et. [Sec. 5]}
^://wiki
^h^ttp^rboⁿ^Dio^x^ide^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.
^a^nda^rds
^{er Key CAFE}^-^T^h^{e Secretary}^of^S^t^artⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^MY^2014,^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Ex^istin^gⁱⁿ^cen^tiv^es^Broaden^s^au^t^h^ori^t^y^of^NHT^SA^m^u^{st d}^e^v^e^lo^p
^ted^T^r^an^sp^o^r^tatioⁿ^m^a^y^a^u^t^o^ma^k^e^r^s^mu^s^t^w^ithⁱⁿ^th^{e CA}^FE^NHT^SA^to^estab^lish^{a “}^m^ot^{or v}^e^hⁱ^cl^e
^sⁱ^on^s^no^{t se}^{t sta}ⁿ^d^a^r^d^{s tha}^tⁱⁿ^{stall d}^e^vⁱ^{ces to}^prog^ram^f^o^{r t}^h^e^s^t^an^dards^f^o^{r a broader}^sa^fe^ty^staⁿ^d^a^r^d^”^to
^im^pos^{e “}^m^argⁱⁿ^a^l^prov^{ide real-}^tim^{e an}^d^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^of^du^al^-^popu^l^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^of^v^e^hⁱ^cl^es^,^redu^{ce death}^an^d
^cos^t^s^th^{at ex}^ceed^cu^m^u^lativ^{e f}^u^el^f^u^{el an}^{d f}^l^ex^{ible f}^u^elⁱⁿ^c^l^udⁱ^{ng ve}^hi^c^l^e^sⁱⁿ^j^u^ry^byⁱ^m^provⁱⁿ^g
^m^a^r^gⁱⁿ^{al b}^eⁿ^e^f^its.”^ecoⁿ^o^m^y^d^a^{ta th}^{at w}^ill^v^e^hⁱ^cles^are^wⁱ^t^h^gr^o^{ss ve}^hi^c^l^e^co^m^p^atib^ility^o^f^lar^g^e
^[S^{ec. 101]}^en^{able driv}^ers^to^elimⁱⁿ^{ated. [Sec.}^w^eⁱ^g^h^t^of^10,000-^an^{d s}^m^{all v}^e^hⁱ^clesⁱⁿ
^{operate th}^{eir v}^e^hⁱ^cles^102(b)]^{26,000 pou}ⁿ^d^s^.^[S^ec.^f^r^on^t^a^l^-^an^{d s}ⁱ^de-
^A^“ⁿ^atioⁿ^a^{l r}^e^gⁱ^str^y^{to u}^s^{e f}^u^{el m}^o^re^2]ⁱ^m^pact^s^.^[S^{ec. 505]}
^s^y^s^t^em^{” f}^o^{r v}^o^luⁿ^t^ary^ef^fⁱ^cien^tly^{. [Sec. 7]}^Req^u^ir^{es NHT}^SA^to
^gr^e^e^nho^use^ga^{s t}^r^a^dⁱⁿ^g^s^e^{t f}^u^{el econ}^o^m^y^B^e^giⁿⁿⁱ^{ng i}ⁿ^T^h^{e Natio}ⁿ^a^l
^w^o^u^l^{d be es}^t^a^blⁱ^s^h^e^d.^In^{order t}^o^redu^{ce t}^h^e^staⁿ^d^a^r^d^{s fo}^r^m^e^dⁱ^um^-^MY^{2012, ex}ⁱ^s^tⁱⁿ^g^A^cadem^y^of^Scien^ces
^T^h^{e Secretary}^of^lⁱ^k^elⁱ^h^{ood of}^deat^h^or^du^ty^v^e^hⁱ^cles^(v^eh^iclesⁱⁿ^cen^tiv^{es w}^ithⁱⁿ^th^e⁽^N^A^S⁾^w^{ill co}ⁿ^d^u^c^{t a}

CRS-12
^S^.¹⁸³^S^.^{357 (Fei}ⁿ^s^teiⁿ⁾^S^.^{767 /}^S^.⁷⁶⁸^S^.⁸⁷⁵^S^.¹¹¹⁸^H^.^{R. 6}^-^Sena^t^e
^(S^teven^s⁾^[asⁱⁿ^trod^u^ced^]^(Ob^a^m^a⁾^(L^u^gar)^(D^organ⁾^Vers^{ion (Reid)}
^T^r^an^sp^o^r^tatioⁿ^,ⁱⁿ^j^u^ry^f^r^om^acciden^t^s^,^wⁱ^t^h^a^gr^o^{ss w}^eⁱ^ght^C^A^F^E^prog^ram^f^o^{r t}^h^e^st^ud^y^o^f^c^u^r^r^e^nt^aⁿ^d
^w^o^r^kⁱⁿ^g^w^ith^th^e^NHT^SA^{is r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^bet^w^een^{10,000 an}^d^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^of^du^al^-^p^o^t^en^{tial tech}ⁿ^o^lo^gⁱ^es
^D^e^part^m^eⁿ^t^of^d^e^ve^l^o^p^ve^hi^c^l^e^{26,000 pou}ⁿ^d^s⁾^{. [S}^ec.^f^u^{el an}^{d f}^l^ex^{ible f}^u^el^t^h^a^t^mⁱ^ght^c^o^nt^rⁱ^b^u^t^e
