Romania: Background and Current Issues

Romania: Background and Current Issues
Carl Ek
Specialist in International Relations
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Summary
On January 1, 2007, Romania was formally admitted into the European Union. The
accession marked a major milestone for the country, which has been struggling through
a difficult, lengthy transition from communism and the 24-year era of oppressive rule
under Nicolae Ceausescu. In 2004 national elections, the center-right captured a
majority in parliament along with the presidency. Over the past two years, however,
there has been a great deal of infighting among the governing coalition partners.
Observers believe that the parties held together out of a common desire to achieve EU
membership. Now that EU entry is an accomplished fact, some believe Romania may
face early elections. A May 19 referendum on Traian Basescu’s presidency, engineered
by the opposition-dominated parliament, not only failed to dislodge him from his post,
it reaffirmed public support for the popular reformist. Relations between Romania and
the United States have been close. Bucharest has cooperated with the Bush
Administration in the war on terrorism, and is providing troops in both Afghanistan and
Iraq. In December 2005, the two countries signed an agreement granting the United
States permission to establish military bases in Romania. This report will be updated
as events warrant.
Political Situation¹
The former communist-dominated Party of Social Democracy of Romania (since
renamed the Social Democratic Party, or PSD) ruled Romania from the country’s bloody
revolution in late 1989 until 1996, and from 2000-2004. Its leading figure, Ion Iliescu,
served as president during the same two periods. Romanian voters ousted the PSD in
parliamentary and presidential elections in the late fall of 2004. In an upset victory,
Democratic Party (PD) presidential candidate Traian Basescu, an oil tanker captain before
becoming the popular mayor of Bucharest, defeated PSD Prime Minister Adrian Nastase

¹ Research assistance for this report was provided by Mari-Jana Oboroceanu, Knowledge
Services Group, CRS. Background information and economic data are drawn from U.S.
Department of State. Background Note: Romania. April 2007; recent issues of Economist
Intelligence Unit; and articles from various newspapers and wire services.

(Iliescu was term-limited). President Basescu tapped as premier Liberal Party (PNL)
leader Calin Popescu-Tariceanu, who formed an alliance consisting of the PNL and the
PD, supported by the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) and the tiny
Conservative Party.
The PNL-PD alliance was an uneasy one, in part reflecting the fact that no single
party won a majority in the parliamentary elections. Since taking office, the governing
coalition has suffered from continual infighting. In addition to a reported personal animus
between Basescu and Tariceanu, tensions have arisen as a result of differences over social
and fiscal policy. Generally, the center-right PNL is more oriented toward free markets
and smaller government, while the center-left PD favors a traditional European social
democratic “social model.” In addition, the two leaders crossed swords over the issue of
Iraq. Citing “human and financial costs,” Tariceanu on June 29, 2006 called for Romania
to withdraw its troops from Iraq. The government’s Supreme Council on National
Defense, which must approve such a move, denied the proposal the following day.
Observers speculate that the plan for withdrawal, put forward shortly before Basescu’s
July 2006 trip to Washington, D.C., may have been intended to embarrass the Romanian
president during his visit.²
Romania’s next elections are scheduled for late 2008, but some observers doubt the
current government will last that long. In the fall of 2006, Basescu called for a snap ballot
in the hope of capitalizing on his party’s rising popularity, but the PNL argued that early
elections would only divert attention and energies from efforts to institute reforms
directed at joining the EU in January 2007; the hope of accession had been the glue
holding the coalition together. However, now that Romania is in the European Union
(EU — see below), the government may be more susceptible to collapse. Shortly after
Romania’s EU accession, the PSD announced that it would seek to oust Basescu. On
April 2, Tariceanu stated that he would form a new cabinet without the PD, effectively
dissolving the coalition. On April 19, the parliament voted to suspend Basescu’s
presidency pending a public impeachment referendum. In a May 19 plebiscite, however,
a large majority (74%) voted in favor of Basescu.
Analysts believe that the referendum likely strengthened Basescu and the PD, while
weakening Tariceanu and the PNL. Accordingly, Basescu and his supporters interpreted
the results as a form of public no-confidence vote in the government, and renewed the call
for new elections – a solution still resisted by the other parties. However, some observers
argue that Basescu is now politically somewhat isolated. They claim that he has
succeeded in casting himself as an outsider and that, while this may have enhanced his
popularity, it has not improved his ability to work with other elected officials to solve the
nation’s urgent problems. Many Romanians worry that their country’s government will
remain both unstable and stalemated in the months ahead.
Economic Conditions
Romania’s post-1989 stop-and-go approach to economic reform resulted in a decade
of economic stagnation, while the economies of other post-communist neighboring states
grew rapidly. Key indicators for the current decade have shown signs of improvement,

