Biofuels Provisions in the 2007 Energy Bill and the 2008 Farm Bill: A Side-by-Side Comparison

Biofuels Provisions in the 2007 Energy Bill and
the 2008 Farm Bill: A Side-by-Side Comparison
Updated June 27, 2008
Tom Capehart and Randy Schnepf
Specialists in Agricultural Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Brent D. Yacobucci
Specialist in Energy and Environmental Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division

Biofuels Provisions in the 2007 Energy Bill and the
2008 Farm Bill: A Side-by-Side Comparison
Summary
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA, P.L. 110-140), also
known as the 2007 energy bill, significantly expands existing programs to promote
biofuels. The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-246), also
known as the 2008 farm bill, contains a distinct energy title (Title IX) that covers a
wide range of energy and agricultural topics with extensive attention to biofuels,
including corn-starch based ethanol, cellulosic ethanol, and biodiesel. Research
provisions relating to renewable energy are found in Title VII and tax provisions are
found in Title XV of the farm bill.
Key biofuels-related provisions of EISA and the 2008 farm bill include:
^!a major expansion of the renewable fuel standard (RFS) established
in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-58) [EISA];
^!expansion and/or modification of tax credits for ethanol [farm bill];
^!grants and loan guarantees for biofuels (especially cellulosic)
research, development, deployment, and production [EISA, farm
bill];
^!studies of the potential for ethanol pipeline transportation, expanded
biofuel use, market and environmental impacts of increased biofuel
use, and the effects of biodiesel on engines [EISA, farm bill];
^!expansion of biofuel feedstock availability [farm bill];
^!reauthorization of biofuels research and development at the U.S.
Department of Energy [EISA] and the U.S. Department of
Agriculture and Environmental Protection Agency [farm bill]; and
^!reduction of the blender tax credit for corn-based ethanol, a new
production tax credit for cellulosic ethanol, and continuation of the
import duty on ethanol [farm bill].
This report includes information from CRS Report RL34130, Renewable
Energy Policy in the 2007 Farm Bill, by Randy Schnepf and Tom Capehart, and CRS
Report RL34136, Biofuels Provisions in the Energy Independence and Security Act
of 2007 (P.L. 110-140), H.R. 3221, and H.R. 6: A Side-by-Side Comparison, by Brent
D. Yacobucci.

Contents
In troduction ......................................................1
Key Elements of EISA and the 2008 Farm Bill...........................2
List of Tables
Table 1. Comparison of Current or Prior Law with Biofuels Provisions in EISA
and the Enacted Farm Bill.......................................4

Biofuels Provisions in the 2007 Energy Bill
and the 2008 Farm Bill:
A Side-by-Side Comparison
Introduction
Recent high energy prices, concerns over energy security, and the desire to
promote rural business and to reduce air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions have
sparked congressional interest in promoting greater use of alternatives to petroleum
fuels. Biofuels — transportation fuels produced from plant and animal materials —
have attracted particular interest. Ethanol and biodiesel, the two most widely used
biofuels, receive significant federal support in the form of tax incentives, loan and
grant programs, and regulatory programs.¹
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct, P.L. 109-58) established a renewable
fuel standard (RFS). This initial RFS required the increasing use of renewable fuel
in gasoline, starting at 4.0 billion gallons in 2006 and increasing to 7.5 billion gallons
in 2012. However, the RFS was significantly expanded on December 19, 2007, when
President Bush signed the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA).
Instead of requiring 5.4 billion gallons of renewable fuel in 2008, the new law
requires 9.0 billion gallons. Further, the 2007 law requires that the RFS be expanded
to 36 billion gallons of renewable fuel by 2022, as compared to an estimated 8.6
billion gallons under EPAct. Although this is not an explicit ethanol mandate, it is
expected that much of this requirement will be met using corn-based ethanol.² The
U.S. ethanol industry expanded rapidly in response to EPAct, outpacing the required
growth in the earlier RFS and leading some proponents of corn-based ethanol to
support an increase in the mandated levels of the RFS.
The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (2008 farm bill, P.L. 110-246)
promotes the development of cellulosic ethanol production through new blender tax
credits, reduces slightly the production tax credit for corn-derived ethanol when
production reaches 7.5 billion gallons, and continues the tariff on imported ethanol.
It also expands research on agricultural renewable energy and encourages
infrastructure development needed for cellulosic ethanol production.
During the final months of the farm bill debate, both food and fuel prices
increased dramatically, and the role of corn-based ethanol in food price inflation

¹ For more information on federal biofuels incentives, see CRS Report RL33572, Biofuels
Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs, by Brent D. Yacobucci.
² For more information on ethanol, see CRS Report RL33290, Fuel Ethanol: Background
and Public Policy Issues, by Brent D. Yacobucci.

became a subject of intense debate. Because of the rapid expansion of U.S. corn
ethanol capacity — as of May 28, 2008, existing capacity was an estimated at 8.7
billion gallons per year, while an additional 4.9 billion gallons was under
construction³ — some are concerned that the United States will soon reach the limit
of ethanol that can be produced from corn. Critics of corn-based ethanol argue that
the industry does not need continued government support, and that current corn
demand for ethanol is putting a strain on corn and other grain markets, leading to
increases in other commodity prices, such as livestock feed, which then leads to
higher dairy and meat prices.⁴ Critics also argue that the environmental costs of corn-
based ethanol may outweigh the benefits. Proponents of corn-based ethanol
production assert that increased acreage and upward-trending yields will enable corn
producers to satisfy the demand for corn for feed, fuel, and exports.
Advanced biofuels based on non-food feedstocks are generating much interest.
Feedstocks that could be grown on marginal land with reduced inputs compared with
corn would solve the food versus fuel issue, it has been argued. However, biofuels
that rely on other sources of biomass, including agricultural wastes, municipal solid
waste, and dedicated non-food energy crops such as perennial grasses, fast-growing
trees, and algae are still years from commercial production. Nonetheless, this interest
has led to proposals to support and/or mandate biofuels produced from feedstocks
other than corn starch through explicit requirements, research, development and
extension funding, and/or tax incentives.⁵ Non-corn biofuels could include fuels
produced from cellulosic material (such as perennial grasses), ethanol produced from
sugarcane or beets, and biodiesel or renewable diesel produced from vegetable or
animal oils.⁶ Under EISA, eligible corn-based ethanol production is capped at 15
billion gallons by 2015. Starting in 2009, the RFS will require that an increasing
amount of the mandate be met through the use of “advanced biofuels” — biofuels
produced from feedstocks other than corn starch.
Key Elements of EISA and the 2008 Farm Bill
The following table provides a side-by-side comparison of biofuels-related
provisions in EISA with the enacted farm bill — the Food, Conservation, and Energy
Act of 2008. President Bush signed EISA on December 19, 2007, and the Food,
Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 became law on June 18, 2008, after President

³ Renewable Fuels Association, [http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/locations].
⁴ For more information on the issues surrounding rapid ethanol expansion, see CRS Report
RL33928, Ethanol and Biofuels: Agriculture, Infrastructure, and Market Constraints
Related to Expanded Production, by Brent D. Yacobucci and Randy Schnepf.
⁵ Non-corn-starch feedstocks include other parts of the corn plant, such as the husks and the
stalks, which are high in cellulose.
⁶ For more information on biodiesel, see CRS Report RL32712, Agriculture-Based
Renewable Energy Production, by Randy Schnepf.

Bush’s veto was overridden by both the Senate and the House.⁷ Both bills cover a
wide range of energy and agricultural topics in addition to biofuels.
The table is organized in the same order as EISA, followed by provisions that
are exclusively in the enacted farm bill.
Key biofuels-related provisions of EISA and the 2008 farm bill include:
^!a major expansion of the renewable fuel standard (RFS) established
in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-58) [EISA];
^!expansion and/or modification of tax credits for ethanol [farm bill];
^!grants and loan guarantees for biofuels (especially cellulosic)
research, development, deployment, and production [EISA, farm
bill];
^!studies of the potential for ethanol pipeline transportation, expanded
biofuel use, market and environmental impacts of increased biofuel
use, and the effects of biodiesel on engines [EISA, farm bill];
^!expansion of biofuel feedstock availability [farm bill];
^!reauthorization of biofuels research and development at the U.S.
Department of Energy [EISA] and the U.S. Department of
Agriculture and Environmental Protection Agency [farm bill]; and
^!reduction of the blender tax credit for corn-based ethanol, a new
production tax credit for cellulosic ethanol, and continuation of the
import duty on ethanol [farm bill].

⁷ The conference agreement on the 2008 farm bill was originally approved by the House and
the Senate as H.R. 2419 and vetoed by the President in May 2008. Both chambers overrode
the veto, making the bill law (P.L. 110-234). However, the trade title was inadvertently
excluded from the enrolled bill. To remedy the situation, both chambers repassed the farm
bill conference agreement (including the trade title) as H.R. 6124. The President vetoed the
measure in June 2008 and both chambers again overrode the veto, which made H.R. 6124
law (P.L. 110-246), and repealed P.L. 110-234.

CRS-4
Table 1. Comparison of Current or Prior Law with Biofuels Provisions in EISA and the Enacted Farm Bill
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
^.^{110-140, T}ⁱ^tl^{e I}^—^Eⁿ^{ergy S}^ecu^ri^{ty T}^h^rou^g^h^I^m^p^r^oved^Fu^el^E^c^on^om^y
^um^{er I}ⁿ^form^ation^No^p^r^io^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^T^h^{e Dep}^t^{. o}^f^T^r^an^sp^o^r^tatioⁿ^{is r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^car^r^y^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^o^u^{t an}^ed^u^catioⁿ^a^{l p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^toⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^coⁿ^s^u^m^er^s
^abou^t^t^h^{e f}^u^el^s^a^vⁱⁿ^g^s^an^{d em}ⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^ben^e^fⁱ^t^s^of
^ne^w^ve^hi^c^l^e^s^,ⁱⁿ^c^l^udⁱ^{ng t}^h^e^b^e^ne^fi^t^s^fr^o^m^t^h^e^use
^o^f^alterⁿ^ativ^{e f}^u^els.
^[S^{ec. 105]}
^e^l^Ta^nk^La^be^ling^No^p^r^io^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Req^u^ir^{es th}^{e Dep}^t^{. o}^f^T^r^an^sp^o^r^tatioⁿ^to^issu^{e a}^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^ent^fⁱⁿ^a^l^ru^l^e^by^Juⁿ^e^{2011 requ}ⁱ^rⁱⁿ^g^au^t^o^m^a^k^e^rs^t^o^clear^ly^lab^e^{l th}^{e f}^u^{el co}^m^p^ar^tm^en^{t o}^f^alterⁿ^ativ^e
^g/w^f^u^{el v}^e^hⁱ^cles^w^ith^th^{e f}^o^rm^of^altern^ativ^{e f}^u^el
^s^.or^s^t^at^{ed on}^t^h^{e l}^a^bel^.^[S^{ec. 105]}
^le^ak
^://wiki^t^e^nsio^{n o}^f^Flex^{ible Fuel}^/^Un^{der th}^{e C}^o^{rporate A}^v^erag^{e Fu}^el^Econ^om^y^(C^A^F^{E) prog}^ram^,^au^t^o^m^a^k^e^rs^A^m^en^d^s^th^{e CA}^{FE p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^to^ex^ten^d^alterⁿ^ativ^e^fue^l^ve^hi^c^l^e^c^r^e^dⁱ^t^s^t^h^r^o^{ugh m}^o^d^e^l^y^e^a^r^{2019, at}^a^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^h^ttp^odies^e^{l as}^{Alternative fuel}^m^a^y^g^eⁿ^e^r^a^{te cr}^ed^{its to}^w^a^r^d^th^eir^declinⁱⁿ^g^{rate. A}^l^s^o^allow^s^v^e^hⁱ^cles^{capable of}
^Purpos^es^com^p^lian^{ce f}^o^{r th}^{e produ}^ction^an^{d s}^a^le^o^p^e^r^a^tin^g^oⁿ^B²⁰^to^b^e^tr^eated^{as v}^e^hⁱ^{cles elig}^ib^le
^of^altern^ativ^{e f}^u^{el v}^e^hⁱ^cles^{, as}^defⁱⁿ^e^{d in}^f^o^r^CA^{FE cr}^ed^{its. Ex}^p^aⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^th^{e d}^e^fⁱⁿ^itioⁿ^o^f
^l^a^w^.^C^u^rren^t^l^y^{, B20 (a bl}^en^{d of}^20%^altern^ativ^{e f}^u^{el v}^e^hⁱ^{cle to in}^clu^d^{e B}^{20 cou}^l^d
^bi^odi^es^el^an^{d 80%}^pet^r^ol^eu^m^di^es^el⁾^m^a^ke^a^l^l^dⁱ^e^s^e^l^p^a^sse^nge^r^c^a^r^{s a}ⁿ^d^lⁱ^ght^t^r^uc^ks
^v^e^hⁱ^cles^{are n}^o^{t con}^s^{idered altern}^ativ^e^elig^ib^{le f}^o^r^cr^ed^{its u}ⁿ^d^er^CA^{FE. Cu}^r^r^en^tly^{, so}^m^e
^f^u^el^v^e^hⁱ^cl^es^{. [49 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{32901 et}^s^e^q.]^dies^{el pas}^s^eⁿ^g^e^{r v}^e^hⁱ^cles^{are w}^a^rran^{tied to ru}ⁿ^on
^B⁵^{, bu}^{t f}^e^w^techⁿⁱ^{cal barriers}^ex^is^{t to m}^a^k^eⁿ^e^w
^dies^{el v}^e^hⁱ^cles^B^20-^capable.
^[S^{ec. 109]}
^.^{110-140, T}ⁱ^{tle I}^I^{— E}ⁿ^{ergy S}^ecu^{rity T}^h^rou^g^h^Iⁿ^creas^e^d^Prod^u^c^tion^{of Biofu}^e^ls
^a^{ble F}^u^{el St}^a^nda^rd^T^h^{e En}^erg^y^Polⁱ^c^y^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁵^A^m^en^d^s^th^{e RFS to}ⁱⁿ^clu^d^{e all tr}^an^sp^o^r^tatioⁿ^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.