^C^o^mme^r^c^e^,^wi^l^l^ratin^g^s^an^{d s}^t^an^dards^102(a)]^v^e^hⁱ^cles^are^to^m^eetin^g^CA^FE
^d^e^ter^mⁱⁿ^{e th}^e^t^o^redu^{ce dam}^a^g^e^by^elimⁱⁿ^{ated. [Sec.3]}^s^t^an^dards^.^[S^{ec. 509]}
^e^q^ui^va^l^e^nc^y^b^e^t^w^e^eⁿⁱ^m^provⁱⁿ^g
^f^u^{el econ}^o^m^y^co^m^p^atib^ility^o^f^lar^g^e^Req^u^ir^{es estab}^lish^m^en^t
^im^prov^em^en^ts^an^d^an^{d s}^m^{all v}^e^hⁱ^clesⁱⁿ^of^{a tire f}^u^{el ef}^fⁱ^cien^cy
^gr^e^e^nho^use^ga^s^f^r^on^t^a^l^-^an^{d s}ⁱ^de-^con^s^u^m^{er in}^f^o^rm^ation
^redu^ctⁱ^oⁿ^s^{. [S}^{ec. 201]}^im^pacts^.^{[Sec. 6]}^prog^ram^.^[S^{ec. 513]}
^{er Key Non}^-^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Req^u^ir^{es th}^e^S^.^{768 al}^s^o^m^odi^fⁱ^es^T^h^{is is a b}^r^o^a^d^b^{ill th}^at^F^r^om^MY^2012-^2022,^A^m^o^{ng a}^num^b^e^r^o^f
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL33982}^F^E^Provi^sⁱ^on^s^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^a^l^P^r^otection^A^g^en^cy^to^ex^istin^g^tax^cr^ed^{its f}^o^r^hy^b^rⁱ^d^ve^hi^c^l^e^s^aⁿ^d^als^o^{: m}^odifⁱ^es^th^e^e^xⁱ^s^tⁱ^{ng hy}^b^rⁱ^d^ve^hi^c^l^e^m^a^nufa^c^t^ur^e^r^{s m}^u^st^p^r^o^d^u^{ce n}^o^{t less th}^an^ad^d^itioⁿ^a^{l p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^s^,^w^o^u^l^{d requ}ⁱ^r^e
^g/w^estab^lish^{a p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^to^estab^lish^e^{s a}^pu^rch^a^s^e^tax^{credit an}^d^{10% m}^o^{re du}^al-^f^u^eled^estab^lish^m^en^{t o}^f^an
^s^.or^l^a^b^e^l^ne^w^ve^hi^c^l^e^s^’^m^a^nufa^c^t^ur^e^r^t^a^x^estab^lish^e^{s a tax}^cr^ed^it^v^e^hⁱ^cles^th^anⁱⁿ^th^e^A^d^va^nc^e^d^B^a^t^t^e^r^y
^le^ak^ex^{pected lif}^etim^e^{credit f}^o^{r adv}^aⁿ^ced^fo^r^fue^l^-e^ffi^cⁱ^eⁿ^t^precedin^g^m^{odel y}^ear.^Iⁿ^itiativ^{e to}^aw^ar^d
^gr^e^e^nho^use^ga^s^t^e^c^hno^l^o^gy^ve^hi^c^l^e^s^.^v^e^hⁱ^{cles; estab}^lish^e^{s a}^{[Sec. 3]}^g^r^an^{ts an}^d^id^en^tif^y
^://wiki^e^m^issioⁿ^s.^[^S^e^c^.¹¹^]^m^a^nufa^c^t^ur^e^r^{’s t}^a^x^techⁿ^o^logⁱ^{cal n}^eeds^;
^h^ttp^{credit f}^o^{r adv}^aⁿ^ced^p^r^o^m^ul^ga^tⁱ^o^{n o}^f
^t^e^c^hno^l^o^gy^ve^hi^c^l^e^s^;^s^t^an^dards^f^o^{r bi}^odi^es^el
^m^o^dⁱ^fⁱ^{es th}^{e ex}^istin^g^f^u^{el; an}^d^estab^lish^m^en^t
^m^aⁿ^d^{ate f}^o^{r ren}^e^w^a^ble^of^{a credit-}^tradin^g
^f^u^el^s^;^prom^ot^es^prog^ram^;^an^{d s}^e^t^s
^ren^e^w^a^{ble f}^u^el^requ^irem^en^ts^f^o^r
ⁱⁿ^f^r^astr^u^c^tu^r^e^;^m^a^nufa^c^t^ur^e^o^f
^m^aⁿ^d^ates^th^e^f^l^ex^ible-^f^u^{el v}^e^hⁱ^cles
^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^of^aⁿ^d^r^aⁱ^sⁱ^{ng c}^o^nsum^e^r
^alterⁿ^ativ^{e f}^u^el^aw^aren^es^s^abou^t
^v^e^hⁱ^{cles; lim}^{its o}ⁱ^l^av^ailab^ility^o^f^th^ese
^ex^p^l^o^r^atioⁿⁱⁿ^cer^tain^ve^hi^c^l^e^s^.

