The Alternative Minimum Tax for Individuals: Legislative Initiatives in the 109th Congress

The Alternative Minimum Tax for Individuals:
Legislative Initiatives in the
th
109 Congress
Gregg A. Esenwein
Specialist in Public Finance
Government and Finance Division
Summary
The alternative minimum tax (AMT) for individuals was originally enacted to
ensure that all taxpayers, especially high-income taxpayers, paid at least a minimum
amount of federal taxes. However, the AMT is not indexed for inflation, and this factor,
combined with the recent reductions in the regular income tax, has greatly expanded the
potential impact of the AMT.
Temporary provisions intended to mitigate the effects of the AMT will expire at
the end of 2006. As a result, the number of taxpayers subject to the AMT will increase
from 3.6 million in 2005 to 23 million in 2007. The Congressional Budget Office
estimates that extending AMT tax relief would reduce federal revenue by $282 billion
over the period FY2007 through FY2011.
In May 2006, Congress passed the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act
of 2005 (TIPRA). This act increased the basic AMT exemption to $62,550 for joint
returns and $42,500 for unmarried taxpayers. It also extended the provision allowing
certain personal tax credits to offset AMT liability. These two changes are only
effective through 2006.
This report will not be updated.
The alternative minimum tax (AMT) for individuals was originally enacted to ensure
that all taxpayers, especially high-income taxpayers, paid at least a minimum amount of
federal taxes.¹ However, absent legislative action, there will be a significant increase in
the number of middle- to upper-middle-income taxpayers affected by the AMT in the near
future. In 2005, about 3.6 million taxpayers were subject to the AMT, but by 2007, up
to 23 million taxpayers could be subject to the AMT.

¹ There is also a corporate minimum tax, but it is not addressed in this report.

There are two main reasons for the increase in the number of taxpayers affected by
the AMT. First, the regular income tax is indexed for inflation, but the AMT is not. Over
time this has produced a reduction in the differences between regular income tax
liabilities and AMT liabilities at any given nominal income level, differences that will
continue to shrink in the absence of AMT indexation. The second reason is that the 2001
and 2003 reductions in the regular income tax have further narrowed the differences
between regular and AMT tax liabilities. The combination of these two factors means
that, absent legislative changes, there will be significant growth in the number of
taxpayers affected by the AMT.²
The effects of the AMT have been temporarily mitigated through an increase in the
basic exemption for the AMT and temporary provisions allowing certain personal tax
credits to offset AMT liability. For 2006, the AMT exemption is $62,550 for joint returns
and $42,500 for unmarried taxpayers. Absent legislation, in 2007, the basic AMT
exemption is scheduled to decrease to $45,000 for joint returns and $35,750 for unmarried
taxpayers. In addition, starting in 2007, several personal tax credits will not be allowed
against the AMT.
Revenue Effects of Modifying the AMT
The fact that the AMT is poised to affect so many taxpayers in the near future has
prompted calls to remedy the situation. Absent legislative action, the AMT will “take
back” much of the recently enacted reductions in the regular income tax for millions of
taxpayers. Because personal exemptions are not allowed against the AMT, large families
will be particularly susceptible to the AMT. In addition, since deductions for state/local
taxes are not allowed against the AMT, taxpayers who itemize and deduct these taxes on
their regular income tax returns are also likely to be adversely affected by the AMT.
However, modifications to the AMT will prove costly in terms of forgone revenue.
When discussing the long-run (beyond 2010) revenue implications of modifying the
AMT, it is critical to specify whether it is assumed that the 2001/2003 tax cuts are
allowed to expire after 2010 as scheduled or whether it is assumed that the tax cuts are
extended beyond 2010. Allowing the 2001 tax cuts to expire as scheduled will reduce the
costs of modifying the AMT. If the tax cuts are extended beyond 2010, then the costs of
modifying the AMT will increase dramatically. Indeed, if the 2001/2003 tax cuts are
extended, then, as a rough estimate, the cost of most options for modifying the AMT will
almost double. The revenue effects of several modifications to the AMT are shown in
Table 1.
To keep the AMT from affecting more taxpayers in the out years than it will in 2006
would, at the least, require maintaining higher exemption levels and indexing the AMT
for inflation. According to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), this option, which
assumes using basic exemption levels of $58,000/$40,250 and indexing these amounts
for inflation after 2005, will cost $282 billion over the period FY2007 through FY2011.
It will cost $544 billion over the FY2007 through FY2016 period if the 2001/2003
reductions in the regular income tax are allowed to expire as scheduled. If the 2001/2003