^es^tablis^h^e^{d a R}^eⁿ^e^w^a^{ble Fu}^{el Stan}^dard^f^u^els^(ex^{cept f}^o^{r f}^u^els^u^s^{ed in}^ocean^-^g^oin^g
^(R^{FS) w}^h^ich^requ^ires^th^{e u}^s^{e of}^an^v^e^ssels)^.^Ex^p^aⁿ^d^{s th}^{e ex}^istin^g^r^e^q^u^ir^em^en^{t to}⁹^.⁰

CRS-5
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
ⁱⁿ^creasⁱⁿ^g^am^ouⁿ^t^of^ren^e^w^a^{ble f}^u^elsⁱⁿ^billion^g^a^llon^sⁱⁿ^2008,ⁱⁿ^creasⁱⁿ^g^{to 36 billion}
^g^a^s^o^lin^{e. T}^h^{e m}^aⁿ^d^{ate in}^creas^es^f^r^om^g^a^l^l^oⁿ^sⁱⁿ^{2022. R}^e^quⁱ^r^es^ren^e^w^a^bl^{e f}^u^el^s
^{4.0 billion}^g^a^llon^sⁱⁿ^{2006 to 7.5 billion}^p^r^o^d^u^ced^{at n}^e^w^f^{acilities to}^h^a^v^e^{at least 2}⁰^%
^g^a^l^l^oⁿ^sⁱⁿ^{2012. S}^t^artⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^{2013, t}^h^e^lo^w^e^{r lif}^ecy^{cle g}^r^een^h^o^u^s^{e g}^a^{s (GHG) em}^issioⁿ^s
^proportⁱ^oⁿ^of^ren^e^w^a^bl^{e f}^u^el^t^o^g^a^s^o^lⁱⁿ^e^t^h^an^pet^r^ol^eu^m^f^u^el^s^.^S^t^artⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^{2009, requ}ⁱ^r^es
^m^u^s^t^equ^a^{l or ex}^{ceed th}^{e proportion}ⁱⁿ^th^{at an}ⁱⁿ^creasⁱⁿ^g^am^ouⁿ^t^of^th^{e abov}^{e m}^aⁿ^d^ate
^{2012. S}^t^artⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^{2013, of}^t^h^{e am}^ouⁿ^t^{be m}^e^t^u^sⁱⁿ^g^“^a^dv^an^{ced bi}^of^u^e^l^s^{,” def}ⁱⁿ^e^{d as}
^m^aⁿ^d^{ated abov}^{e, at leas}^{t 250 m}^illion^bi^of^u^e^l^s^deri^v^e^{d f}^r^om^f^eeds^t^ock^s^ot^h^e^{r t}^h^an^corn
^g^a^l^l^oⁿ^s^m^u^s^t^{be f}^u^el^deri^v^e^{d f}^r^om^starch^w^ith⁵⁰^%^lo^w^e^{r lif}^ecy^{cle GHG em}^issioⁿ^s.
^cellu^lo^{sic m}^a^terⁱ^al.^B^y^{2022, requ}^ires^{21 billion}^g^a^llon^s^of^adv^aⁿ^ced
^[P.L^{. 109-}^{58, S}^{ec. 1501], [42 U}^.^S^.^C^.^biof^u^e^{l. Of}^th^{e adv}^aⁿ^{ced biof}^u^e^{l m}^aⁿ^d^ate,
^7545]^s^p^ecifⁱ^{c carv}^e^-^o^u^t^s^{are m}^a^{de f}^o^{r cellu}^losⁱ^{c f}^u^els
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^an^d^bⁱ^o^m^ass-^d^e^rⁱ^v^e^d^dⁱ^{esel su}^b^s^titu^tes.^[S^{ec. 202]}
^g/w
^s^.or^m^{pact of I}ⁿ^creas^e^d^B^y^A^ugust^{2009, EPA}^m^u^s^t^pu^blⁱ^s^h^a^{DOE, in}^coⁿ^s^u^ltatioⁿ^w^ith^USDA^an^d^EP^A^,^is^Co^m^p^r^e^he^nsi^v^e^St^ud^y^o^f^Bⁱ^o^f^ue^l^s^—^T^h^e
^le^ak^a^{ble F}^u^{el Use}^draf^{t an}^aly^s^is^of^th^{e ef}^f^ects^of^th^{e f}^u^els^r^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^en^terⁱⁿ^to^an^ag^r^eem^en^{t w}^ith^th^e^Dep^t^{. o}^f^T^r^easu^r^y^,^w^ith^{DOE, USDA}^{, an}^d
^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^sⁱⁿ^P.L^.^109-^{58 on}^ai^r^Natioⁿ^a^{l A}^cad^em^y^o^f^Scien^{ces (}^N^A^S⁾^to^stu^d^y^EP^A^sh^{all h}^a^v^e^th^{e Natio}ⁿ^a^{l A}^cad^em^y^o^f
^://wiki^p^o^llu^tan^t^em^issioⁿ^{s an}^d^air^q^u^ality^{. [}^P^.L^.^th^{e im}^p^{acts o}^f^th^{e RFS o}ⁿⁱⁿ^d^u^strⁱ^{es r}^e^lated^to^Scien^ces^an^aly^{ze s}^c^ien^tif^{ic f}ⁱⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^s^on
^h^ttp^109-^{58, S}^{ec. 1505], [42 U}^.^S^.^C^.^7545(b)]^f^{eed g}^r^aiⁿ^s^{, l}ⁱ^v^es^t^o^ck^{, f}^{ood, f}^o^res^t^produ^ct^s^,^an^d^cu^rren^t^an^{d f}^u^t^u^{re bi}^of^u^e^l^s^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^,
^en^erg^y^{. T}^h^{e NA}^{S s}^t^u^d^y^m^u^s^t^as^s^e^s^s^th^{e lik}^elyⁱ^m^pact^s^,^t^r^en^ds^{, an}^{d pol}ⁱ^cⁱ^e^s^.^[S^{ec. 15322]}

^EP^A^{is r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^coⁿ^d^u^c^{t a su}^r^v^ey^to^ef^f^ects^on^dom^es^{tic an}^im^{al ag}^ricu^ltu^{re an}^{d policy}
^determⁱⁿ^{e th}^{e m}^a^rk^{et s}^h^{are of}^g^a^s^o^lin^e^o^p^tioⁿ^s^to^allevⁱ^{ate n}^e^g^a^tiv^{e ef}^f^{ects; id}^en^tif^y
^c^o^nt^aⁱⁿⁱ^{ng e}^t^ha^no^l^aⁿ^d^o^t^he^r^r^e^ne^w^a^b^l^e^ag^rⁱ^cu^ltu^r^a^{l co}ⁿ^d^itioⁿ^s^th^{at w}^o^u^l^d^w^a^r^r^aⁿ^t^a
^f^u^el^s^.^[P.L^{. 109-}^{58, S}^{ec. 1501(c)], [42}^w^a^iv^er^o^f^th^{e RFS r}^e^q^u^ir^em^en^{ts; an}^d^m^a^k^e
^U^.^S^.^C^.^7545]^r^eco^m^m^eⁿ^d^atioⁿ^s^to^lim^{it ad}^v^e^r^s^{e eco}ⁿ^o^mⁱ^c
^im^pacts^f^r^om^th^{e R}^FS.
^{DOE is r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^co^{llect an}^d^p^u^b^lish^[S^{ec. 203]}
^m^oⁿ^t^h^l^y^s^u^rv^ey^dat^a^on^t^h^{e produ}^ctⁱ^oⁿ^,
^bl^en^diⁿ^g^,ⁱ^m^portⁱⁿ^g^,^dem^aⁿ^d^{, an}^{d pri}^c^e
^of^ren^e^w^a^bl^{e f}^u^el^s^,^bot^h^on^{a n}^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^a^l
^an^{d reg}ⁱ^on^al^basⁱ^s^.
^[P.L^{. 109-}^{58, S}^{ec. 1508], [42 U}^.^S^.^C^.
^7135]

CRS-6
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
^vironm^{ental and Res}^o^urce^No^p^r^io^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^EP^A^,ⁱⁿ^coⁿ^s^u^ltatioⁿ^w^ith^th^{e USDA}^an^d^DOE,^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^nserv^a^t^io^{n Im}^pa^ct^s^m^u^s^t^s^t^u^d^y^th^{e im}^pacts^of^th^{e R}^{FS on}
^en^vⁱ^ron^m^en^{tal is}^s^u^es^{, res}^o^u^r^{ce con}^s^erv^a^tion
ⁱ^ssue^s^,^aⁿ^dⁱ^nva^si^ve^o^r^no^xi^o^u^{s sp}^e^cⁱ^e^s^.
^[S^{ec. 204]}
^o^m^a^{ss B}^a^se^{d Die}^s^e^l^aⁿ^d^No^p^r^io^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^T^h^{e Fed}^e^r^a^{l T}^r^ad^{e Co}^m^mⁱ^ssioⁿ^{is r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^o^d^{iesel La}^beling^p^r^o^m^u^l^g^a^{te r}^u^{les r}^e^q^u^irⁱⁿ^g^dⁱ^{esel r}^e^tailer^s^to^lab^e^l
^t^h^ei^{r pu}^m^p^s^wⁱ^t^h^t^h^{e percen}^t^a^g^e^of^bi^om^as^s^-
^bas^e^{d di}^es^el^{or bi}^odi^es^el^t^h^atⁱ^s^of^f^e^{red f}^o^{r s}^a^l^e^.
^[S^{ec. 205]}
^{for Us}^{e of}^Un^d^e^r^th^{e o}^r^igⁱⁿ^{al RFS, cellu}^lo^sic^EP^A^{is r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^stu^d^y^th^{e f}^easib^ility^o^f^issuⁱⁿ^g^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^a^{ble E}^l^{ectricity in}^bⁱ^o^f^u^e^{ls ar}^{e elig}^ib^{le f}^o^r^ad^d^itioⁿ^a^l^credits^uⁿ^d^{er th}^{e R}^{FS f}^o^{r electric v}^e^hⁱ^cles
^g/w^{ectric Vehicles}^/^credits^uⁿ^d^{er th}^{e m}^aⁿ^d^{ate. A}^g^a^llon^of^pow^{ered by}^electricity^f^r^om^ren^e^w^a^{ble res}^o^u^r^ces^.
^s^.or^o^ductⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^Renew^a^ble^cellu^lo^{sic b}ⁱ^o^f^u^e^{l is co}ⁿ^s^id^er^ed^eq^u^a^{l to}^Wi^t^hⁱⁿ^{180 day}^s^of^en^act^m^eⁿ^t^{, EPA}^m^u^s^t^report
^le^ak^Renew^a^ble²^.⁵^g^a^lloⁿ^s^o^f^eth^aⁿ^o^{l. Fo}^r^th^{is sectio}ⁿ^,^t^o^Co^ngr^e^{ss o}ⁿ^t^h^e^fi^ndⁱ^{ngs o}^f^t^h^e^st^ud^y^.
^ergy^“^cellu^losⁱ^{c biof}^u^e^ls^{” in}^clu^d^es^both^[S^{ec. 206]}
^://wiki^bi^of^u^e^l^s^produ^{ced f}^r^om^cel^l^u^l^o^s^e^an^d
^h^ttp^bi^of^u^e^l^s^produ^{ced f}^r^om^s^u^g^a^rs^or
^s^t^arch^es^(e.g^{., corn}^eth^aⁿ^o^{l) if}^biom^as^s^is
^u^s^{ed to dis}^p^{lace f}^o^s^s^{il en}^erg^yⁱⁿ^th^e
^r^e^fiⁿⁱ^{ng o}^f^t^h^e^fue^l^.
^[P.L^{. 109-}^{58, S}^{ec. 1501], [42 U}^.^S^.^C^.
^7545]
^an^ts^{for Prod}^u^c^ti^on^of^T^h^{e DOE m}^a^y^prov^{ide g}^r^an^ts^f^o^{r th}^e^Req^u^ir^{es DOE to}^estab^lish^{a g}^r^an^{t p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^f^o^r^Bi^orefⁱⁿ^ery^A^s^sⁱ^s^t^an^{ce. N}^e^w^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^9003.
^van^ced^Bi^ofu^e^l^s^coⁿ^s^tr^u^c^tioⁿ^o^f^f^{acilities to}^p^r^o^d^u^ce^th^{e produ}^ction^of^adv^aⁿ^{ced biof}^u^e^ls^th^{at h}^a^v^e^at^P^r^o^v^id^{es co}^m^p^etitiv^{e g}^r^an^{ts an}^d^lo^an
^r^e^ne^w^a^b^l^e^fue^l^{s (}ⁱ^nc^l^u^dⁱ^{ng e}^t^ha^no^l⁾^fr^o^m^leas^{t an}^{80% redu}^ctionⁱⁿ^lif^ecy^{cle g}^r^een^h^o^u^s^e^g^u^a^r^aⁿ^t^{ees f}^o^r^coⁿ^s^tr^u^c^tioⁿ^an^d^r^e^tr^o^f^ittin^g
^cellu^losⁱ^{c biom}^as^s^,^ag^ricu^ltu^ral^ga^{s e}^m^issioⁿ^{s r}^e^la^tive^to^c^u^r^r^e^{nt fue}^l^s.^of^bi^orefⁱⁿ^eri^e^s^f^o^{r t}^h^{e produ}^ctⁱ^oⁿ^of
^by^produ^cts^,^ag^ricu^ltu^{ral w}^a^s^t^{e, an}^d^A^u^th^o^r^{izes d}ⁱ^scr^e^tioⁿ^a^r^y^ap^p^r^o^p^r^iatioⁿ^o^f^{a to}^tal^adv^aⁿ^{ced biof}^u^e^ls^{. B}ⁱ^orefⁱⁿ^ery^g^r^an^ts^u^p^to
^m^uⁿⁱ^cip^a^{l so}^lid^w^a^{ste. Discr}^e^tioⁿ^a^r^y^of^{$500 m}^illioⁿ^f^o^{r FY2008-}^FY2015.³⁰^%^o^f^to^{tal co}^{st. L}^o^an^g^u^a^r^aⁿ^t^{ees lim}^ited
^{appropriation}^s^of^{$100 m}^illioⁿ^f^o^r^[S^{ec. 207]}^{to $250 m}^illioⁿ^{or 80% of}^proj^{ect cos}^t^.
^{FY2006, $250 m}^illion^f^o^{r FY2007, an}^d^Man^d^atory^f^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^of^{$75 m}^illionⁱⁿ
^{$400 m}^illion^f^o^{r FY2008 are au}^th^orized.^{FY2009 an}^{d $245 m}^illionⁱⁿ^FY2010,