^areas^.

CRS-13
Table 2. Comparison of House CAFE Bills in the 110^th Congress
^H.R^.^{656 (R}^ei^ch^ert)^H^.R^{. 1133 (Berk}^l^e^y)^H.R^.^{1500 (D}^eFazi^o⁾^H^.R^{. 1506 (M}^ark^e^y)^H.R^.²⁹²⁷
⁽^H^ill)
^l^{e o}^r^T^o^r^e^q^uⁱ^r^e^hi^ghe^r^st^aⁿ^d^a^r^d^s^F^r^eedom^t^h^rou^g^h^Gaso^lin^{e P}^r^{ice Stab}^ilizatioⁿ^Fu^{el Econ}^om^y^R^e^f^o^rm^A^c^t^T^{o in}^creas^{e th}^{e corporate}
^rp^os^e^o^f^au^to^m^o^b^{ile f}^u^el^R^eⁿ^e^w^a^{ble En}^erg^y^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁷^av^erag^{e f}^u^{el econ}^o^m^y
^ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^w^ith^th^{e g}^o^{al of}^Ex^pan^s^ion^(F^R^{EE) A}^c^t^stan^d^a^r^d^{s f}^o^r^au^to^-^m^o^b^iles,
^redu^ciⁿ^g^t^h^{e am}^ouⁿ^t^of^oi^l^t^o^prom^ot^{e t}^h^{e dom}^es^tⁱ^c
^use^d^fo^r^fue^l^b^y^dev^e^l^opm^en^t^an^d
^au^to^m^o^b^{iles in}^th^{e Un}^ited^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^of^adv^aⁿ^ced
^S^t^at^es^by^{10 percen}^t^t^e^c^hno^l^o^gy^ve^hi^c^l^e^s^,^aⁿ^d
^begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^{2017, an}^{d f}^o^r^f^o^{r ot}^h^e^{r pu}^rpos^es^.
^ot^h^e^{r pu}^rpos^es^.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL33982}^m^b^ined^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^Pas^s^eⁿ^g^e^{r car an}^{d l}ⁱ^g^h^t^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.
^g/w^sse^ng^e^r^tru^c^k^s^t^an^dards^com^bⁱⁿ^ed
^s^.or^r/Lⁱ^g^h^{t T}^r^uck^s^t^artⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^MY^{2011. [S}^ec.
^le^ak^a^nda^rds^4]
^://wiki^an^{ge i}ⁿ^fiⁿⁱ^ti^on^of^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Ex^p^aⁿ^d^{s d}^e^fⁱⁿ^itioⁿ^o^f^“^a^u^t^om^{obile” to in}^clu^d^{e all}^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.
^h^ttp^u^t^om^obⁱ^l^e^{” or}^v^e^hⁱ^cl^es^of^u^p^t^o^10,000
^ig^ht^Truck^”^pouⁿ^d^s^.^[S^{ec. 3]}
^a^nda^t^e^d^{33 m}^p^g^by^MY^2017;^{33 m}^p^g^by^MY^2016;^{37 m}^p^g^by^MY^{2018 an}^{d 40}^Man^d^ates^“^a^proj^{ected lev}^e^l^P^r^oj^{ected f}^u^{el econ}^o^m^y^f^o^r
^{eric I}ⁿ^creas^eⁱⁿ^t^e^ri^m^s^t^an^dards^w^o^u^l^{d be}ⁱⁿ^t^e^ri^m^s^t^an^dards^w^o^u^l^{d be}^m^p^g^by^MY^2023;ⁱⁿ^t^e^ri^m^of^av^erag^{e f}^u^{el econ}^o^m^y^”^p^a^sse^nge^r^aⁿ^d^no^n-
^s^e^{t by}^Secretary^of^s^e^{t by}^Secretary^of^s^t^an^dards^w^o^u^l^{d be s}^e^t^by^of^at^l^eas^t^{27.5 m}^p^g^f^o^r^p^a^ssen^g^e^r^au^to^m^o^b^iles
^a^nda^rds^T^r^aⁿ^sp^o^r^t^a^tⁱ^o^{n b}^e^giⁿⁿⁱ^{ng i}ⁿ^T^r^aⁿ^sp^o^r^t^a^tⁱ^o^{n b}^e^giⁿⁿⁱ^{ng i}ⁿ^Secretary^of^T^r^an^s^portation^ve^hi^c^l^e^s^up^t^o¹⁰^,⁰⁰⁰^w^o^u^l^d^b^eⁿ^o^{t less th}^an³²
^{MY2010 to reach}^th^e^{MY2010 to reach}^th^e^begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^MY^{2010 t}^o^p^o^und^{s b}^e^giⁿⁿⁱ^{ng i}ⁿ^m^p^g^{or g}^r^{eater th}^an^{35 m}^p^g
^m^aⁿ^d^{ated targ}^{et. [Sec. 1]}^m^aⁿ^d^{ated targ}^{et. [Sec. 8]}^reach^th^{e m}^aⁿ^d^{ated targ}^et.^MY^{2012, an}^{d 35 m}^p^gⁱⁿⁱⁿ^MY^{2022. [S}^{ec. 1]}

^{[Sec. 9]}^MY^2018.

