Livestock Price Reporting: Background

CRS Report for Congress
Livestock Price Reporting: Background
Geoffrey S. Becker
Specialist in Agricultural Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Summary
Livestock Mandatory Price Reporting (LMPR) was first passed in 1999 to address
some producers’ concerns about low livestock prices, industry concentration, and the
availability of accurate market information. LMPR expired on September 30, 2005, and
then operated on a voluntary basis, as the 109th Congress considered whether to
reauthorize LMPR, for how long, and what if any changes should be made. In
September 2006, the Senate cleared a bill (H.R. 3408) passed by the House one year
earlier to extend LMPR for five years and to amend hog reporting provisions. It was
signed into law (P.L. 109-296) on October 5, 2006. This report will not be updated.
Background
Under the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 (7 U.S.C. 1621-1627), USDA’s
Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) has long collected livestock and meat price and
related market information, on a voluntary basis. The agency’s trained market reporters
have attended public livestock auctions, visited feedlots and packing plants, personally
contacted many individual buyers and sellers, and consulted with trade associations to
develop data. The information (along with similar types of data covering other major
commodities such as grains, dairy, and produce) has been disseminated through hundreds
of daily, weekly, monthly, and annual written and electronic reports on sales of live cattle,
hogs, and sheep, and wholesale meat products from these animals. The goal has been to
provide all buyers and sellers with accurate and objective market information.
By the 1990s, the livestock industry had undergone many sweeping changes,
including increased concentration in meat packing and animal feeding, more production
specialization, and more vertical coordination. For example, animals were more
frequently being sold under private marketing arrangements (e.g., formula sales, value-
based pricing) with prices not publicly disclosed or reported. Some livestock producers,
believing such arrangements made it difficult or impossible for them to determine “fair”
market prices, called for mandatory price reporting for packers and others who process
and market meat. USDA had estimated in 2000 that the former voluntary system was not
reporting 35%-40% of cattle, 75% of hog, and 40% of lamb transactions.

Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Prior to the 1999 enactment of livestock mandatory price reporting (LMPR),
opponents, including some meat packers and other farmers and ranchers, had argued that
a mandate would impose costly new burdens on the industry and could cause the release
of confidential company information. Some had argued that voluntary reporting was
more effective because those in the industry were willing, not compelled, participants.
It was also argued that if certain desired information was lacking, it might be better
remedied by providing more resources to AMS (i.e., funding and staff) to improve the
voluntary program.
Nonetheless, some of these earlier opponents decided to support a “consensus”
LMPR law. These included the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association (NCBA) and
National Pork Producers Council (NPPC), many of whose members had been hit by very
low prices in the late 1990s. Some meat packers also decided to support a national
consensus bill at least partly to preempt what they viewed as an emerging “patchwork”
of state price reporting laws as well as the specter of a more onerous national law.
Congress responded in 1999 by enacting LMPR as Title IX of P.L. 106-78, USDA’s
FY2000 appropriations law.
LMPR authority had lapsed briefly on October 22, 2004, but President Bush signed
legislation (P.L. 108-444) extending the program through September 30, 2005. This
authority also expired. While the 109^th Congress pondered the program’s future,
participants voluntarily reported transaction data to AMS. The program again became
mandatory with House and Senate passage of H.R. 3408 (P.L. 109-296).
LMPR Provisions
AMS published a final rule implementing LMPR on December 1, 2000.¹ The
mandatory program included the following elements:
^!Detailed market information must be reported to AMS by packers,
processors and importers who annually slaughter an average of at least
125,000 cattle, 100,000 hogs, or 75,000 lambs, and by importers with
average annual imports of at least 2,500 metric tons of lamb meat.
^!Swine purchases must be reported three times daily; cattle purchases
twice daily; domestic and export sales of boxed beef cuts twice daily;
lamb carcasses and boxed lamb cuts once daily; and imported lamb cuts
once weekly.
^!USDA in turn must publish frequent, detailed reports on these
transactions. The law requires USDA to collect and publish at least
monthly information on retail prices for meat and poultry products, and
increases the number of required reports. Mandatory news reports
include the current and prior day’s swine market; forward contract and
formula marketing arrangement cattle purchases; packer-owned cattle
and sheep information; sales of imported boxed lamb cuts; and live lamb
premiums and discounts.

¹ 65 Federal Register 75464-75542.