² For more detailed information on the AMT see CRS Report RL30149, The Alternative
Minimum Tax for Individuals, by Gregg Esenwein.

tax cuts are extended beyond 2010, then this option would reduce revenues by $865
billion over the same time period.
Table 1. Revenue Costs of Modifying the AMT
(billions of dollars)
FY07-16FY07-16
Policy OptionFY07-11(2001tax cuts(2001 taxcuts
expire) extended)
Basic AMT exemption levels of $58,000/$40,250,^d^d^d
index exemption and bracket amounts for inflation$282$544$865
after 2005
Repeal the AMT$391^d$696^d$1,160^e
FY06-15FY06-15
Additional Policy OptionsFY06-10(2001tax cuts(2001 taxcuts
expire) extended)
Allow AMT taxpayers to take personal exemptions,
the standard deduction and deductions for state/local$282^b$530^bN/A
taxes. (AMT basic exemption reverts to prior law
levels)
Allow personal exemptions under AMT$176^a$343^cN/A
Allow state/local tax deductions under AMT$228^a$423^cN/A
^No^te:^T^h^es^{e es}^tim^ates^{do n}^o^{t tak}^e^th^{e rev}^eⁿ^u^e^ef^f^ects^of^T^I^P^R^A^{05 in}^{to accou}ⁿ^t^.
^a^.^J^oⁱⁿ^{t Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^T^a^x^a^tioⁿ^,^Es^tⁱ^m^at^{ed Revenue Ef}^f^ect^s^of^Varⁱ^ous^AM^T^O^p^tⁱ^ons^,^M^a^y¹⁷^,^2005,
^uⁿ^p^u^b^lish^e^d^d^a^{ta th}^{at f}^o^r^m^ed^th^{e b}^a^{sis f}^o^r^th^{e ten}^-^y^ear^estim^atesⁱⁿ^th^e^CB^O^testim^oⁿ^y^o^f^May²³^,
^2005.
^{b. C}^oⁿ^g^r^es^sⁱ^on^{al B}^u^dg^{et Of}^fⁱ^ce,^Budget^O^p^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^,^F^e^bru^a^ry^{2005, p. 275.}
^{c. C}^oⁿ^g^r^es^sⁱ^on^{al B}^u^dg^{et Of}^fⁱ^{ce, C}^B^{O T}^e^s^tim^on^y^,^T^h^{e Indi}^vi^dual^Al^t^e^r^natⁱ^{ve M}ⁱⁿⁱ^m^u^m^T^a^x^{, May}^{23, 2005,}
^{p. 8.}
^d.^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^sⁱ^on^{al B}^u^dg^{et Of}^fⁱ^ce,^T^h^{e Budget}^{and Econom}ⁱ^c^O^u^t^l^{ook: Fi}^s^c^al^Y^e^ar^s^{2007 t}^o^2016,^J^a^nua^r^y
^{2006, p. 15 an}^{d u}ⁿ^p^u^b^lⁱ^s^h^e^{d dat}^a^t^h^at^f^o^rm^s^t^h^{e bas}ⁱ^s^f^o^{r t}^h^{e ch}^artⁱⁿ^Box^4-^{3 pp. 90 -}^91.
^{e. U.S. Departm}^eⁿ^t^of^th^e^T^r^eas^u^r^y^,^Fact^Sheet^:^T^h^e^T^o^l^l^of^T^w^{o T}^a^xes^{: T}^h^{e Regul}^ar^Incom^e^T^a^{x and t}^h^e
^AM^T^{, March}^{2, 2005. R}^e^v^eⁿ^u^e^es^tⁱ^m^at^{e cov}^e^rs^t^h^{e peri}^{od F}^Y^{2006 t}^h^ro^{ugh FY}^2015.
^f^.^J^oⁱⁿ^{t Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^T^a^x^a^tioⁿ^,^Es^tⁱ^m^at^{ed Revenue Ef}^f^ect^s^of^H^.^{R. 4096}^{, JC}^X-^83-^05,^Decem^{ber 9, 2005.}
^R^e^v^eⁿ^u^e^es^tⁱ^m^at^{e cov}^e^rs^t^h^{e peri}^{od F}^Y^{2006 t}^h^ro^{ugh FY}^2007.
CBO also estimates that allowing AMT taxpayers to take personal exemptions, the
regular standard deduction, and itemized deductions for state/local taxes would reduce
revenues by $282 billion over the first five years and $530 billion over 10 years if the
2001/2003 tax cuts expire as scheduled. (A 10-year revenue estimate of this policy option
that includes the interactive effects of extending the 2001/2003 tax cuts is not available.)
Repeal of the AMT would be the most expensive policy option. According to CBO,
repeal of the AMT would reduce federal revenues by approximately $391 billion over five
years and by $696 billion over the period FY2007 through FY2016 if the tax cuts expire
as scheduled. The Treasury Department estimates that if the 2001/2003 tax cuts are