CRS-14
^H.R^.^{656 (R}^ei^ch^ert)^H^.R^{. 1133 (Berk}^l^e^y)^H.R^.^{1500 (D}^eFazi^o⁾^H^.R^{. 1506 (M}^ark^e^y)^H.R^.²⁹²⁷
⁽^H^ill)
^a^nda^t^e^d^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^R^e^quⁱ^r^es^t^h^at^cu^rren^t^27.5^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.
^m^p^{g sta}ⁿ^d^a^r^d^fo^r^p^a^sse^nge^r
^creas^e^{in CAFE}^au^tom^obiles^{be in}^creas^ed
^a^nda^rds⁴^%^a^nnua^l^l^y^b^e^giⁿⁿⁱ^{ng i}ⁿ
^MY^{2009. [S}^{ec. 4]}
^u^la^to^ry^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Natioⁿ^a^{l Hig}^h^w^ay^T^r^af^fⁱ^c^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^ibilit^y^/^Saf^e^ty^A^d^mⁱⁿⁱ^str^a^tioⁿ
^r^ity⁽^NHT^SA⁾^m^a^y^{set lo}^w^e^r
^staⁿ^d^a^r^d^{s fo}^r^a
^m^aⁿ^u^f^actu^r^{er f}^o^{r a m}^odel
^y^{ear if}^th^{e targ}^ets^{are n}^o^t
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL33982}^techⁿ^o^logⁱ^cally^ach^iev^a^ble,^{or are n}^o^{t cos}^t^-^e^f^f^ectiv^e;
^g/w^an^{d if}^{a low}^e^{r s}^t^an^dard
^s^.or^du^riⁿ^g^MY^2012-^MY²⁰¹⁷
^le^ak^w^o^u^l^dⁿ^o^{t r}^e^su^{lt in}^{a f}^a^ilu^r^e
^://wiki^to^attain³⁵^m^p^gⁱⁿ^MY^{2018. [S}^{ec. 4]}
^h^ttp
^nded^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Co^st-^e^f^f^ectiv^en^{ess is ad}^d^e^d^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.

^sⁱ^d^erati^on^s^for^to^th^{e list o}^f^f^acto^r^{s f}^o^r
^a^xⁱ^mu^{m F}^e^a^sⁱ^b^l^e^NHT^SA^to^coⁿ^s^id^erⁱⁿ
^el^E^c^on^om^y^d^e^ter^mⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^m^a^xⁱ^m^u^m
^f^eas^{ible f}^u^{el econ}^o^m^y^.