^!The LMPR law preempts state laws, and subjects packers to civil
penalties of up to $10,000 for each violation of not reporting.
The program has received some 500,000 pieces of data each day; USDA in turn has
made the data public through more than 100 daily, weekly, or monthly reports. Required
to report this information were 116 packers and importers. The program has captured
information from 85-90% of the boxed beef market, 75% of the lamb meat market, 75-
80% of the steer and heifer cattle market, 60% of the lamb market, and 95% of the hog
market .²
AMS has operated LMPR with a staff of 50 and an annual budget of nearly $8
million. Some voluntary price reporting also was continued alongside LMPR, but AMS
only was collecting such data not being covered under the newer, mandatory program.
(AMS’s total market news budget for all commodities is approximately $30 million per
year.)
Reauthorization
The House Agriculture Committee on July 27, 2005, approved a bill (H.R. 3408) to
extend LMPR for five years (through September 30, 2010) and also to expand the
information collected for certain types of pork products (see below for explanation). The
measure passed the full House on September 14, 2005, under a suspension of the rules.
Taking a different approach, the full Senate on September 13, 2005, approved by
unanimous consent a simple one-year extension (S. 1613). At a Senate Agriculture
Committee hearing on the program, held June 22, 2005, disagreement had emerged over
the length of any proposed extension. Some Senators on the panel had expressed support
for a shorter renewal in order to await the results of a Government Accountability Office
(GAO) review of LMPR. GAO was examining among other things the accuracy,
timeliness, and completeness of the AMS reports, and the extent of coordination with
USDA’s Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA).³ The final
GAO report was not expected until late 2005 (and was issued in December 2005; see
below). Those calling for a longer reauthorization had argued that modifications could
be made later in response to any GAO recommendations.
On September 20, 2006, the Senate agreed to the House version, passing H.R. 3408
by unanimous consent. The chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee promised that
he would provide an opportunity in 2007 to explore any other needed changes to LMPR.
President Bush signed the measure into law on October 5, 2006.
A number of national farm organizations and the American Meat Institute (AMI)
pushed for the five-year extension. “Mandatory price reporting makes markets more
transparent and offers new market information with respect to pricing, contracting for

² Testimony of Kenneth Clayton, AMS Acting Director, before the Senate Agriculture
Committee, June 22, 2005.
³ Among GIPSA’s major responsibilities is maintaining fair livestock marketing practices; for
example, GIPSA conducts livestock procurement investigations that examine firms’ compliance
with the Packers and Stockyards Act, including their payment and pricing practices.

purchase and supply, and demand conditions for cattle, hogs, and sheep,” five
organizations wrote in a May 6, 2005, letter to House Agriculture Committee leaders.
The letter noted that the pork industry was recommending three industry-specific
amendments: broadening the scope of packers required to report to more accurately reflect
sales and prices paid in the sow market; altering data reporting deadlines to better balance
USDA’s workload and increase report accuracy and efficiency; and enabling USDA to
publish price distributions for net prices to provide more useful information than is now
provided by statutorily prescribed price ranges.
The five groups said in 2005 that they would oppose the reauthorization package if
any other amendments were adopted that lacked their prior agreement. AMI, NPPC,
NCBA, the American Sheep Industry Association, and the American Farm Bureau
Federation signed the letter. Their goal was to forge and maintain a consensus on an
extension bill to help ensure its passage without additional amendments that could prove
divisive and controversial, according to several industry lobbyists. An AMI spokesman
said its members, although skeptical of the value of mandatory reporting, supported a
simple extension because they already had made the investments needed to comply with
the original law.
At its 2005 annual convention in Kentucky, the National Farmers Union (NFU)
endorsed a policy that Congress should renew and make permanent the mandatory
reporting law. The NFU policy also calls on USDA to eliminate the so-called 3/60 rule,
to require open reporting to occur at least twice daily by region, and to provide transparent
information without exemptions to farmers and ranchers.⁴
Selected Issues
It was anticipated that the simple extension of LMPR from 2004 to 2005 would
provide lawmakers with additional time to consider a number of possible LMPR issues.
These included whether the program has in fact brought more transparency to livestock
markets, and is more effective at transmitting price information, than voluntary reporting;
and whether the cost and administrative burdens outweigh LMPR benefits. Some critics
contended that the LMPR information has not been as widely used as it could be, despite
USDA’s continuing efforts to improve its clarity, accessibility, and timeliness.
Two 2003 papers discuss the impacts and effectiveness of LMPR, and various
reauthorization issues.⁵ The two papers observe that mandatory price reporting resulted
not only in gains in available information, but also in losses. For example, LMPR does
not provide the same timeliness or frequency of reports as under the voluntary system, and