CRS-7
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
^[P.L^{. 109-}^{58, S}^{ec. 1512]}^av^ailab^l^{e u}ⁿ^{til ex}^p^eⁿ^d^ed^f^o^r^lo^an^g^u^a^r^aⁿ^t^ees.
^Aⁿ^ex^is^tin^g^g^r^an^{t prog}^ram^fⁱⁿ^aⁿ^ces^th^e^Dis^c^retion^a^ry^f^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^of^{$150 m}^illion
^dev^e^l^opm^en^t^an^{d con}^s^t^r^u^c^tⁱ^oⁿ^of^a^nnua^l^l^yⁱ^s^a^u^t^h^o^rⁱ^z^e^d^fo^r^FY^2009-^12.
^bi^orefⁱⁿ^eri^e^s^an^{d bi}^of^u^e^l^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^[S^{ec. 9001]}
^plan^ts^an^{d im}^plem^en^ts^proj^ects^to
^d^e^m^oⁿ^s^tr^{ate th}^{e co}^m^m^e^r^c^{ial v}ⁱ^ab^ility^o^f^R^e^pow^eriⁿ^g^A^s^sⁱ^s^t^an^{ce. N}^e^w^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^9004.
^c^o^nve^r^tⁱ^{ng b}ⁱ^o^m^a^{ss t}^o^fue^l^{s o}^r^Provⁱ^d^es^U^S^D^A^f^uⁿ^d^s^f^o^{r repow}^eriⁿ^g
^ch^em^icals^.^{No f}^uⁿ^d^s^h^a^v^e^been^as^sⁱ^s^t^an^{ce to redu}^{ce or elim}ⁱⁿ^{ate th}^{eir u}^s^{e of}
^appropri^a^t^e^{d f}^o^{r t}^h^{e prog}^ram^.^f^o^{ssil f}^u^{els f}^o^r^bⁱ^o^r^efⁱⁿ^er^{ies in}^ex^isten^{ce at}
^[P.L^{. 107-}^{171, S}^{ec. 9003], [7 U}^S^C^en^actm^eⁿ^t^{. Man}^d^atory^C^o^m^m^odity^C^r^edit
^8103]^C^o^rporation^(C^C^C^{) f}^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^of^{$35 m}^illion
^f^o^{r FY2009, av}^{ailable u}ⁿ^{til ex}^pen^d^ed.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^A^u^t^h^ori^zes^di^s^c^retⁱ^oⁿ^a^ry^f^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^of^$15^m^illio^{n a}^nnua^lly^fo^r^FY^2009-^{12. [S}^ec.
^g/w^9001]
^s^.or
^le^ak^tegrated^C^oⁿ^sⁱ^d^erati^on^of^S^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{211(c) of}^t^h^{e C}^l^ean^Aⁱ^{r A}^c^t^Ex^p^aⁿ^d^{s EP}^A^’^{s au}^th^o^r^ity^to^coⁿ^t^r^o^{l en}^gⁱⁿ^e^s,^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^t^{er Q}^u^a^lit^yⁱⁿ^allo^w^s^EP^A^to^coⁿ^t^r^o^{l o}^r^p^r^o^h^ib^{it th}^e^v^e^hⁱ^{cles, f}^u^{els, an}^d^f^u^{el ad}^d^itiv^{es u}ⁿ^d^er^Sec.
^://wiki^termⁱⁿ^ati^oⁿ^s^on^Fu^el^s^an^d^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^an^d/^{or s}^a^l^e^of^an^y^en^gⁱⁿ^e^,^{211(c) of}^t^h^{e C}^l^ean^Aⁱ^{r A}^c^t^t^oⁱⁿ^cl^u^d^{e ef}^f^ect^s^on
^h^ttp^{el Addit}ⁱ^v^e^s^v^e^hⁱ^{cle, f}^u^{el, o}^r^f^u^{el ad}^d^itiv^{e th}^{at cau}^ses^w^a^ter^p^o^llu^tioⁿ^.
^o^r^coⁿ^t^rⁱ^b^u^{tes to}^air^p^o^llu^tioⁿ^“^t^h^a^{t m}^a^y^[S^{ec. 208]}
^{be reas}^on^ably^an^{ticipated to en}^dan^g^e^r
^th^{e p}^u^b^{lic h}^ealth^o^r^w^e^lf^ar^e.”
^{[42 U}^.^S^.^C^.^7545(c)]
ⁱ^-^B^a^c^k^s^liding^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Req^u^ir^{es EP}^A^to^stu^d^y^th^{e p}^o^t^en^{tial ad}^v^e^r^s^e^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^ef^f^{ects to}^air^q^u^ality^f^r^o^m^th^{e ex}^p^aⁿ^d^ed^{RFS, an}^d
^to^p^r^o^m^u^l^g^a^{te r}^e^g^u^l^atioⁿ^s^to^m^itig^{ate th}^o^s^e
^ef^f^ects^.
^[S^{ec. 209]}
^{fective Date, Savings}^N^o^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^F^o^{r 2008 an}^{d 2009, an}^y^et^h^aⁿ^o^l^pl^an^t^pow^{ered by}^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.

^sⁱ^on^{, an}^d^T^r^an^sⁱ^ti^onⁿ^a^tu^r^a^{l g}^a^{s, b}ⁱ^o^m^{ass, o}^r^{a co}^m^bⁱⁿ^atioⁿ^o^f^th^{e tw}^o
^is^{treated as}^h^a^vⁱⁿ^g^{a 20% redu}^ctionⁱⁿ^lif^ecy^cle
^g^r^een^h^o^u^s^{e g}^a^s^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^(S^{ee S}^{ec. 202). F}^o^r

CRS-8
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
^{2008, al}^l^cu^rren^t^EPA^reg^u^l^atⁱ^oⁿ^s^on^t^h^{e R}^F^S^are
^uⁿ^c^h^aⁿ^g^e^{d, ex}^{cept f}^o^{r th}^{e in}^creas^{e in}^th^{e v}^o^lu^m^e
^m^aⁿ^d^at^{ed by}^S^{ec. 202.}
^[S^{ec. 210]}
^o^d^{iesel Repo}^rt^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Req^u^ir^{es th}^{e DOE to}^r^e^p^o^r^{t to}^Coⁿ^g^r^{ess o}ⁿ^th^e^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^R^&^{D ch}^allen^g^e^s^{to ex}^pan^dⁱⁿ^g^biodies^{el u}^s^{e (to}
^an^uⁿ^s^pecifⁱ^{ed lev}^e^l)
^[S^{ec. 221]}
^ogas^R^e^p^o^rt^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Req^u^ir^{es th}^{e DOE to}^r^e^p^o^r^{t to}^Coⁿ^g^r^{ess o}ⁿ^th^e^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^R^&^{D ch}^allen^g^e^s^{to ex}^pan^dⁱⁿ^g^biog^as^an^d
^biog^as^/n^atu^r^{al g}^a^s^blen^ds^{(to an}^uⁿ^s^pecifⁱ^ed
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^l^e^v^e^l⁾^{. [S}^{ec. 222]}
^g/w
^s^.or^an^ts^{for Bi}^ofu^e^l^{DOE is}^au^th^{orized to receiv}^e^{$25 m}^illion^Dis^c^retion^a^ry^{appropriation}^s^of^{$25 m}^illion^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^le^ak^o^ductⁱ^oⁿ^a^{nd R&D in}^a^nnua^l^l^y^fo^r^FY^2006-^F^Y^{2010 f}^o^{r R}^&^D^a^u^t^h^o^rⁱ^z^e^d^a^nnua^l^l^y^fo^r^FY^2008-^F^Y^{2010 f}^o^r
^an^{d im}^plem^en^tation^of^ren^e^w^a^{ble f}^u^el^R^&^D^an^{d com}^m^e^rci^a^l^applⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^of^bi^of^u^e^l
^://wiki^p^r^o^d^u^ctioⁿ^techⁿ^o^lo^gⁱ^{es in}^{states w}^ith^p^r^o^d^u^ctioⁿⁱⁿ^{states w}^ith^lo^w^r^a^{tes o}^f^eth^aⁿ^o^{l an}^d
^h^ttp^lo^w^r^a^{tes o}^f^eth^aⁿ^o^{l p}^r^o^d^u^ctioⁿ^th^{at ar}^e^uⁿ^d^{er th}^{e f}^e^{deral ref}^o^rm^u^l^{ated g}^a^s^o^lin^e^cellu^losⁱ^{c eth}^aⁿ^o^{l produ}^ction^(thⁱ^s^cou^l^{d in}^ef^f^ect^apply^{to all s}^t^ates^).
^(R^F^G^{) prog}^ram^.^[S^{ec. 223]}
^[P.L^{. 109-}^{58, S}^{ec. 1511(d)], [42 U}^.^S^.^C^.
^7411]
^{orefinery E}ⁿ^ergy^T^h^{e DOE is}^{directed to con}^d^u^c^{t res}^earch^A^m^en^ds^S^{ec. 932 of}^P.L^.^109-^{58 t}^oⁱⁿ^cl^u^d^e^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^ficiency^on^com^m^e^rci^a^l^applⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^s^of^bi^om^as^s^res^earch^on^en^erg^y^ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^{at bioref}ⁱⁿ^eries^an^d
^an^{d bi}^oen^e^rg^y^.^on^techⁿ^o^log^y^{to con}^v^e^{rt ex}^is^tin^g^corn^-^b^as^ed
^[P.L^{. 109-}^{58, S}^{ec. 932], [42 U}^.^S^.^C^.^eth^aⁿ^o^{l p}^l^an^{ts to}^p^r^o^{cess cellu}^lo^{sic m}^a^terⁱ^als.
^16232]^[S^{ec. 224]}
^u^d^y^{of Op}^ti^mⁱ^zati^on^of^No^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^{DOE is d}ⁱ^r^ected^to^stu^d^y^w^h^eth^e^r^o^p^tim^izin^g^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.