^C^o^s^t^-^e^f^f^ectiv^en^es^s^w^o^u^l^d
^{be m}^eas^u^r^{ed relativ}^{e to}
^sev^e^r^a^{l cr}^iterⁱ^{a, in}^clu^dⁱⁿ^g
^va^l^u^e^t^o^c^o^nsum^e^r^s,
^econ^o^mⁱ^{c s}^ecu^rity^{, n}^a^tion^a^l
^secu^r^ity^{, f}^o^r^e^igⁿ^p^o^licy^,^an^d
^th^{e im}^p^{act o}^f^o^{il u}^s^{e o}ⁿ
^va^rⁱ^o^u^{s o}^t^he^r^na^tⁱ^o^na^l
^policy^con^cern^s^{. [Sec.}
^4(a)(3)]

CRS-15
^H.R^.^{656 (R}^ei^ch^ert)^H^.R^{. 1133 (Berk}^l^e^y)^H.R^.^{1500 (D}^eFazi^o⁾^H^.R^{. 1506 (M}^ark^e^y)^H.R^.²⁹²⁷
⁽^H^ill)
^t^r^ibut^e-^B^a^sed^A^u^th^orizes^Secretary^to^{No prov}^is^ion^.^A^u^th^orizes^Secretary^to^Ex^ten^d^{s f}^l^ex^ib^ility^to^Ex^ten^d^{s f}^l^ex^ib^ility^to
^a^nda^rds^estab^lish^size-^b^a^sed^estab^lish^size-^b^a^sed^Secretary^{to es}^tablis^h^Secretary^{to es}^tablis^h
^st^aⁿ^d^a^r^d^{s fo}^r^dⁱ^ffe^r^e^nt^st^aⁿ^d^a^r^d^{s fo}^r^dⁱ^ffe^r^e^nt^at^t^rⁱ^b^u^t^e-^bas^e^{d s}^t^an^dards^at^t^rⁱ^b^u^t^e-^bas^e^{d s}^t^an^dards
^clas^s^e^s^of^v^e^hⁱ^cles^{. [Sec. 1]}^clas^s^e^s^of^v^e^hⁱ^cles^{. [Sec. 9]}⁽ⁱ^nc^l^u^dⁱ^{ng si}^z^e⁾^fo^r⁽ⁱ^nc^l^u^dⁱ^{ng si}^z^e⁾^fo^r
^dⁱ^ffe^r^e^{nt c}^l^a^sse^{s o}^f^dⁱ^ffe^r^e^{nt c}^l^a^sse^{s o}^f
^v^e^hⁱ^cles^{, or in}^th^{e f}^o^rm^of^a^v^e^hⁱ^cles^{, or in}^th^{e f}^o^rm^of^a
^m^a^th^em^{atical f}^uⁿ^c^tioⁿ^.^m^a^th^em^{atical f}^uⁿ^c^tioⁿ^.
^{[Sec. 4]}^{[Sec. 1]}
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL33982}^an^gesⁱⁿ^T^e^s^t^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Req^u^ir^{es j}^oⁱⁿ^{t r}^e^p^o^r^{t f}^r^o^m^N^o^p^r^o^vⁱ^sⁱ^o^n;^ho^w^e^ve^r^,
^g/w^t^h^{e D}^e^part^m^eⁿ^t^s^of^w^o^ul^d^r^e^q^uⁱ^r^e^t^h^a^t^a^nnua^l
^s^.or^T^r^an^s^portation^an^{d En}^erg^y^,^s^t^an^dards^als^o^{be ex}^pres^s^e^d
^le^ak^an^{d th}^{e En}^vⁱ^ron^m^en^talⁱⁿ^th^{e eq}^uⁱ^v^a^len^t^o^f
^P^r^otection^A^g^en^cy^th^{at, in}^av^erag^{e g}^r^am^s^{per m}^{ile of}
^://wiki^{part, as}^s^e^s^s^e^s^th^{e accu}^racy^carbon^di^oxⁱ^d^{e em}ⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^.
^h^ttp^of^C^A^F^E^t^e^s^t^procedu^r^es
^u^s^{ed to m}^eas^u^r^{e f}^u^el
^econ^o^m^y^{, an}^{d to “}ⁱ^den^tif^y
^an^y^ad^d^itioⁿ^a^{l f}^acto^r^{s o}^r
^m^e^th^o^d^s^th^{at” w}^o^u^l^d
^coⁿ^t^rⁱ^b^u^{te to}^th^{e tests’}^m^o^r^e
^accu^rately^ref^l^ectin^gⁱⁿ^-^u^s^e
^f^u^{el econ}^o^m^y^{. [Sec. 4]}
^Tra^d^ing^A^u^th^orizes^Secretary^to^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^A^u^th^o^r^{izes Secr}^etar^y^to
^estab^lish^{a cr}^ed^{it tr}^adⁱⁿ^g^estab^lish^{a cr}^ed^{it tr}^adⁱⁿ^g
^prog^ram^.^[S^{ec. 2]}^prog^ram^.^[S^{ec. 1]}

CRS-16
^H.R^.^{656 (R}^ei^ch^ert)^H^.R^{. 1133 (Berk}^l^e^y)^H.R^.^{1500 (D}^eFazi^o⁾^H^.R^{. 1506 (M}^ark^e^y)^H.R^.²⁹²⁷
⁽^H^ill)
^rboⁿ^Dio^x^ide^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Req^u^ir^{es Secr}^etar^y^to
^a^nda^rds^es^tablis^h^f^u^{el econ}^o^m^y
^s^t^an^dards^bot^hⁱⁿ^t^e^rm^s^of
^m^{iles p}^e^r^g^a^lloⁿ^an^d^g^r^am^s
^{per m}ⁱ^l^e^of^carbon^di^oxⁱ^d^e.