⁴ Under the “3/60” rule, USDA was to collect but not report data from markets with fewer than
three reporting entities or where any one entity handles more than 60% of the total volume in a
particular area. Although not required by the law, the rule was sought by the White House Office
of Management and Budget to preserve firm confidentiality. USDA in 2001 modified this rule;
see page 5.
⁵ Wachenheim, C.J., The Livestock Mandatory Reporting Act of 1999. Also, Schroeder, Ted C.,
Livestock Mandatory Price Reporting in the Beef Industry. Although these papers were prepared
prior to the first (one-year) extension of LMPR in 2004, material in their discussions may be
relevant.

the need to protect confidentiality of those reporting may cause less transparency, they
conclude. LMPR has resulted in less local information on terms of cattle trade for those
regions once covered by voluntary reporting but no longer included in regional daily and
weekly mandatory reports.⁶ On the other hand:
At the national level, it is now possible to compare prices across purchasing methods,
the short run supply situation is more transparent, packer ownership and captive
supply can be observed and price impacts of such examined, and, perhaps most
notable, the Act ensures that data available to and used by market participants are⁷
representative of actual market transactions.
Schroeder and Wachenheim raise several questions for further study, such as:
^!What exactly is the added cost to packers (and to taxpayers) compared
with the voluntary system, which would be helpful in assessing the
mandatory program’s net value?⁸
^!How important was the price data that is no longer being reported?
^!Who supports LMPR, and how are they using the information? How is
it facilitating decision making? How might LMPR influence industry
conduct and performance? Could it be made more useful to market
participants?
^!Has the LMPR law increased the opportunity for packer collusion?
After initiation of LMPR in April 2001, the so-called 3/60 rule, which was aimed at
protecting confidentiality (see footnote 4), was causing USDA/AMS to withhold a
substantial amount of data from the public. So, AMS replaced this rule in August 2001
with new “3/70/20” guidelines. They specified that for 60 days prior to a report, at least
three entities had to provide data at least half the time; no single entity could provide more
than 70% of the report’s data; and no single entity could be the sole reporting source for
a report more than 20% of the time. As a result, AMS releases of the regional fed cattle
morning reports increased from 24% to 77%, according to the department.⁹
USDA observed: “Confidentiality guidelines present a difficult challenge for USDA.
Note that LMPR imposes the reporting requirement on packers. Cattle slaughter is so
concentrated — in many regions, only three or four packers may be active — that
confidentiality guidelines designed to protect the information of individual reporting

⁶ Schroeder. See also explanation of the 3/60 rule in footnote 4.
⁷ Wachenheim.
⁸ The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has estimated that total federal costs of the proposed
program approved by the House Agriculture Committee (in H.R. 3408) would be $8 million to
$9 million annually; aggregate compliance costs for packers would amount to $1 million to $3
million annually. These estimates can be found via the CBO website at [http://www.cbo.gov/].
⁹ USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS), Contracts, Markets, and Prices: Organizing the
Production and Use of Agricultural Commodities (AER-837), November 2004.

entities may often apply, restricting the release of market news.” It added that the issue
is of less concern in hog slaughter.¹⁰
In a more recent (September 2005) report, USDA evaluates the LMPR to determine
whether it has improved the amount and quality of information available in fed cattle
markets, compared with the previous voluntary program. The report concludes that prices
received under formula purchasing arrangements, which were not comprehensively
reported under the voluntary system, appear to closely match prices received with
negotiated purchases. It observes that the trend toward formula purchases has slowed
since implementation of LMPR, and the volume of cattle under negotiated purchases has
increased — although other market factors like lower cattle inventories and the discovery
of BSE in North America may also have influenced this shift.¹¹
GAO Report
The long-awaited GAO report, Livestock Market Reporting: USDA Has Taken Some
Steps to Ensure Quality, but Additional Efforts Are Needed (GAO-06-202), was released
December 12, 2005. GAO found that USDA’s market reporters had not informed users
about the extent to which they regularly excluded some packer data in preparing the
reports, and that packers themselves had not always fully and accurately reported their
transactions nor promptly corrected problems. GAO also concluded that coordination
between AMS and GIPSA, the two agencies charged with addressing competition in
livestock markets, was limited, largely because of their different statutory authorities.
GAO recommended improvements in the transparency of the market reports and the
auditing of packer transactions.
In the 110^th Congress, interest could focus on, among other things, USDA’s reaction
to and adoption of the GAO recommendations and the need, if any, for additional
legislative amendments. If new options are proposed, they might be debated along with
other livestock issues as part of a new omnibus farm bill (see also CRS Report RL33037,
Previewing a 2007 Farm Bill, coordinated by Jasper Womach).

¹⁰ Ibid.
¹¹ USDA, ERS. Did the Mandatory Requirement Aid the Market? (LDP-M-135-01), September

2005.