^{ible Fueled Vehicles}^to^fl^e^xⁱ^b^l^e^fue^l^ve^hi^c^l^e^s⁽^FFV^s)^t^o^r^{un o}ⁿ^E⁸⁵^w^o^ul^d
^{e E}^-^{85 Fuel}ⁱⁿ^creas^{e th}^{eir f}^u^{el ef}^fⁱ^cien^cy^{. C}^u^rren^t^FFVs^are
^o^p^tim^ized^to^r^uⁿ^oⁿ^g^a^so^lin^{e, sin}^{ce th}^{at ten}^d^{s to}
^{be t}^h^ei^{r pri}^m^ary^f^u^el^{. [S}^{ec. 225]}

CRS-9
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
^udy^o^f^Engⁱ^{ne Dura}^bilit^y^No^cu^r^r^en^{t p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^{DOE, in}^coⁿ^s^u^ltatioⁿ^w^ith^EP^A^,^{is d}ⁱ^r^ected^to^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^a^{nce As}^s^o^ciated^s^t^u^d^y^t^h^{e ef}^f^ect^s^of^v^a^ri^ou^s^bi^odi^es^el^/^dⁱ^e^s^e^l
^th^th^{e Us}^{e of Bi}^odⁱ^e^s^e^l^b^l^en^d^s^oⁿ^en^gⁱⁿ^e^p^e^r^f^o^r^m^aⁿ^{ce an}^d^d^u^r^a^b^ility^.
^[S^{ec. 226]}
^u^d^y^{of Op}^ti^mⁱ^zati^on^of^No^p^r^io^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^{DOE is d}ⁱ^r^ected^to^stu^d^y^th^{e p}^o^t^en^{tial f}^o^r^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^ogas^U^s^edⁱⁿ^N^a^tu^ral^G^a^s^o^p^tⁱ^mⁱ^zⁱ^{ng na}^t^u^r^a^l^ga^{s ve}^hi^c^l^e^s^t^o^r^{un o}ⁿ^bⁱ^o^g^a^s
^(m^et^h^aⁿ^e^produ^{ced f}^r^om^bi^ol^ogⁱ^cal^f^eeds^t^ock^s^).
^[S^{ec. 227]}
^gal^Bi^om^as^s^V^a^ri^ou^s^s^t^at^u^t^es^prom^ot^{e bi}^of^u^e^l^s^R^&^D^,^{DOE is r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^r^e^p^o^r^{t to}^Coⁿ^g^r^{ess o}ⁿ^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
ⁱⁿ^cl^u^dⁱⁿ^g^t^h^{e dev}^e^l^opm^en^t^of^bi^of^u^e^l^s^prog^res^s^tow^a^{rd dev}^e^lopin^g^alg^{ae as}^{a f}^eeds^t^ock
^f^r^om^alg^{ae, at th}^{e Departm}^eⁿ^t^of^En^erg^y^.^f^o^{r bi}^of^u^e^l^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^{[42 U}^.^S^.^C^.^16232]^[S^{ec. 228]}
^g/w
^s^.or^ofuels^{and B}ⁱ^orefinery^No^p^r^io^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Dir^{ects DOE to}^estab^lish^{a tech}ⁿ^o^lo^g^y^tr^an^sf^er^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^le^ak^o^rm^a^t^io^{n Cent}^er^cen^ter^to^p^r^o^v^id^{e in}^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^oⁿ^bⁱ^o^f^u^e^{ls an}^d
^bi^orefⁱⁿ^eri^e^s^.
^://wiki^[S^{ec. 229]}
^h^ttp^{sic Et}^ha^no^{l a}ⁿ^d^No^p^r^io^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^A^u^th^o^r^{izes th}^{e DOE to}^p^r^o^v^id^{e b}ⁱ^o^f^u^e^{ls R&}^D^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^ofu^e^l^s^R^e^s^e^arch^g^r^an^{ts to}¹⁰ⁱⁿ^stitu^tioⁿ^s^f^r^o^m^lan^d^-^g^r^aⁿ^t^co^lleg^e^s,
^Histo^r^ically^B^l^ack^Co^lleg^e^{s o}^r^Un^iv^er^{sities, tr}^ib^al
^ser^vⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^stitu^tioⁿ^s^{, o}^r^Hisp^an^{ic ser}^vⁱⁿ^g
ⁱⁿ^s^titu^tion^s^{. $50 m}^illion^f^o^{r FY2008 is}^au^th^orized
^t^o^{be appropri}^a^t^e^{d, t}^o^{be av}^ai^l^a^bl^{e u}ⁿ^tⁱ^l
^ex^pen^d^ed.
^[S^{ec. 230]}
^oen^{ergy R}^&^D^-^{DOE is}^{directed to con}^d^u^c^{t R}^&^{D on}^A^m^en^ds^S^{ec. 931 of}^P.L^.^109-^{58 t}^o^au^t^h^ori^{ze a}^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.

^th^ori^z^ati^oⁿ^of^bi^om^as^s^,^bi^oen^e^rg^y^,^an^{d bi}^oprodu^ct^s^.^to^{tal o}^f^$¹^.²^b^illioⁿⁱⁿ^dⁱ^scr^e^tioⁿ^a^r^y
^p^r^op^ri^ati^oⁿ^Dⁱ^s^c^retⁱ^oⁿ^a^ry^appropri^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^of^$213^appropri^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^f^o^{r F}^Y^2008-^F^Y^{2010 f}^o^{r R}^&^D^on
^m^illion^{are au}^th^{orized f}^o^{r FY2007, $251}^bi^om^as^s^,^bi^oen^e^rg^y^,^an^{d bi}^oprodu^ct^s^.
^m^illion^f^o^{r FY2008, an}^{d $274 m}^illion^[S^{ec. 231]}
^f^o^{r F}^Y^{2009. [P.L}^{. 109-}^{58, S}^{ec. 931(c)],}
^{[42 U}^.^S^.^C^.^16232]

CRS-10
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
^vironm^{ental Res}^e^{arch and}^{DOE is r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^estab^lish^{a p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^D^O^Eⁱ^s^requⁱ^r^{ed t}^o^ex^pan^d^t^h^{e bi}^ol^ogⁱ^cal^R^&^D^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^e^lo^pm^ent^of^res^earch^{, dev}^e^lopm^en^{t, an}^d^prog^ram^es^t^a^blⁱ^s^h^e^{d i}ⁿ^S^{ec. 977 of}^P.L^.^109-^{58 t}^o
^dem^oⁿ^s^t^r^atⁱ^oⁿⁱⁿ^mⁱ^crobi^al^an^{d pl}^an^tⁱⁿ^clu^d^{e en}^vⁱ^ron^m^en^{tal ef}^f^ects^,^poten^{tial f}^o^r
^s^y^s^t^em^s^bi^ol^og^y^,^prot^eiⁿ^s^cⁱ^eⁿ^{ce, an}^d^gr^e^e^nho^use^ga^{s r}^e^d^u^c^tⁱ^o^ns,^aⁿ^d^t^h^e^p^o^t^eⁿ^tⁱ^a^l^fo^r
^com^p^u^t^atⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^bi^ol^og^y^.^Bi^om^edi^cal^m^o^{re s}^u^s^t^ain^a^{ble ag}^ricu^ltu^{re. See als}^o^{Sec. 233}
^res^earch^an^{d res}^earch^{related to h}^u^m^an^s^of^EIS^A^(bel^ow^).
^ar^{e n}^o^{t p}^e^r^m^itted^{as p}^a^r^t^o^f^th^{e p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^.^[S^{ec. 232(a)]}
^[P.L^{. 109-}^{58, S}^{ec. 977], [42 U}^.^S^.^C^.
^16232]
^{fecycle Analys}^is^T^ools^for^N^o^pri^o^{r prov}ⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^D^O^Eⁱ^s^requⁱ^r^{ed t}^o^s^t^u^d^y^an^{d dev}^e^l^{op t}^ool^s^f^o^r^R^e^quⁱ^r^es^U^S^D^A^t^o^s^u^pport^res^earch^on
ⁿ^ergy^ev^alu^a^tin^g^th^{e lif}^ecy^{cle en}^erg^y^con^s^u^m^ption^an^d^m^a^kⁱⁿ^g^{a f}^a^rm^{or ran}^c^h^en^erg^y^-ⁿ^eu^{tral. [Sec.}
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^nsum^pt^io^{n a}ⁿ^d^{use G}^a^{s Em}^issioⁿ^s^th^{e poten}^{tial f}^o^{r g}^r^een^h^o^u^s^{e g}^a^s^em^is^sⁱ^on^s^f^r^om^bi^of^u^e^l^s^.^7207]
^g/w^Bi^ofu^e^l^s^[S^{ec. 232(b)]}
^s^.or
^le^ak^al^l^-^S^c^al^{e Prod}^u^c^ti^on^an^d^N^o^pri^o^{r prov}ⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^A^m^en^ds^t^h^{e Bi}^of^u^e^l^s^R^e^s^earch^an^{d D}^e^v^e^l^opm^en^t^R^e^quⁱ^r^es^U^S^D^A^s^u^pport^of^on^-^f^a^rm^en^erg^y
^{e of Bi}^ofu^e^l^s^A^c^t^of^{2000 t}^o^requⁱ^r^{e t}^h^{e S}^ecret^ary^of^con^s^erv^a^tion^an^{d ren}^e^w^a^{ble en}^erg^y
^://wiki^A^g^rⁱ^cu^ltu^r^e^to^estab^lish^{a R&}^{D p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^to^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^.^[S^{ec 7207]}
^h^ttp^f^{acilitate sm}^all-^{scale p}^r^o^d^u^ctioⁿ^an^d^lo^{cal an}^d^oⁿ^-
^f^a^rm^u^s^{e of}^bi^of^u^e^l^s^.
^[S^{ec. 232(c)]}
^{oenergy Res}^e^{arch Centers}^{DOE is r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^estab^lish^{a p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^Req^u^ir^{es th}^{e estab}^lish^m^en^{t o}^f^{at least sev}^eⁿ^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.

^of^R^&^D^an^{d dem}^oⁿ^s^t^r^atⁱ^oⁿ^of^mⁱ^crobi^al^res^earch^cen^ters^th^{at f}^o^cu^s^on^bioen^e^rg^y^{to be}
^an^{d pl}^an^t^s^y^s^t^em^s^bi^ol^og^y^,^prot^eiⁿⁱⁿ^clu^d^edⁱⁿ^th^{e R&}^{D p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^estab^lish^e^dⁱⁿ^Sec.
^s^c^ien^{ce, an}^{d com}^p^u^t^ation^a^{l biolog}^y^.^{977 of}^P.L^.^109-^58.
^Bⁱ^om^{edical res}^earch^an^{d res}^earch^related^[S^{ec. 233]}
^to^h^u^m^an^{s ar}^{e n}^o^{t p}^e^r^m^itted^{as p}^a^r^t^o^f
^t^h^{e prog}^ram^.
^[En^e^rg^y^Polⁱ^c^y^A^c^t^of^{2005, P.L}^.^109-
^{58, S}^{ec. 977], [42 U}^.^S^.^C^.^16232]

CRS-11
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
^{ity B}^a^s^e^{d Res}^e^arch^No^p^r^io^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Req^u^ir^{es DOE to}^estab^lish^{a p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^o^f^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^e^lo^pm^ent^G^r^aⁿ^t^co^m^p^etitiv^{e g}^r^an^{ts to}ⁱⁿ^stitu^tioⁿ^s^o^f^hⁱ^g^h^e^r
^edu^cation^f^o^{r res}^earch^on^ren^e^w^a^{ble en}^erg^y
^techⁿ^o^logⁱ^es^{. Each}^g^r^an^{t m}^a^yⁿ^o^{t ex}^{ceed $2}
^m^illion^.^A^{total of}^{$25 m}^illionⁱⁿ^dis^c^retion^a^ry
^ap^p^r^o^p^r^iatioⁿ^s^{is au}^th^o^r^ized^f^o^r^th^{e p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^.
^[S^{ec. 234]}
^h^ibit^io^{n o}ⁿ^Fraⁿ^chise^No^p^r^io^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^A^m^en^d^s^th^{e P}^e^tr^o^l^eu^m^Mar^k^etin^g^P^r^{actices A}^c^t^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^{ent Res}^t^rictions^{(15 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{2801 et}^s^e^{q.) t}^o^m^a^k^eⁱ^t^uⁿ^l^aw^f^u^l^f^o^{r a}
^t^e^{d t}^o^Renew^a^{ble F}^u^el^f^r^an^ch^iser^to^p^r^o^h^ib^{it a f}^r^an^ch^{isee f}^r^o^mⁱⁿ^stallin^g
^fras^tru^c^tu^re^{E85 or B20 t}^aⁿ^k^s^an^{d pu}^m^p^s^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^t^h^{e f}^r^an^chⁱ^s^e
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^ag^reem^en^t.^[S^{ec. 241]}
^g/w
^s^.or^a^{ble Fuel Dis}^p^ens^e^r^No^p^r^io^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^{DOE is r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^r^e^p^o^r^{t to}^Coⁿ^g^r^{ess o}ⁿ^th^e^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^le^ak^ents^{— Report to}^m^a^rk^{et pen}^e^tration^of^f^l^ex^{ible f}^u^{el v}^e^hⁱ^cles^an^d
^s^oⁿ^th^{e f}^easib^ility^o^f^r^e^q^u^irⁱⁿ^g^f^u^{el r}^e^tailer^s^to
^://wikiⁱⁿ^{stall E8}⁵ⁱⁿ^f^r^astr^u^c^tu^r^e^.
^h^ttp^[S^{ec. 242]}
^ha^no^{l Pipeline Fea}^s^ibilit^y^No^p^r^io^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^{DOE, in}^coⁿ^s^u^ltatioⁿ^w^ith^DOT^{, is r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.^.
^udy^r^e^p^o^r^{t o}ⁿ^th^{e f}^easib^ility^o^f^coⁿ^s^tr^u^c^tin^g^d^e^dⁱ^cated
^eth^aⁿ^o^{l p}ⁱ^p^e^lin^{es. $}¹^m^illioⁿⁱⁿ^dⁱ^scr^e^tioⁿ^a^r^y
^fund^{s i}^s^a^u^t^h^o^rⁱ^z^e^d^a^nnua^l^l^y^fo^r^FY^{2008 an}^d
^{FY2009, to rem}^aⁱⁿ^av^{ailable u}ⁿ^{til ex}^pen^d^ed.
^[S^{ec. 243]}
^a^{ble F}^u^el^No^p^r^io^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Dir^{ects DOE to}^p^r^o^v^id^{e g}^r^an^{ts f}^o^r^coⁿ^v^e^r^s^ioⁿ^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.