^{[Sec. 1]}
^{er Key CAFE}^-^P^r^eam^{ble s}^t^ates^th^{at th}^e^A^d^vⁱ^s^e^s^Secretary^th^at^A^d^vⁱ^s^e^s^Secretary^th^at^A^c^{t is n}^o^{t in}^ten^d^ed^to^Estab^lish^e^{s f}^uⁿ^d^f^o^r
^l^a^ted^Provi^sⁱ^on^s^b^ill’^{s in}^ten^tioⁿ^{is to}^d^e^f^actoⁱⁿ^terⁱ^m^stan^d^a^r^d^{s n}^o^{t o}ⁿ^lyⁱⁿ^terⁱ^m^stan^d^a^r^d^{s n}^o^{t o}ⁿ^ly^“^lim^{it, co}ⁿ^s^tr^ain^,^su^p^e^r^s^ed^e,^dom^es^tⁱ^c
^redu^{ce th}^{e am}^ouⁿ^t^of^oil^reach^m^aⁿ^d^{ated 33 m}^p^g^by^reach^m^aⁿ^d^{ated g}^o^als^,^bu^t^o^r^ex^p^aⁿ^d^{” au}^th^o^r^{ities f}^o^r^co^m^m^e^r^c^ializatioⁿ^an^d
^u^s^edⁱⁿ^au^to^m^o^b^{iles b}^y^MY^{2016, bu}^t^m^a^xⁱ^mⁱ^ze^m^a^xⁱ^mⁱ^{ze r}^e^ten^tioⁿ^o^f^j^o^b^s^p^r^e^s^c^rⁱ^bⁱ^{ng m}^o^t^o^r^ve^hi^c^l^e^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^of^adv^aⁿ^ced
^10%^begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^2017.^r^e^ten^tioⁿ^o^f^j^o^b^sⁱⁿ^th^eⁱⁿ^th^{e s}^{ector, an}^{d n}^o^t^sa^fe^ty^staⁿ^d^a^r^d^s.^[^S^e^c^.⁵^]^t^e^c^hno^l^o^gy^ve^hi^c^l^e^s^aⁿ^d
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL33982}^A^d^vⁱ^s^e^s^Secretary^th^at^s^{ector, an}^{d n}^o^{t deg}^r^ade^saf^e^ty^o^f^au^to^m^o^b^{iles. [}^S^ec.^deg^r^{ade s}^a^f^e^ty^of^au^to^m^o^b^{iles. [}^S^{ec. 9}^]^co^m^p^oⁿ^en^{ts. Fu}ⁿ^d^w^{ill b}^e^fⁱⁿ^aⁿ^ced^b^y^civ^{il p}^eⁿ^a^lties
^g/wⁱⁿ^terⁱ^m^stan^d^a^r^d^{s n}^o^{t o}ⁿ^ly^8]^{collected f}^o^{r n}^oⁿ^-
^s^.or^reach^m^aⁿ^d^{ated 33 m}^p^g^by^R^e^qu^ires^Ex^ecu^tiv^{e B}^r^an^ch^com^p^lian^{ce w}^ith^f^u^el
^le^ak^MY^{2016, bu}^t^al^s^o^m^u^s^t^ag^en^cies^{to im}^prov^{e th}^e^econ^o^m^y^s^t^an^dards^.^[Sec.
^m^a^xⁱ^mⁱ^{ze r}^e^ten^tioⁿ^o^f^j^o^b^s^av^erag^{e f}^u^{el econ}^o^m^y^of^1]
^://wikiⁱⁿ^th^{e s}^{ector, an}^{d n}^o^tⁿ^e^w^v^e^hⁱ^clesⁱⁿ^each
^h^ttp^deg^r^{ade s}^a^f^e^ty^of^v^e^hⁱ^{cle clas}^s^by^{3 m}^p^h^by^Req^u^ir^{es estab}^lish^m^en^{t o}^f^a
^au^to^m^o^b^{iles. [}^S^{ec. 1}^]^MY^{2011, an}^{d 6 m}^p^g^by^{tire f}^u^{el ef}^fⁱ^cien^cy
^MY^{2014 ov}^{er a bas}^e^lⁱⁿ^e^con^s^u^m^{er in}^f^o^rm^ation
^calcu^{lated f}^o^{r all v}^e^hⁱ^clesⁱⁿ^prog^ram^.
^th^{e MY2008 f}^l^{eet f}^o^{r each}^{[Sec. 2]}
^v^e^hⁱ^{cle clas}^s^.^{[Sec. 10]}
^Req^u^ir^{es estab}^lish^m^en^{t o}^f^a
^f^u^{el con}^s^erv^a^tion^edu^cation
^prog^ram^.
^[Sec.3]
^Ex^ten^d^{s cr}^ed^{it f}^o^r
^p^r^o^d^u^ctioⁿ^o^f^alterⁿ^ativ^e-
^f^u^{eled au}^tom^obiles^.^{[Sec. 4]}
^{er Key Non}^-^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^T^h^{is is a b}^r^o^a^d^b^{ill th}^{at also}^T^h^{is is}^{a b}^r^o^a^d^b^{ill th}^{at also}^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.