extended, then repealing the AMT would reduce federal revenues by over a trillion dollars
between FY2006 and FY2015.³ In fact, the Treasury Department has estimated that by
2013, it would be less expensive to repeal the regular income tax than it would be to
repeal the AMT.
Legislative Initiatives in the 109^th Congress
On March 17, 2005, the House approved its FY2006 budget resolution, H. Con. Res.
95. The House resolution assumed $106 billion in tax reductions over the next five fiscal
years. Also on March 17, 2005, the Senate approved its budget resolution, S. Con. Res.
18. The Senate budget resolution assumed $134 billion in tax reductions over the
FY2006 to FY2010 period.
The conference agreement on the 2006 budget resolution, H.Con.Res. 95, was
approved by both chambers on April 28, 2005, and contained $106 billion in tax relief
over the next five years, approximately $70 billion of which would be protected through
the reconciliation process. Under reconciliation, $11 billion of tax relief was allocated
for 2006. Although the budget resolution did not identify specific changes to the tax
code, it did not provide enough tax relief to hold the AMT harmless over the five-year
budget horizon. Holding the AMT harmless would require extension and indexation of
the increased AMT exemption levels and extension of the provision allowing taxpayers
to use personal tax credits against the AMT⁴.
On November 8, 2005, Senator Charles Grassley unveiled a tax cut reconciliation
plan that would, among other things, extend AMT tax relief through 2006. On November
16, 2005, the Senate Finance Committee approved the tax cut reconciliation plan — the
Tax Relief Act of 2005 (S. 2020) — that provided full AMT tax relief through 2006. The
full Senate approved the Tax Relief Act of 2005 on November 18.
Specifically, this bill included an increase in the AMT exemption level ($62,550 for
joint returns and $42,500 for other returns) through 2006 and a two-year extension of the
treatment of nonrefundable credits against the AMT. It was estimated that these changes
would reduce federal revenues by $37 billion.
On November 15, 2005, as part of its reconciliation legislation, the Committee on
Ways and Means approved H.R. 4297 which, among other things, would have provided
partial AMT relief through a one-year extension of the treatment of nonrefundable
personal tax credits under the AMT. This bill, however, did not include an extension of
the higher AMT exemption amount. As a result, it would have provided only minimal
relief from the expected impact of the AMT in 2006. The provision extending the

³ These estimates do not include the additional cost that would arise through debt financing of
these policy options. These additional costs would be substantial. For instance, CBO estimates
that the cost of the debt service associated with maintaining the higher AMT exemption levels
and indexation of the AMT would be $132 billion over a 10-year period.
⁴ Effective in 2007, certain personal tax credits (for example, the dependent care credit, the
HOPE Scholarship and Lifetime Learning credit, and the D.C. homebuyer’s credit) cannot be
used to reduce a taxpayer’s regular income tax below their AMT liability.