^fras^{tructure Developm}^ent^as^sⁱ^s^t^an^{ce, tech}ⁿⁱ^{cal an}^{d m}^a^rk^etin^g^as^sⁱ^s^t^an^ce,
^an^d^p^ilo^{t p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^s^to^ex^p^aⁿ^dⁱⁿ^f^r^astr^u^c^tu^r^e^f^o^r
^et^h^aⁿ^o^l^/^g^as^olⁱⁿ^{e bl}^en^ds^of^bet^w^een^11%^an^{d 84%}
^eth^aⁿ^o^{l, an}^{d ren}^e^w^a^{ble f}^u^el/dies^e^{l f}^u^{el blen}^ds^of
^{at leas}^{t 10% ren}^e^w^a^ble^dies^{el. Dis}^c^retion^a^ry
^f^uⁿ^d^s^of^{$200 m}^illion^is^au^th^{orized a}^nnua^l^l^y^fo^r

CRS-12
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
^F^Y^2008-^F^Y^2014.
^[S^{ec. 244]}
^udy^o^f^t^h^{e Adequa}^cy^o^f^No^p^r^io^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^{DOE, j}^oⁱⁿ^tly^w^ith^DOT^{, ar}^{e r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^r^e^p^o^r^{t o}ⁿ^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^an^s^p^ortati^on^of^th^{e adequ}^acy^of^railroads^an^{d m}^odes^f^o^r
^m^e^st^ica^lly^-^P^ro^duced^t^r^an^s^port^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^of^dom^es^tⁱ^cal^l^y^produ^ced
^a^{ble F}^u^{el by}^ren^e^w^a^{ble f}^u^el.
^ilro^a^d^{s a}^{nd O}^t^{her M}^o^des^[S^{ec. 245]}
^r^an^s^p^ortati^on
^{No prior prov}^is^ion^.^R^e^qu^ires^th^{e h}^{ead of}^each^f^e^{deral ag}^en^cy^to^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
ⁱⁿ^s^t^{all at leas}^{t on}^{e ren}^e^w^a^{ble f}^u^{el pu}^m^p^{at each}
^f^e^deral^f^l^eet^ref^u^elⁱⁿ^g^cen^t^e^{r by}^Jan^u^a^ry^{1, 2010.}
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^Fu^r^t^h^e^r^,^th^{e A}^d^mⁱⁿⁱ^str^a^tioⁿ^{is r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^r^e^p^o^r^t
^g/w^each^{October 31 on}^prog^res^s^tow^a^{rd m}^eetin^g^th^is
^s^.or^r^e^q^u^ir^em^en^{t. T}^h^{e r}^e^q^u^ir^em^en^{t d}^o^e^{s n}^o^{t ap}^p^l^y^to
^le^ak^Dep^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^Def^eⁿ^s^{e f}^u^elin^g^cen^ter^s^w^ith^less
^t^h^an^{100,000 g}^a^l^l^oⁿ^sⁱⁿ^a^nnua^l^fue^l^t^u^rⁿ^o^v^e^r^.
^://wiki^[S^{ec. 246]}
^h^ttp^a^nda^{rd Specif}ⁱ^ca^tⁱ^oⁿ^{s f}^o^r^No^p^r^io^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^I^f^A^S^T^M^Iⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^{l (}^o^rⁱ^gⁱⁿ^a^lly^th^{e A}^m^er^ican^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^odⁱ^e^s^e^l^Society^f^o^{r T}^e^s^tin^g^an^{d Materials}⁾^h^a^sⁿ^o^t
^adopt^{ed s}^t^an^dards^f^o^{r B5 an}^{d B20 w}ⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^on^e
^y^{ear of}^en^actm^eⁿ^t^{, th}^{e EP}^A^A^d^mⁱⁿⁱ^s^t^{rator is}
^r^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^d^o^so^{. No}ⁿ^e^w^f^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^{is au}^th^o^r^ized^.
^[S^{ec. 247]}
^ofu^e^l^s^Iⁿ^fras^tru^c^tu^re^N^o^pri^o^{r prov}ⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^Dⁱ^rect^s^D^O^E^t^o^con^d^u^c^t^an^R^&^D^prog^ram^on^t^h^e^R^e^q^u^{ires j}^oⁱⁿ^{t USDA}^{, DOE, EP}^A^stu^d^y^oⁿ
^ef^f^{ects o}^f^bⁱ^o^f^u^e^{ls o}ⁿ^ex^istin^g^tr^an^sp^o^r^tatioⁿ^f^u^el^th^{e in}^f^r^as^tru^c^tu^{re n}^eeds^as^s^o^{ciated w}^ith
^dⁱ^strⁱ^b^u^tio^{n sy}^ste^m^s.^sⁱ^gⁿⁱ^fⁱ^can^t^ex^pan^sⁱ^oⁿⁱⁿ^bi^of^u^e^l^s^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ
^[S^{ec. 248]}^an^{d u}^s^{e. [S}^{ec. 9002]}
^Uⁿ^{der S}^{ec. 211(f}⁾^of^t^h^{e C}^l^ean^Aⁱ^{r A}^c^t^,^P^r^o^h^ib^{its th}^{e in}^tr^o^d^u^ctioⁿ^o^fⁿ^e^w^r^eⁿ^e^w^a^b^l^{e f}^u^els^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.

ⁱ^v^e^sⁿ^oⁿ^e^w^f^u^{els o}^r^f^u^{el ad}^d^itiv^{es m}^a^y^b^e^o^r^r^eⁿ^e^w^a^b^l^{e f}^u^{el ad}^d^itiv^{es u}ⁿ^l^{ess EP}^A^ex^p^licitly
ⁱⁿ^trodu^{ced in}^{to com}^m^e^{rce u}ⁿ^l^es^s^g^r^an^t^s^{a w}^aⁱ^v^{er u}ⁿ^d^{er S}^{ec. 211(f}⁾^of^t^h^{e C}^l^ean
^g^r^an^{ted a w}^a^iv^{er by}^EP^A^.^If^EP^A^h^a^s^Aⁱ^r^A^c^{t. EP}^A^{is r}^e^q^u^ir^ed^to^tak^e^fⁱⁿ^a^{l actio}ⁿ

CRS-13
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
ⁿ^o^{t acted w}^ithⁱⁿ^{180 day}^s^of^{receipt of}^a^w^ithⁱⁿ^{270 day}^s^of^{receipt of}^th^{e w}^a^iv^{er requ}^es^t.
^w^a^iv^{er requ}^es^{t, th}^{e w}^a^iv^{er is}^{treated as}^B^e^f^o^r^e^th^{e p}^a^ssag^e^o^f^EI^SA^{, in}^actioⁿ^o^r^f^a^ilu^r^e^to
^gr^aⁿ^t^e^d^.^co^m^p^{lete r}^e^vⁱ^ew^o^f^an^ad^d^itiv^{e b}^y^EP^A^allo^w^e^d^a
^{[42 U}^.^S^.^C^.^7545(f⁾^]^f^u^{el to receiv}^e^th^{e w}^a^iv^{er. Un}^{der EISA}^{, n}^o
^w^a^iv^er^w^o^u^l^d^b^e^g^r^an^ted^w^ith^o^u^t^exp^licit
^approv^al^by^EPA^.
^[S^{ec. 251]}
^.^{110-140, T}ⁱ^tl^{e V}^—^Eⁿ^{ergy S}^aviⁿ^g^sⁱⁿ^G^overn^m^eⁿ^t^an^d^Pu^b^lⁱ^c^Iⁿ^s^tⁱ^t^u^tⁱ^oⁿ^s
^pito^{l Co}^m^p^lex^E^-⁸⁵^No^p^r^io^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^T^h^{e A}^r^ch^{itect o}^f^th^{e Cap}^ito^{l is au}^th^o^r^ized^to^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^u^eling^St^a^t^ioⁿⁱⁿ^s^t^al^l^an^{E85 t}^aⁿ^k^an^{d pu}^m^pⁱⁿ^g^s^y^s^t^em^on^or
ⁿ^{ear t}^h^{e C}^a^pi^t^o^l^G^r^ouⁿ^d^s^F^u^el^S^t^atⁱ^oⁿ^.^$640,000
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}ⁱⁿ^di^s^c^retⁱ^oⁿ^a^ry^f^uⁿ^d^sⁱ^s^au^t^h^ori^{zed f}^o^{r F}^Y^2008.
^g/w^[S^{ec. 502]}
^s^.or
^le^ak^{ent and}^N^o^pri^o^{r prov}ⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^F^e^deral^ag^en^ci^es^{are proh}ⁱ^bⁱ^t^e^{d f}^r^om^procu^rⁱⁿ^g^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^q^uⁱ^sⁱ^ti^on^{of A}^l^tern^ati^v^e^alterⁿ^ativ^{e o}^r^syⁿ^t^h^e^{tic tr}^an^sp^o^r^tatioⁿ^f^u^{els if}^th^e
^://wiki^els^lif^ecy^{cle em}^is^sⁱ^on^s^ex^{ceed th}^os^{e of}^petroleu^m^-
^h^ttp^bas^e^{d f}^u^el^s^.^[S^{ec. 526]}
^.^{110-140, T}ⁱ^{tle V}^{III — Im}^{proved M}^a^nagem^e^{nt of E}ⁿ^{ergy Policy}
^f^Co^ng^{ress Rela}^tⁱ^ng^No^p^r^io^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Ex^p^r^{esses th}^{e Sen}^s^{e o}^f^th^{e Co}ⁿ^g^r^{ess th}^at^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.
^{e of Renew}^a^ble^ren^e^w^a^{ble res}^o^u^r^ces^f^r^om^ag^ricu^ltu^{re an}^{d f}^o^res^t^ry
^o^urces^{to G}^e^nerate^s^h^ou^{ld prov}^{ide at leas}^{t 25% of}^{all U.S. en}^erg^y
^ergyⁿ^eeds^by^2025.
^[S^{ec. 806]}
^.^{110-246, T}ⁱ^{tle VI}^I^{2008 Farm}^B^{ill — E}ⁿ^{ergy Provis}ⁱ^ons^(ex^c^{luding thos}^{e ci}^{ted in above s}^ections⁾
^oen^{ergy R}^e^s^e^arch^P^r^ov^ides^f^o^{r res}^earch^an^{d dev}^e^lopm^en^t^S^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{1419 of}^t^h^{e N}^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^A^g^ri^cu^l^t^u^ral
^appropri^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^f^o^{r bi}^oen^e^rg^y^.^R^e^s^earch^{, Ex}^ten^s^ion^,^an^{d T}^eachⁱⁿ^g^P^o^licy
^{[7 U}^.^S^.^C^.^3154]^A^c^t^of^{1977 (7 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{3154) i}^s^repeal^ed.
^Fundⁱ^{ng fo}^r^r^e^l^a^t^e^d^bⁱ^o^m^a^{ss r}^e^se^a^r^c^h