CRS-17
^H.R^.^{656 (R}^ei^ch^ert)^H^.R^{. 1133 (Berk}^l^e^y)^H.R^.^{1500 (D}^eFazi^o⁾^H^.R^{. 1506 (M}^ark^e^y)^H.R^.²⁹²⁷
⁽^H^ill)
^F^E^Provi^sⁱ^on^sⁱⁿ^clu^d^{es p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^s^r^e^latin^gⁱⁿ^clu^d^{es p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^s^oⁿ
^{to n}^u^c^{lear en}^erg^y^{, of}^f^s^h^o^re^sev^e^r^a^{l m}^a^tter^s^su^ch^as
^leas^es^{, repeal of}^certain^tax^pet^r^ol^eu^mⁱⁿ^du^s^t^ry
^su^b^s^id^{ies an}^d^ex^ten^s^ioⁿ^o^f^coⁿ^cen^tr^atioⁿ^,^th^{e Str}^a^tegⁱ^c
^cer^tain^tax^cr^ed^its,^P^e^troleu^m^R^e^s^e^rv^e,
^ren^e^w^a^bl^{e port}^f^olⁱ^o^mⁱⁿⁱ^m^u^mⁱ^nve^nt^o^r^y^l^e^ve^l^s^.
^s^t^an^{dard, an}^{d ot}^h^e^{r m}^a^t^t^e^rs^.
Table 3. Comparison of Bills To Establish Automobile Greenhouse Gas Standards in the 110^th Congress
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL33982}^S^.^{309 (S}^an^d^ers⁾^S^{. 485 (Kerry)}
^g/w
^s^.or^l^e^G^l^obal^Warmⁱⁿ^g^Pol^l^u^tⁱ^oⁿ^R^e^du^ctⁱ^oⁿ^A^c^t^G^l^obal^Warmⁱⁿ^g^R^e^du^ctⁱ^oⁿ^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁷
^le^ak
^://wiki^{use G}^a^s^H^G⁾^Em^issioⁿ^T^h^{e En}^vⁱ^r^oⁿ^m^en^{tal P}^r^o^t^ectioⁿ^A^g^en^cy⁽^E^P^A⁾^A^d^mⁱⁿⁱ^str^a^to^r^{is r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^t^o^es^t^a^blⁱ^s^h^reg^u^l^atⁱ^oⁿ^s^s^t^artⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^MY^{2016 requ}ⁱ^rⁱⁿ^g^t^h^{e av}^erag^{e f}^l^eet^T^h^{e EP}^A^A^d^mⁱⁿⁱ^str^a^to^r^{is r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^estab^lish^r^e^g^u^l^atioⁿ^s^f^o^r^r^e^d^u^cin^g^gr^e^e^nho^use^ga^{s e}^mⁱ^ssi^oⁿ^{s fr}^o^m^p^a^sse^nge^r^ve^hi^c^l^e^s^a^t^l^e^a^s^t^a^s^st^rⁱ^nge^nt^a^s
^h^ttp^a^nda^rd^g^r^een^h^o^u^s^{e g}^a^s^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^{be l}^e^s^s^t^h^an^{205 g}^r^am^s^{per m}ⁱ^l^e^f^o^{r pas}^s^eⁿ^g^e^r^t^h^os^{e adopt}^{ed by}^t^h^{e C}^a^lⁱ^f^ornⁱ^{a A}ⁱ^{r R}^e^s^o^u^r^ces^{board on}^S^e^pt^em^{ber 23-}
^cars^an^{d 332 g}^r^am^s^{per m}ⁱ^l^e^f^o^{r l}ⁱ^g^h^t^t^r^u^c^k^s^{. [S}^{ec. 707] (T}^hⁱ^s^g^r^een^h^o^u^s^e^{24, 2004. T}^h^os^{e reg}^u^l^atⁱ^oⁿ^s^{cap g}^r^een^h^o^u^s^{e g}^a^s^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^at^{205 g}^r^am^s
^ga^{s st}^aⁿ^d^a^r^dⁱ^s^r^o^ughl^y^e^q^ui^va^l^e^nt^t^o^aⁿ^M^Y^{2016 C}^A^F^E^s^t^an^{dard of}⁴²^{per m}ⁱ^l^e^f^o^{r pas}^s^eⁿ^g^e^{r cars}^an^{d 332 g}^r^am^s^{per m}ⁱ^l^e^f^o^{r l}ⁱ^g^h^t^t^r^u^c^k^s^by
^m^p^{g fo}^r^p^a^sse^nge^r^c^a^r^{s a}ⁿ^d²⁶^m^p^{g fo}^r^lⁱ^ght^t^r^uc^ks.⁾^{2016. [S}^{ec. 704] (T}^hⁱ^sⁱ^s^ro^ughl^y^e^q^ui^va^l^e^nt^t^o^aⁿ^M^Y^{2016 C}^A^F^E
^s^t^an^{dard of}^{42 m}^p^g^f^o^{r pas}^s^eⁿ^g^e^{r cars}^an^{d 26 m}^p^g^f^o^{r l}ⁱ^g^h^t^t^r^u^c^k^s^.)