treatment of nonrefundable credits under the AMT was estimated to cost $2.8 billion. The
full House approved H.R. 4297 on December 8, 2005.
On December 7, 2005, the House approved a stand-alone measure, H.R. 4096,
extending the higher AMT exemption for one year and indexing the exemption for
inflation. This legislation did not address the tax treatment of nonrefundable tax credits
under the AMT, and hence, did not fully mitigate the impact of the AMT. It was
estimated that the one-year cost of this legislation would be $30 billion.
In May 2006, Congress approved a budget reconciliation bill (H.R. 4297; the Tax
Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005- TIPRA) that included a one-year
extension (through 2006) of both the AMT’s personal-credit and increased-exemption
provisions. For 2005, the exemption amount was $58,000 for joint returns and $40,250
for unmarried taxpayers. TIPRA increased the 2006 AMT exemption to $62,550 for joint
returns and $42,500 for unmarried taxpayers. According to estimates by the Joint
Committee on Taxation, the one-year cost of these AMT provisions would be $33.9
billion.
In addition to the bills mentioned above, other legislation affecting the AMT that has
been introduced in the 109^th Congress includes:
^!S. 1099. Tax Simplification Act of 2005. Introduced on May 5, 2005,
by Senator Richard Shelby. This bill would repeal the AMT.
^!S. 1103. Introduced on May 23, 2005, by Senators Baucus, Grassley,
Wyden, Kyl, Schumer, and Crapo. This bill would repeal the AMT for
individuals effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2005.
^!S. 1229. Renewable Energy Incentives Act. Introduced on June 13,
2005, by Senator Harry Reid. This bill would allow the credit for
electricity produced from renewable resources against the AMT.
^!S. 1240. Introduced on June 14, 2005, by Senator Gordon Smith. This
bill would allow a new investment credit for the purchase of trucks with
new diesel engine technologies to be take against the AMT.
^!S. 2826. Introduced on May 17, 2006, by Senator John Kerry. For 2007,
this bill increases the AMT exemption amounts and allows personal tax
credits to offset AMT liability.
^!H.R. 206. Introduced on January 4, 2005, by Representative José
Serrano. This bill would provide a business credit for the use of clean-
fuel vehicles by businesses located within designated areas. The credit
would be allowed against both the regular income tax and the AMT for
both individuals and corporations.
^!H.R. 703. The Middle Class Fairness Act of 2005. Introduced February
9, 2005, by Representative Scott Garrett. This bill would repeal the
AMT limitation on the use of state and local tax deductions. It would
also index, beginning in 2005, the AMT exemption amount for inflation.
^!H.R. 1091. Introduced on March 3, 2005, by Representative Phil
English. This bill would allow the work opportunity, welfare-to-work,
and the research credit against the AMT.
^!H.R. 1186. Alternative Minimum Tax Repeal Act of 2005. Introduced
on March 9, 2005, by Representative Phil English. This bill would repeal
the AMT starting in 2006.

^!H.R. 1538. Introduced April 8, 2005, by Representative Steve Israel.
Increases the AMT exemption to $100,000 for joint returns and $75,000
for all other returns. Increases the AMT exemption phase-out threshold.
Indexes the AMT exemptions and phase-out thresholds.
^!H.R. 1599. Introduced April 13, 2005, by Representative Jeb Bradley.
Extends and indexes the increased AMT exemption amounts through

2007.

^!H.R. 2950. The Individual Tax Simplification Act of 2005. Introduced
on June 16, 2005, by Representative Richard Neal. Among other things,
this bill would repeal the AMT.
^!H.R. 2987. Introduced June 20, 2005, by Representative Robert
Andrews. Allows a deduction for state and local income and property
taxes under the AMT.
^!H.R. 3180. Introduced on June 30, 2005, by Representative Ron Paul.
This bill would allow a deduction against the AMT for qualified attorney
fees and court costs associated with settlements of civil actions.
^!H.R. 3301. Introduced July 14, 2005, by Representative J.D. Hayworth.
This bill would allow a new investment credit for the purchase of trucks
with new diesel engine technologies to be take against the AMT.
^!H.R. 3385. AMT Credit Fairness Act of 2005. Introduced on July 21,
2005, by Representative Sam Johnson. This bill would increase the
allowable credit for prior year AMT liability and make it refundable.
^!H.R. 5590. Stealth Tax Relief Act of 2006. Introduced June 13, 2006,
by Representative Thomas Reynolds. For 2007, this bill increases the
AMT exemptions and allows personal tax credits to offset AMT liability.
Revenue estimates for these specific legislative initiatives in the 109th Congress are
not available.
Administration’s Proposals
In its 2005 budget proposal, the Administration proposed a one-year extension for
both the increased AMT exemption levels and the provision allowing personal credits to
offset AMT tax liability. Both of these proposals were ultimately enacted as part of the
Working Families Tax Relief Act of 2004. The Administration also directed the Treasury
Department to study and to report back within a year, on long-term solutions to the AMT
problem.
In its 2006 budget proposal, the Administration did not address the AMT issue.
Subsequent statements by Secretary of the Treasury John Snow indicate that the AMT
issue was to be addressed by the tax reform panel appointed by the Administration. As
part of its reform proposals, the tax reform panel recommended that the AMT be repealed.
The Administration’s 2007 budget proposal includes a provision extending, through 2006,
the higher AMT exemption levels and a provision allowing nonrefundable personal
credits to apply to the AMT.