CRS-14
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
^thr^o^{ugh USDA}^{is c}^o^ntaⁱ^ne^d^{in T}^itle^VI^I^Se^c^.
^{7207 of}^th^{e f}^a^rm^bill.
^[S^{ec. 7110]}
^{ochar Res}^e^arch,^No^cu^r^r^en^{t p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^co^m^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.^R^e^s^earch^on^bioch^a^{r (biom}^a^s^s^ch^arcoal)
^vel^o^p^m^en^{t an}^d^p^r^o^d^u^ctioⁿ^an^d^seq^u^estr^atioⁿ^{is in}^clu^d^ed^{as a}
^o^nstra^t^ioⁿ^hⁱ^g^h^-^priority^res^earch^an^{d ex}^ten^s^ion^{area th}^e
^R^e^s^earch^T^{itle. [Sec. 7204]}
ⁱ^oenergy^T^h^{e B}ⁱ^om^as^s^R^e^s^earch^an^{d Dev}^e^lopm^en^t^No^co^m^p^ar^ab^{le p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Estab^lish^e^{s th}^{e A}^g^rⁱ^cu^ltu^r^a^{l B}ⁱ^o^eⁿ^e^r^g^y
^t^ock^{and E}ⁿ^ergy^A^c^t^of^{2000 (reau}^t^h^ori^{zed by}^t^h^{e 2002}^Feeds^t^ock^an^{d En}^erg^y^Ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^R^e^s^earch
^{ficiency Res}^e^{arch and}^f^a^r^m^b^ill)^p^r^o^v^id^{es co}^m^p^etitiv^{e f}^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^an^d^Ex^ten^s^ioⁿ^Iⁿ^itiativ^{e in}^T^{itle VI}^I
^t^e^nsio^{n Init}^ia^tⁱ^v^e^f^o^{r R}^&^D^an^{d dem}^oⁿ^s^t^r^atⁱ^oⁿ^proj^ect^s^on^(R^es^earch^{) t}^oⁱ^m^prov^{e bi}^om^as^s^,^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^,
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^bi^of^u^e^l^s^an^{d bi}^o-^bas^e^{d ch}^emⁱ^cal^s^an^d^biom^as^s^con^v^e^rs^ionⁱⁿ^biorefⁱⁿ^eries^,^an^d
^g/w^produ^cts^,^admⁱⁿⁱ^s^t^{ered j}^oⁱⁿ^tly^by^USDA^bi^om^as^s^u^s^{e. Prov}ⁱ^d^es^g^r^an^t^s^of^u^p^t^o^50%
^s^.or^an^{d DOE. Specif}ⁱ^{ed m}^aⁿ^d^atory^C^C^C^of^cos^t^f^o^{r en}^erg^y^ef^fⁱ^cien^{t res}^earch^an^d
^le^ak^f^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^of^{$5 m}^illionⁱⁿ^{FY2002 an}^d^ex^ten^s^ioⁿ^p^r^o^j^{ects. Estab}^lish^e^{s a b}^e^st
^{$14 m}^illion^a^nnua^l^l^y^fo^r^FY^2003-^practⁱ^ces^dat^a^bas^e^of^bi^om^as^s^crops^.
^://wiki^F^Y^{2007 t}^o^rem^aⁱⁿ^av^ai^l^a^bl^{e u}ⁿ^tⁱ^l^A^u^th^{orized appropriation}^s^of^{$50 m}^illion
^h^ttp^ex^pen^d^{ed. A}^l^s^o^au^th^orized^a^nnua^l^l^y^fo^r^FY^2008-^{12. [S}^{ec. 7207]}
^{appropriation}^s^of^{$200 m}^illion^f^o^{r each}
^of^F^Y^2006-^F^Y^2015.
^[P.L^{. 107-}^{171, S}^{ec. 9008], [7 U}^.^S^.^C^.
^5925]
^{rch, Ext}^e^nsio^{n, a}ⁿ^d^T^h^{e “}^S^uⁿ^Gr^an^{t” p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^estab^lish^e^d⁵^No^co^m^p^ar^ab^{le p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Coⁿ^tin^u^e^{s su}ⁿ^g^r^an^{t p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^.^P^r^o^v^id^es
^u^c^ati^oⁿ^a^l^Program^s^onⁿ^a^tion^a^{l s}^uⁿ^g^r^an^{t res}^earch^cen^ters^bas^e^d^m^a^tchⁱⁿ^g^g^r^an^{ts to}^lan^d^g^r^an^{t in}^stitu^tioⁿ^s^to
^obas^{ed E}ⁿ^ergy^{at lan}^d^-^g^ran^t^uⁿⁱ^v^e^{rsities an}^d^each^dev^e^l^{op, di}^s^t^ri^bu^t^e^{, an}^{d i}^m^pl^em^en^t^bi^obas^e^d
^lo^gⁱ^{es a}^{nd P}^r^o^duct^s^c^o^ve^rⁱ^{ng a}^dⁱ^ffe^r^e^nt^r^e^gi^oⁿ^.^T^h^e^p^u^r^p^o^s^e^en^erg^y^techⁿ^o^logⁱ^es^an^{d to prom}^ote
ⁱ^s^t^o^e^nha^nc^e^c^o^o^r^dⁱ^na^tⁱ^o^{n a}ⁿ^d^dⁱ^v^e^r^s^if^icatioⁿ^an^d^su^stain^a^b^ility^o^f
^co^llab^o^r^atioⁿ^b^e^tw^een^USDA^{, DOE, an}^d^ag^ricu^ltu^{ral produ}^ction^,^an^{d econ}^o^mⁱ^c
^lan^d^-^g^r^aⁿ^t^uⁿⁱ^v^e^r^s^{ities in}^th^e^dⁱ^v^e^r^s^if^icatioⁿⁱⁿ^r^u^r^a^{l ar}^{eas th}^r^o^u^g^h
^dev^e^l^opm^en^t^,^di^s^t^ri^bu^tⁱ^oⁿ^,^an^d^bi^obas^e^{d en}^erg^y^an^{d produ}^ct^t^echⁿ^o^l^o^gⁱ^es^.
ⁱ^m^pl^em^en^t^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^of^bi^obas^e^{d en}^erg^y^Estab^lish^e^{s a Su}ⁿ^Gr^an^{t I}ⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ
^techⁿ^o^lo^gⁱ^{es. A}^u^th^o^r^ized^ap^p^r^o^p^r^iatioⁿ^s^Aⁿ^a^l^y^sⁱ^s^Ce^nt^e^r^.^Re^q^uⁱ^r^e^s^a^nnua^l^r^e^p^o^r^t^s^.

CRS-15
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
^of^{$25 m}^illionⁱⁿ^{FY2005, $50 m}^illionⁱⁿ^Dis^c^retion^a^ry^f^uⁿ^d^s^of^{$75 m}^illion^f^o^r
^{FY2006, an}^d^{$75 m}^illion^a^nnua^l^l^y^fo^r^F^Y^2008-^{12 are au}^t^h^ori^{zed. [S}^{ec. 7526]}
^F^Y^2007-^F^Y^{2010. [7 U}^.^S^.^C^.^8109]
^.^{110-246, T}ⁱ^{tle I}^X^{2008 Farm}^B^{ill — E}ⁿ^{ergy Provis}ⁱ^ons^(ex^c^{luding thos}^{e ci}^{ted in above s}^ections⁾
^{ent of}^Un^{der th}^{e 2002 f}^a^rm^{bill, f}^e^deral^N^o^com^p^arabl^e^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^e^w^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{9002. R}^eⁿ^a^m^e^s^as^t^h^e
^ob^as^ed^Prod^u^c^ts^ag^en^cies^{are requ}^{ired to pu}^rch^a^s^e^Bi^obas^e^{d Mark}^et^s^Prog^ram^.^Ex^t^eⁿ^d^s^t^h^e
^bi^obas^e^{d produ}^ct^s^uⁿ^d^{er cert}^aⁱⁿ^p^r^o^g^r^a^m^t^h^r^o^{ugh FY}^{2012 an}^{d ref}ⁱⁿ^e^s^f^e^deral
^coⁿ^d^itioⁿ^s^{. Cu}^r^r^en^{t law}^au^th^o^r^{izes a}^procu^r^em^en^t^ru^l^e^s^f^o^{r bi}^obas^e^{d produ}^ct^s^.
^v^o^l^uⁿ^t^ary^bi^obas^e^{d l}^a^belⁱⁿ^g^prog^ram^.^R^e^qu^ires^f^e^{deral ag}^en^cies^{to m}^a^xⁱ^mⁱ^ze
^U^S^D^A^r^e^gul^a^tⁱ^o^{ns d}^e^fi^ne^bⁱ^o^b^a^se^d^procu^r^em^en^t^of^bi^obas^e^{d produ}^ct^s^an^d
^produ^ct^s^,ⁱ^d^en^tⁱ^f^y^bi^obas^e^{d produ}^ct^su^b^m^{it r}^e^p^o^r^{ts to}^Coⁿ^g^r^{ess. Co}ⁿ^tin^u^e^s
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^categ^ories^,^an^{d s}^p^ecif^y^th^{e criteria}^v^o^luⁿ^t^ar^y^lab^e^lin^g^.^Estab^lish^e^{s testin}^g
^g/w⁽ⁱ^nc^l^u^dⁱ^{ng t}^e^stⁱ^ng)^fo^r^q^u^a^lⁱ^f^yⁱ^{ng t}^h^o^s^e^cen^ters^an^{d edu}^cation^g^r^an^ts^{. A}^u^th^orizes
^s^.or^produ^ct^s^f^o^{r pref}^{erred procu}^r^em^en^t^.^m^aⁿ^d^ato^r^y^f^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^o^f^$¹^m^illioⁿ^f^o^r
^le^ak^Man^d^ato^r^y^Co^m^m^o^d^ity^Cr^ed^it^{FY2008 an}^{d $2}^m^illion^a^nnua^l^l^y^fo^r
^Co^r^p^o^r^a^tⁱ^o^{n (}^C^CC)^fundⁱ^{ng o}^f^$¹^F^Y^2009-^{12. D}ⁱ^s^c^retⁱ^oⁿ^a^ry^f^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^of^$2
^://wiki^m^illioⁿ^w^a^{s au}^th^o^r^ized^f^o^{r each}^o^f^m^illio^{n in a}^nnua^{l a}^p^p^r^o^p^r^ia^tio^{ns is}
^h^ttp^F^Y^2002-^F^Y^{2007 f}^o^{r t}^e^s^tⁱⁿ^g^bi^obas^e^d^au^t^h^ori^{zed f}^o^{r F}^Y^2008-^12.
^produ^ct^s^.^[P.L^{. 107-}^{171, S}^{ec. 9002], [7}^[S^{ec. 9001]}
^U^.^S^.^C^.^8102]
^u^st^m^e^nt^{s t}^o^t^h^e^Or^igⁱⁿ^ally^{a Clin}^toⁿ^A^d^mⁱⁿⁱ^str^a^tioⁿ^N^o^com^p^arabl^e^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^e^w^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{9005. Es}^t^a^blⁱ^s^h^e^s^t^h^e
^oen^{ergy Program}ⁱⁿ^itiativ^{e, th}^{e B}ⁱ^o^eⁿ^e^r^g^y^P^r^o^g^r^a^m^w^a^s^Bⁱ^o^e^ne^r^g^y^P^r^o^g^r^a^m^fo^r^A^d^va^nc^e^d^Bⁱ^o^f^ue^l^s^.
^m^a^{de s}^t^atu^t^ory^by^th^{e 2002 f}^a^rm^bill.^Provⁱ^d^es^pay^m^en^t^s^t^o^produ^cers^t^o^s^u^pport
^P^r^o^v^id^e^s^{CCC inc}^eⁿ^tive^p^a^y^m^eⁿ^{ts to}^an^{d ex}^pan^d^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^of^adv^aⁿ^ced
^bi^of^u^e^l^s^produ^cers^bas^e^{d on}^y^ear-^t^o-^y^ear^biof^u^e^ls^{. Man}^d^atory^f^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^of^{$55 m}^illion
ⁱⁿ^cr^{eases in}^th^{e q}^u^an^tity^o^f^bⁱ^o^f^u^e^l^f^o^{r FY2009, $55 m}^illioⁿ^f^o^{r FY2010, $85}
^produ^{ced. Man}^d^at^ory^C^C^C^f^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^of^m^illion^f^o^{r FY2011, an}^{d $105 m}^illion^f^o^r
^{$150 a}^nnua^l^l^y^fo^r^FY^2002-^F^Y^{2006. N}^o^{FY2012. A}^u^th^orizes^addition^a^l
^f^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^w^a^s^av^ai^l^a^bl^{e f}^o^{r F}^Y^2007.^{appropriation}^of^{$25 m}^illion^a^nnua^l^l^y^fo^r
^[P.L^{. 107-}^{171, S}^{ec. 9010], [7 U}^.^S^.^C^.^F^Y^2009-^{12. [S}^{ec. 9001]}

^8108]

CRS-16
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
^o^d^{iesel Fuel Educa}^t^ioⁿ^A^w^ar^d^s^co^m^p^etitiv^{e g}^r^an^{ts to}ⁿ^oⁿ^p^r^o^fⁱ^t^N^o^com^p^arabl^e^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^e^w^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{9006. Ex}^t^eⁿ^d^s^t^h^{e Bi}^odi^es^el
^o^r^gaⁿⁱ^z^a^tⁱ^o^{ns t}^h^a^t^e^d^uc^a^t^e^go^ve^rⁿ^m^e^nt^a^l^Fue^l^E^d^uc^a^tⁱ^o^{n P}^r^o^g^r^a^m^t^h^r^o^{ugh FY}^2012.
^an^d^p^r^iv^{ate en}^{tities o}^p^e^r^a^tin^g^v^e^hⁱ^cle^P^r^o^v^id^e^s^m^a^nd^a^t^o^r^y^{CCC fund}^{ing o}^f^$¹
^f^l^eets^,^an^{d edu}^{cate th}^{e pu}^{blic abou}^{t th}^e^m^illio^{n a}^nnua^lly^fo^r^FY^2008-^{12. [S}^ec.
^ben^e^fⁱ^t^s^of^bi^odi^es^el^f^u^el^u^s^e.^9001]
^M^a^nd^ato^r^y^{CCC f}^und^{ing o}^f^$¹^m^illioⁿ
^a^nnua^l^l^y^w^a^{s a}^u^t^h^o^rⁱ^z^e^d^fo^r^FY^2003-
^F^Y^2007.
^[P.L^{. 107-}^{171, S}^{ec. 9004], [7 U}^.^S^.^C^.
^8104]
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^{ergy A}^u^dⁱ^{t an}^d^a^{ble E}ⁿ^ergy^T^h^{e 2002 f}^a^rm^{bill au}^th^{orized a}^co^m^p^etitiv^{e g}^r^an^{t p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^f^o^r^elig^ib^le^N^o^com^p^arabl^e^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^e^w^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{9007. F}^o^l^d^s^t^h^{e En}^erg^y^A^u^di^t^an^{d R}^eⁿ^e^w^a^{ble En}^erg^y^Dev^e^lopm^en^t
^g/w^vel^o^p^m^en^{t Program}^en^{tities to}^car^r^y^o^u^{t a p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^to^assist^P^r^o^g^r^a^mⁱⁿ^to^th^{e Ru}^r^a^{l En}^er^g^y^f^o^r^A^m^er^ica
^s^.or^f^a^rm^ers^,^ran^c^h^e^rs^{, an}^{d ru}^ral^s^m^al^l^Prog^ram^.^(S^{ee bel}^o^w^.⁾
^le^ak^b^u^sine^sse^{s in b}^e^c^o^mⁱ^{ng m}^o^r^e^eⁿ^e^r^gy^[S^{ec. 9001]}
^ef^fⁱ^cien^{t an}^{d in}^u^sⁱⁿ^g^ren^e^w^a^{ble en}^erg^y
^://wiki^techⁿ^o^log^y^an^{d res}^o^u^r^ces^{. A}^u^th^orized
^h^ttp^appropri^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^of^s^u^ch^s^u^m^s^as^are
ⁿ^eces^s^a^ry^{to carry}^ou^{t th}^{e prog}^ram^f^o^r
^F^Y^2002-^F^Y^2007.
^[P.L^{. 107-}^{171, S}^{ec. 9005], [7 U}^.^S^.^C^.
^8105]
^a^{ble Energ}^y^Sy^st^em^s^A^u^th^orizes^loan^s^,^loan^g^u^a^ran^t^ees^{, an}^d^N^o^com^p^arabl^e^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^e^w^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{9007. R}^eⁿ^a^m^e^{d as}^t^h^{e “}^R^u^r^al
ⁿ^{ergy E}^f^ficiency^g^r^an^t^s^t^o^f^a^rm^ers^,^ran^c^h^e^rs^{, an}^{d ru}^ral^En^erg^y^f^o^{r A}^m^{erica P}^r^og^ram^,^{” Fu}ⁿ^d^s
^pro^v^e^m^e^nt^s^sm^a^{ll b}^u^sine^sse^{s to}^p^u^r^c^ha^se^aⁿ^d^insta^l^l^en^erg^y^au^dits^f^o^{r s}^t^{ate ag}^en^cies^,
^ren^e^w^a^{ble en}^erg^y^s^y^s^t^em^s^an^{d to m}^a^k^e^cooperativ^es^{, edu}^cation^a^{l in}^s^titu^tion^s^an^d
^en^erg^y^ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^im^prov^em^en^ts^.^u^{tilities. P}^r^o^v^id^{es g}^r^an^{ts, lo}^an^g^u^a^r^aⁿ^t^ees
^M^a^nd^a^t^o^r^y^{CCC fund}^{ing o}^f^{$23 m}^illion^an^{d in}^cen^tiv^{e pay}^m^en^ts^f^o^{r en}^erg^y
^a^nnua^l^l^y^fo^r^FY^2003-^F^Y^2007.^ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^an^{d ren}^e^w^a^{ble en}^erg^y^{, an}^d
^[P.L^{. 107-}^{171, S}^{ec. 9006], [7 U}^.^S^.^C^.^m^aⁿ^u^r^e-^to-^eⁿ^e^rg^y^proj^ects^.^R^e^s^e^rv^es^20%
^8106]^f^o^{r s}^m^al^l^proj^ect^s^.^Man^d^at^ory^f^uⁿ^d^s^of^$55
^m^illion^f^o^{r FY2009, $60 m}^illion^f^o^r