^{er Key CAFE}^-^R^e^qu^ires^g^r^een^h^o^u^s^{e g}^a^s^em^is^sⁱ^on^s^s^t^an^dards^f^o^{r m}^e^diu^m^-^an^{d h}^eav^y^-^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.
^l^a^ted^Provi^sⁱ^on^s^d^u^ty^tr^u^c^k^s^.
^{er Key Non}^-^Ca^p^s^gr^e^e^nho^use^ga^{s e}^mⁱ^ssi^oⁿ^{s o}ⁿ^aⁿ^e^c^o^no^m^y^-wⁱ^d^e^b^a^si^{s b}^e^giⁿⁿⁱ^{ng i}ⁿ^Ca^p^s^gr^e^e^nho^use^ga^{s e}^mⁱ^ssi^oⁿ^{s o}ⁿ^aⁿ^e^c^o^no^m^y^-wⁱ^d^e^b^a^si^{s b}^e^giⁿⁿⁱ^{ng i}ⁿ
^F^E^Provi^sⁱ^on^s^{2010. Em}ⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^{are capped at}^20%^of^t^h^ei^{r 1990 l}^e^v^e^l^sⁱⁿ^t^h^{e y}^ear^{2010. Em}ⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^{are capped at}^38%^of^t^h^ei^{r 1990 l}^e^v^e^l^sⁱⁿ^{2050. T}^h^e
^{2050. T}^h^{e EPA}^h^a^s^t^h^{e di}^s^c^retⁱ^oⁿ^t^o^em^pl^oy^{a m}^a^rk^et^-^b^as^{ed al}^l^o^w^aⁿ^c^e^allow^aⁿ^{ce tradin}^g^s^y^s^t^emⁱⁿ^clu^d^es^an^allo^catioⁿ^sch^e^m^e^th^{at r}^e^q^u^ir^{es an}
^tr^adⁱⁿ^g^p^r^o^g^r^a^m^o^r^an^y^co^m^bⁱⁿ^atioⁿ^o^f^cos^t^-^e^f^f^ectiv^{e em}^is^sⁱ^on^redu^ction^uⁿ^s^p^ecifⁱ^ed^p^e^r^cen^tag^e^o^f^allo^w^aⁿ^{ces to}^b^e^au^ctioⁿ^e^d^.^T^h^{e b}^{ill also}
^str^a^tegⁱ^{es. T}^h^{e b}^{ill also}ⁱⁿ^clu^d^{es m}^aⁿ^d^ato^r^y^g^r^een^h^o^u^s^{e g}^a^{s em}^issioⁿⁱⁿ^clu^d^{es a n}^e^w^en^er^g^y^ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^p^e^r^f^o^r^m^aⁿ^{ce stan}^d^a^r^d^{. T}^h^{e b}^{ill w}^o^u^l^d
^s^t^an^dards^f^o^{r n}^e^w^pow^erplan^ts^{, alon}^g^w^ith^{a n}^e^w^en^erg^y^ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^es^tablis^h^{a ren}^e^w^a^{ble portf}^{olio s}^t^an^{dard (R}^P^S^{), in}^creas^{e biof}^u^e^l
^p^e^r^f^o^r^m^aⁿ^{ce stan}^d^a^r^d^{. T}^h^{e b}^{ill w}^o^u^l^d^estab^lish^{a r}^eⁿ^e^w^a^b^l^{e p}^o^r^tf^o^lio^m^aⁿ^d^ates^uⁿ^d^{er th}^{e R}^eⁿ^e^w^a^{ble Fu}^els^Stan^{dard, an}^{d m}^aⁿ^d^{ate n}^e^w

CRS-18
^S^.^{309 (S}^an^d^ers⁾^S^{. 485 (Kerry)}
^s^t^an^{dard (R}^P^S^{) an}^{d a n}^e^w^low^-^carbon^g^eⁿ^e^ration^requ^irem^en^{t an}^dⁱⁿ^f^r^astr^u^c^tu^r^e^f^o^r^bⁱ^o^f^u^e^{ls. Fin}^a^lly^{, th}^{e b}^{ill ex}^p^aⁿ^d^{s an}^d^ex^ten^d^{s ex}^istin^g
^t^r^adiⁿ^g^prog^ram^.^taxⁱⁿ^cen^tiv^es^f^o^{r altern}^ativ^{e f}^u^els^an^{d adv}^aⁿ^{ced tech}ⁿ^o^log^y^v^e^hⁱ^cles^,
^an^{d es}^tablis^h^e^s^{a m}^aⁿ^u^f^actu^r^{er ta}^x^{credit f}^o^{r adv}^aⁿ^{ced tech}ⁿ^o^log^y
^ve^hi^c^l^eⁱ^nve^st^m^e^nt^.

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