CRS-17
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
^{FY2010, $70 m}^illion^f^o^{r FY}^{2011, an}^{d $70}
^m^illion^f^o^{r FY2012. Dis}^c^retion^a^ry
^{appropriation}^s^of^{$25 m}^illion^a^nnua^l^l^y^fo^r
^F^Y^2009-^{12 are au}^t^h^ori^{zed. [S}^{ec. 9001]}
^om^as^s^R^e^s^e^arch^an^d^S^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{9008. T}^h^{e prog}^ram^—^creat^ed^N^o^com^p^arabl^e^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^e^w^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{9008. D}^e^fⁱⁿ^e^s^bi^obas^e^d
^e^lo^pm^ent^origⁱⁿ^ally^uⁿ^d^{er th}^{e B}ⁱ^om^as^s^R^e^s^earch^produ^ct^{. Prov}ⁱ^d^es^f^o^{r coordi}ⁿ^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^of
^an^{d D}^e^v^e^l^opm^en^t^A^c^t^(BR^D^A⁾^of²⁰⁰⁰^bi^om^as^s^res^earch^an^{d dev}^e^l^opm^en^t^bet^w^een
^{— p}^r^o^v^id^{es co}^m^p^etitiv^{e f}^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^f^o^r^USDA^an^d^{DOE. Estab}^lish^e^{s th}^{e B}ⁱ^o^m^as
^res^earch^{, dev}^e^lopm^en^{t, an}^d^R^e^s^earch^an^{d Dev}^e^lopm^en^{t B}^o^{ard an}^{d th}^e
^dem^oⁿ^s^t^r^atⁱ^oⁿ^proj^ect^s^on^bi^of^u^e^l^s^an^d^Bⁱ^om^as^s^R^e^s^earch^an^{d Dev}^e^lopm^en^t
^bi^o-^bas^e^{d ch}^emⁱ^cal^s^an^{d produ}^ct^s^,^techⁿⁱ^{cal A}^d^vⁱ^s^o^ry^C^o^m^m^{ittee to as}^sⁱ^s^t^th^e
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^admⁱⁿⁱ^s^t^{ered j}^oⁱⁿ^tly^by^USDA^an^{d DOE.}^Sp^e^cⁱ^fi^e^d^m^a^nd^a^t^o^r^y^{CCC fund}ⁱ^{ng o}^f^$⁵^{Board i}ⁿ^coordiⁿ^a^tⁱⁿ^g^bi^om^as^s^res^earchⁱⁿ^th^{e Fed}^e^{ral g}^o^v^e^rn^m^eⁿ^t^{. USDA}^an^d^DOE
^g/w^m^illionⁱⁿ^{FY2002 an}^{d $14 m}^illion^f^o^r^{are to es}^tablis^h^{a B}ⁱ^om^as^s^R^e^s^earch^an^d
^s^.or^each^of^F^Y^{2003 th}^ro^{ugh FY}²⁰⁰⁷^Dev^e^lo^p^m^en^{t I}ⁿ^itiativ^{e to}^co^m^p^etitiv^ely
^le^ak⁽^a^v^a^ilab^l^{e u}ⁿ^{til ex}^p^eⁿ^d^ed⁾^.^aw^{ard g}^r^an^ts^{, con}^t^racts^,^an^{d f}ⁱⁿ^aⁿ^c^ial
^A^d^d^itioⁿ^a^{l ap}^p^r^o^p^r^iatioⁿ^au^th^o^r^ity^o^f^as^sⁱ^s^t^an^{ce f}^o^{r res}^earch^on^biof^u^e^ls^an^d
^://wiki^{$200 m}^illioⁿ^f^o^{r each}^of^FY2006^bi^obas^e^{d produ}^ct^s^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^,^an^{d bi}^obas^e^d
^h^ttp^t^h^r^o^{ugh FY}^{2015. [7 U}^.^S^.^C^.^8101]^f^eeds^t^ock^s^an^{d dev}^e^lopm^en^{t. Gran}^ts^{are to}
^b^e^aw^ar^d^e^d^to^uⁿⁱ^v^e^r^s^{ities, n}^a^tioⁿ^a^l
^laboratories^,^s^t^{ate an}^{d f}^e^{deral res}^earch
^ag^en^cies^{, priv}^{ate bu}^sⁱⁿ^e^s^s^es^{, an}^{d n}^oⁿ^p^rof^its^.
^Man^d^at^ory^f^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^gⁱ^s^au^t^h^ori^{zed of}^$20
^m^illion^f^o^{r FY2009, $28 m}^illion^f^o^r
^{FY2010, $30 m}^illion^f^o^{r FY}^{2011, an}^{d $40}
^m^illion^f^o^{r FY2012. Dis}^c^retion^a^ry^f^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g
^of^{$35 m}^illion^a^nnua^l^l^yⁱ^s^a^u^t^h^o^rⁱ^z^e^d^t^o^b^e
^appropri^a^t^e^{d f}^o^{r F}^Y^2009-^{12. [S}^{ec. 9001]}
ⁿ^{ergy Self-}^N^o^cu^rren^t^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^o^com^p^arabl^e^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^e^w^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{9009. Es}^t^a^blⁱ^s^h^e^s^t^h^{e R}^u^ral
ⁿ^{itiative G}^r^ant^En^er^g^y^Self^-^S^u^f^fⁱ^cien^cy^Iⁿ^itiativ^{e, p}^r^o^v^idⁱⁿ^g
^cos^t^-^s^h^{are (u}^{p to 50%) g}^r^an^ts^{to as}^sⁱ^s^t^ru^ral
^co^m^m^uⁿ^{ities w}^ith^co^m^m^uⁿ^ity^-^w^id^{e en}^er^g^y
^s^y^s^t^em^s^th^{at redu}^{ce con}^v^eⁿ^tion^a^{l en}^erg^y^u^s^e

CRS-18
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
^an^{d in}^creas^{e th}^{e u}^s^{e of}^en^erg^y^f^r^om
^ren^e^w^a^{ble s}^o^u^r^ces^{. Gran}^ts^{are m}^a^de
^av^{ailable to as}^s^e^s^s^en^erg^y^u^s^{e in}^{a ru}^ral
^com^m^uⁿ^ity^{, ev}^alu^a^{te ideas}^f^o^{r redu}^cin^g
^en^erg^y^u^s^{e, an}^{d dev}^e^{lop an}^{d in}^s^t^all
ⁱⁿ^teg^r^{ated ren}^e^w^a^{ble en}^erg^y^s^y^s^t^em^s^.
^A^u^th^o^r^{izes $}⁵^m^illioⁿⁱⁿ^dⁱ^scr^e^tioⁿ^a^r^y^f^uⁿ^d^s
^a^nnua^l^l^y^fo^r^FY^2009-^{12. [S}^{ec. 9001]}
^o^c^k^Flex^ibilit^y^N^o^cu^rren^t^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^o^com^p^arabl^e^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^e^w^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{9010. Es}^t^a^blⁱ^s^h^e^s^t^h^e
^{for Bi}^oen^ergy^Feed^sto^c^k^Flex^ib^ility^P^r^o^g^r^a^m^,^au^th^o^r^izin^g
^th^{e u}^s^{e of}^s^u^ch^s^u^m^s^asⁿ^eces^s^a^ry^of^C^C^C
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^fund^{s to}^p^u^r^c^ha^se^sur^p^{lus suga}^r^,^to^eⁿ^sur^e^t^h^{e s}^u^g^a^{r prog}^ram^operat^e^s^atⁿ^o^-ⁿ^et^-^c^os^t^,^t^o
^g/w^{be res}^o^l^d^as^{a bi}^om^as^s^f^eeds^t^ock^t^o^produ^ce
^s^.or^bi^oen^e^rg^y^.^[S^{ec. 9001]}
^le^ak
^na^nc^ia^{l Assist}^aⁿ^c^e^f^o^r^t^h^e^N^o^cu^rren^t^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^o^com^p^arabl^e^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^e^w^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{9011. Es}^t^a^blⁱ^s^h^e^s^t^h^{e Bi}^om^as^s
^://wiki^u^c^ti^on^{of Bi}^om^as^s^Cr^o^p^A^ssistaⁿ^c^e^P^r^o^g^r^a^m⁽^B^CA^P⁾^to
^h^ttp^{ergy C}^r^op^s^an^d^en^cou^r^ag^{e bi}^om^as^s^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^{or bi}^om^as^s
^fras^tru^c^tu^{re for}^coⁿ^v^e^r^s^ioⁿ^f^acility^coⁿ^s^tr^u^c^tioⁿ^w^ith
^rv^estⁱ^ng^{, St}^o^r^a^g^e^{, a}^nd^coⁿ^t^r^{acts w}^h^ich^w^{ill en}^ab^{le p}^r^o^d^u^cer^{s to}
^an^s^p^ortati^on^{of Bi}^om^as^s^receiv^e^fⁱⁿ^aⁿ^c^{ial as}^sⁱ^s^t^an^{ce f}^o^{r crop}
^o^{cal B}ⁱ^orefineries^e^s^t^a^b^lⁱ^s^hm^eⁿ^t^c^o^st^{s a}ⁿ^d^a^nnua^l^p^a^y^m^eⁿ^t^s^fo^r
^bi^om^as^s^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^.^Produ^cers^m^u^s^t^be
^w^ithⁱⁿ^econ^o^mⁱ^cally^{practicable dis}^t^an^ce
^f^r^o^m^{a b}ⁱ^o^m^{ass f}^acility^{. A}^l^so^p^r^o^v^id^es
^p^a^y^m^en^{ts to}^elig^ib^{le en}^{tities to}^{assist w}^ith
^cos^t^s^f^o^{r collection}^,^h^a^rv^es^{t, s}^t^orag^{e an}^d
^tr^an^sp^o^r^tatioⁿ^to^{a b}ⁱ^o^m^{ass co}ⁿ^v^e^r^s^ioⁿ
^f^acility^{. A}^r^e^p^o^r^{t is r}^e^q^u^ir^edⁿ^o^later^th^an⁴
^y^ears^af^{ter en}^actm^eⁿ^t^{. C}^C^C^f^uⁿ^d^s^of^s^u^ch
^s^u^m^s^asⁿ^eces^s^a^ry^{are to be m}^a^{de av}^ailable
^f^o^{r each}^of^F^Y^2008-^{12. [S}^{ec. 9001]}

CRS-19
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
^{t B}ⁱ^om^as^s^{for E}ⁿ^ergy^N^o^cu^rren^t^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^o^com^p^arabl^e^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^e^w^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{9012. R}^e^quⁱ^r^es^t^h^{e F}^o^res^t
^Ser^v^{ice to}^coⁿ^d^u^c^{t a co}^m^p^etitiv^{e r}^e^sear^ch
^an^{d dev}^e^lopm^en^{t prog}^ram^{to en}^cou^r^ag^{e u}^s^e
^of^f^o^res^t^bi^om^as^s^f^o^{r en}^erg^y^{. Pri}^o^ri^t^y^gⁱ^v^eⁿ
^to^p^r^o^j^{ects th}^{at u}^{tilize lo}^w^-^v^a^lu^{e f}^o^r^e^{st b}^y^-
^produ^cts^,ⁱⁿ^teg^r^{ate th}^{e produ}^ction^of^en^erg^y
^f^r^o^m^f^o^r^e^{st b}ⁱ^o^m^{ass w}^ith^ex^istin^g
^m^a^nufa^c^t^urⁱ^{ng st}^r^e^a^m^s,^d^e^ve^l^o^p^ne^w
^t^r^an^s^port^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^f^u^el^s^f^r^om^f^o^res^t^bi^om^as^s^,^or
ⁱ^m^prov^{e t}^h^{e produ}^ctⁱ^oⁿ^of^f^o^res^t^bi^om^as^s
^f^eeds^t^ock^s^{. A}^ppropr^iation^s^of^{$15 m}^illion
^{per y}^{ear are au}^t^h^ori^{zed f}^o^{r F}^Y^2009-^12.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^[S^{ec. 9001]}
^g/w^m^m^unit^y^Wo^o^d^Energ^y^N^o^cu^rren^t^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^o^com^p^arabl^e^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^N^e^w^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{9013. Es}^t^a^blⁱ^s^h^e^s^t^h^e
^s^.or^D^Program^C^o^m^m^uⁿⁱ^t^y^{Wood En}^erg^y^R^&^D^Prog^ram^,
^le^ak^provⁱ^dⁱⁿ^g^g^r^an^t^s^of^u^p^t^o^{$50,000 f}^o^{r u}^p^t^o
⁵⁰^%^o^f^th^{e co}^{st f}^o^r^co^m^m^uⁿ^{ities to}^d^e^v^e^lo^p
^://wiki^w^{ood en}^erg^y^pl^an^s^an^{d pu}^rch^a^s^e^s^y^s^t^em^s^f^o^r
^h^ttp^p^u^b^{lic b}^u^ildⁱⁿ^g^s^{. A}^u^th^o^r^{izes $}⁵^m^illioⁿⁱⁿ
^dⁱ^sc^r^e^tⁱ^o^na^r^y^fund^{s a}^nnua^l^l^y⁽^F^Y^2009-^12).
^[S^{ec. 9001]}
^No^cu^r^r^en^{t p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^No^co^m^p^ar^ab^{le p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Req^u^ir^{es a r}^e^p^o^r^{t w}^ith¹^y^ear^o^f
^udy^ap^p^r^o^p^r^iatioⁿ^s^oⁿ^th^{e p}^r^o^d^u^ctioⁿ^o^f^f^e^r^tilizer
^f^r^om^ren^e^w^a^{ble en}^erg^y^s^o^u^r^cesⁱⁿ^ru^ral
^areas^{. Mu}^s^t^iden^tif^y^ch^allen^g^e^s^to
^co^m^m^e^r^c^ializatioⁿ^o^f^r^u^r^a^{l f}^e^r^tilizer
^produ^ction^,^proces^s^e^s^an^{d tech}ⁿ^o^logⁱ^es^an^d
^p^o^t^en^{tial im}^p^{acts o}^f^r^eⁿ^e^w^a^b^l^{e f}^e^r^tilizer^oⁿ
^f^o^s^s^{il f}^u^{el u}^s^{e an}^{d th}^{e en}^vⁱ^ron^m^en^t.
^A^p^p^r^o^p^r^iatioⁿ^s^o^f^$¹^m^illioⁿ^ar^{e au}^th^o^r^ized
^f^o^{r F}^Y^{2009. [S}^{ec. 9003]]}

CRS-20
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
^.^{110-246, T}ⁱ^{tle XI}^{2008 Farm}^B^{ill — E}ⁿ^{ergy Provis}ⁱ^ons^(ex^c^{luding thos}^{e ci}^{ted in above s}^ections⁾
^udy^oⁿ^Bⁱ^o^e^nerg^y^{No com}^p^{arable prov}^is^ion^.^{No co}^m^p^arabl^e^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^Dⁱ^rect^s^U^S^D^A^t^o^produ^{ce a report}^on^t^h^e
^poten^{tial econ}^o^mⁱ^{c is}^s^u^es⁽ⁱⁿ^c^lu^din^g^cos^t^s⁾
^as^s^o^{ciated w}^ith^an^im^{al m}^aⁿ^u^r^{e u}^s^{ed in}
ⁿ^o^rm^{al ag}^ricu^ltu^{ral operation}^s^an^{d as}^a
^bi^oen^e^rg^y^f^eeds^t^ock^.^[S^{ec. 11014]}
^.^{110-246, T}ⁱ^{tle XV 2008 Farm}^B^{ill — E}ⁿ^{ergy Provis}ⁱ^ons^(ex^c^{luding thos}^{e ci}^{ted in above s}^ections⁾
^x^{Credit for Production of}^A^{ll f}^u^{el eth}^aⁿ^o^{l is allo}^w^e^d^{a tax}^cr^ed^{it o}^f^N^o^com^p^arabl^e^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^.^Es^t^a^blⁱ^s^h^e^s^{a credi}^t^of^{$1.01 f}^o^{r bl}^en^ders^of
^{sic Alco}^ho^l^{$0.54 per g}^a^l^l^oⁿ^,^reg^a^rdl^e^s^s^of^cellu^losⁱ^{c biom}^as^s^alcoh^o^{l th}^rou^g^h
^f^eeds^t^ock^.^Sm^{all produ}^cers^m^a^y^claim^an^Decem^{ber 31, 2012. T}^h^{e v}^a^lu^{e of}^th^{e credit,}
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^ad^d^itioⁿ^a^{l cr}^ed^{it o}^f^$⁰^.¹⁰^p^e^r^g^a^lloⁿ^.^p^l^u^s^th^{e ex}^istin^g^sm^{all eth}^aⁿ^o^{l p}^r^o^d^u^cer
^g/w^{[26 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{40], [26 U}^.^S^.^C^.^40(d)(4)]^{credit an}^{d alcoh}^o^{l f}^u^els^credits^canⁿ^o^t^ex^{ceed $1.01 per g}^a^llon^.^[S^{ec. 15321]}
^s^.or
^le^ak^o^dⁱ^fi^cati^on^{of Al}^coh^o^l^T^a^x^T^h^{e A}^m^eri^can^Jobs^C^r^eatⁱ^oⁿ^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁴^No^co^m^p^ar^ab^{le p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Iⁿ^th^{e f}ⁱ^rs^{t calen}^{dar y}^{ear af}^{ter EP}^A^certif^ies
^://wiki^estab^lish^e^d^{a tax}^cr^ed^{it f}^o^r^th^{e u}^s^{e o}^f^eth^aⁿ^o^{l u}^s^{ed as}^m^o^{tor f}^u^{el. T}^h^{e credit is}^th^{at 7}^.⁵^b^illioⁿ^g^a^lloⁿ^s^o^f^r^eⁿ^e^w^a^b^l^{e f}^u^el^h^a^v^e^b^een^b^l^en^d^e^dⁱⁿ^to^g^a^so^lin^{e, th}^{e cr}^ed^{it is}
^h^ttp^v^a^l^u^{ed at}^{$0.51 per g}^a^l^l^oⁿ^of^et^h^aⁿ^o^l^redu^{ced f}^r^om^{$0.51 t}^o^{$0.45 per g}^a^l^l^oⁿ^.
^b^l^en^d^e^dⁱⁿ^to^g^a^so^lin^e.^[S^{ec. 15331]}
^[P.L^{. 108-}^{357, S}^{ec. 301], [26 U}^.^S^.^C^.
^40(d)(4)]
^lcula^t^io^{n o}^f^Vo^lum^e^o^f^C^u^rren^t^l^y^{, an}^y^den^a^t^u^ran^t^{added t}^o^No^co^m^p^ar^ab^{le p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Fo^r^th^e^pu^rpos^es^of^calcu^latin^g^th^{e per-}
^a^x^Credits^alcoh^o^{l (u}^{p to 5%) is}^con^s^{idered as}^part^g^a^lloⁿ^cr^ed^{it f}^o^r^th^{e v}^o^lu^m^e^o^f^alco^h^o^{l u}^s^ed
^o^f^th^{e v}^o^lu^m^e^o^f^alco^h^o^{l f}^o^r^tax^as^{a f}^u^{el or in}^{a qu}^alif^{ied m}ⁱ^x^t^u^r^{e, th}^e
^pu^rpos^es^.^v^o^lu^m^e^of^alcoh^o^{l in}^clu^d^es^an^y^den^a^tu^ran^t^,
^{[26 U}^.^S^.^C^.^40(d)(4)]ⁱⁿ^clu^dⁱⁿ^g^g^a^so^lin^{e. T}^h^{is p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^r^e^d^u^ces
^t^h^{e am}^ouⁿ^t^of^al^l^o^w^a^bl^{e den}^a^t^u^ran^t^(added
^t^o^m^a^keⁱ^t^unfi^t^fo^r^hum^aⁿ^c^o^nsum^p^tⁱ^oⁿ⁾^t^o
^{2% of}^th^{e v}^o^lu^m^e^of^th^{e alcoh}^o^{l. [Sec.}
^15332]
^ha^no^{l Ta}^rⁱ^f^f^Ext^e^nsioⁿ^Iⁿ^g^eⁿ^e^r^a^{l, f}^u^{el eth}^aⁿ^o^{l im}^p^o^r^{ts ar}^e^N^o^co^m^p^ar^ab^{le p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Ex^ten^d^{s th}^{e $}⁰^.⁵⁴^cen^{t p}^e^r^g^a^lloⁿ^d^u^ty

CRS-21
^T^o^pic^C^{urrent or Prior L}^a^w^E^nergy^I^{ndependence and Security Act}^{2008 Farm}^B^ill
^(P.L^{. 110-140)}^(P.L^{. 110-246)}
^s^u^bj^ect^t^o^{a $0.54 per g}^a^l^l^oⁿ^du^t^y^an^{d a}^thr^o^{ugh Decem}^b^e^r³¹^,^{2010. [S}^{ec. 15333]}
^2.5%^{ad v}^a^l^o^rem^t^a^ri^f^f^.^T^h^{e du}^t^y^ex^pi^res
^Jan^u^a^ry^{1, 2009. [P.L}^{. 99-}^499]
^{[19 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{3001 et}^s^e^q.]
^ina^t^io^{n a}^{nd Reduct}ⁱ^oⁿ^s^Cu^r^r^eⁿ^tly^{, if}^{a m}^aⁿ^u^f^actu^r^er^im^p^o^r^{ts an}^No^co^m^p^ar^ab^{le p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^Du^ty^d^r^aw^b^ack^w^{ill n}^o^{t b}^e^av^ailab^l^{e o}ⁿ
^u^{ty D}^r^aw^b^a^ck^onⁱⁿ^ter^m^ed^{iate p}^r^o^d^u^{ct th}^en^ex^p^o^r^{ts th}^e^e^x^p^o^r^t^s^w^hⁱ^c^{h d}^o^no^t^c^o^nt^aⁱ^{n e}^t^ha^no^l^.^Eⁿ^d^s
^aⁱ^{n Im}^po^rt^{ed Et}^ha^no^l^fⁱⁿⁱ^s^h^{ed produ}^ct^{or a s}ⁱ^mⁱ^l^a^{r produ}^ct^,^th^{e p}^r^{actice in}^w^h^ich^im^p^o^r^ted^eth^aⁿ^o^{l is}
^th^{at m}^aⁿ^u^f^actu^r^er^m^a^y^b^e^elig^ib^{le f}^o^r^a^bl^en^{ded w}ⁱ^t^h^g^a^s^o^lⁱⁿ^{e an}^{d j}^e^t^f^u^el
^ref^uⁿ^d^(draw^b^ack^{) of}^u^p^t^o^99%^of^t^h^e⁽^c^oⁿ^t^aⁱⁿⁱ^{ng no}^e^t^ha^no^l^,^b^u^t^c^o^nsi^d^e^r^e^d^a
^du^tⁱ^e^s^pai^d^{. T}^h^{e du}^t^y^draw^back^“^lik^{e co}^m^m^o^d^ity^{” to}^th^{e f}ⁱⁿⁱ^sh^ed^g^a^so^lin^e)^is
^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^sⁱⁿ^clu^d^{e sp}^{ecial p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^s^f^o^r^th^en^ex^p^o^r^ted^to^q^u^alif^y^f^o^r^th^{e d}^r^aw^b^ackⁱⁿ
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34239}^t^h^{e produ}^ctⁱ^oⁿ^of^pet^r^ol^eu^m^deri^v^a^tⁱ^v^es^.^{[19 U}^.^S^.^C^.^1313(p)]^lⁱ^e^{u o}^f^fiⁿⁱ^she^d^ga^so^lⁱⁿ^e^c^o^nt^aⁱⁿⁱ^{ng t}^h^e^ori^gⁱⁿ^al^l^yⁱ^m^port^e^{d et}^h^aⁿ^o^l^.^[S^{ec. 15334]}

^g/w
^s^.or
^le^ak
^://wiki
^h^ttp