² “Romania: Iraq Debacle Highlights Government Failings.” Oxford Analytica. July 19, 2006.

however. GDP, which declined sharply during 1997-1999, began to rebound in 2000.
The economy grew at a robust 7.7% in 2006 and is forecast to rise by 6.5% in 2007.
Inflation, which averaged 45% in 1999 — 2000, stood at 3.8% in May 2007. Average
incomes have risen rapidly, but remain among the lowest in Europe. At 4.1%, Romania’s
unemployment has declined to the lowest level in 15 years. Analysts attribute the reduced
joblessness in part to temporary emigration, which, some fear, may result in a skills
shortage in certain sectors such as construction. In 2005, the government introduced a

16% flat tax on incomes and profits. About two-thirds of the economy is in private hands.

Romania is rich in natural resources; analysts believe that it will prosper if the
government can improve transparency, permit the growth of private financial institutions,
and ease barriers to foreign investors.
Corruption, pervasive in both public and private sectors, continues to be one of
Romania’s most serious problems. Transparency International’s most recent Corruption
Perceptions Index ranked Romania 84^th out of 163 rankings worldwide. For more than
a decade, officials from the International Monetary Fund, NATO, the U.S. government,
and others have urged Romania to root out corruption, especially in the upper reaches of
government.
Romania does appear to be making progress in this key area. Significant changes
have been made in the judicial system; for example, cases are now assigned randomly,
rather than being directed toward specific judges and prosecutors, and training programs
and infrastructure have been improved with World Bank assistance. In addition, several
high-profile corruption cases finally emerged in 2005 when the National Prosecution
Office launched investigations of a number of prominent politicians, including former
Prime Minister — and then-head of the opposition PSD — Adrian Nastase. Popular
attention has focused on the one million euros worth of real estate and other assets that
Nastase claimed he had acquired using an inheritance his wife had received from a 97-
year-old aunt — who had lived in a small Bucharest apartment. Nastase, who asserts that
he is the victim of a political vendetta, nevertheless stepped down as the head of his party
in January 2006. He was charged with corruption in February 2006, and his accounts
were frozen. However, on July 5 2007, the constitutional court sent the case back to
prosecutors for further review. Others under investigation include a deputy prime
minister and former ministers of trade and industry. There has been some serious
resistance in parliament to the probes.³
Romania has a diversified energy base; it has significant oil and coal reserves, and
also uses nuclear energy. The Economist Intelligence Unit has noted that “Romania is
closer to energy self-sufficiency than any other country in the region, with the exception
of Russia.” Like other European countries, Romania has been looking for ways to
broaden its sources of natural gas after Russia’s January 2006 temporary cutoff of
supplies to Ukraine, which disrupted deliveries to Europe. In November 2006, Basescu

³ “Netting the Untouchables.” The Economist. February 4, 2006. “PSD Wants Graft-Busters
Back Under Control.” Oxford Analytica. February 22, 2006. “Romania Ex-PM Denies
Corruption Charges, Has Accts Frozen.” Dow Jones International News. November 15, 2006.

stated that “Romania ... will orient its energy policy toward developing alternative energy
sources, including coal, hydroelectric and nuclear energy.”⁴
Foreign and Security Policy Issues
Romania’s foreign policy was dominated for years by its efforts to become a member
of NATO and the EU. In March 2004, Romania achieved the first goal when it was
formally admitted into the Atlantic alliance. Romania has been restructuring and
modernizing its military, and has consistently met or exceeded NATO’s recommended
defense expenditure guideline of 2% of GDP. It has significantly reduced the size of its
armed forces (currently around 100,000), and ended military conscription in October
2006. Romania also has been developing “niche capabilities” to offer NATO, including
airlift, minesweeping, UAVs, counter-NBC warfare, mountain combat troops, and special
forces. There are nearly 2,000 Romanian troops serving in international peacekeeping and
peace support missions in Iraq, Afghanistan, the Balkans, and several African countries.
Romania is reportedly the fifth largest contributor of troops to NATO missions.⁵ The
United States has endorsed Romania’s offer to host the 2008 NATO summit.
Romania’s other main foreign policy priority was to join the EU. In April 2005,
Romania, along with Bulgaria, signed an accession treaty to join the EU. Although the
two countries were set to join on January 1, 2007, the treaty contained “safeguard clauses”
that would delay entry for one year if they did not make sufficient progress in completing
reforms in certain areas, including competition, border security, corruption,
administration, and judicial reform. In September 2006, the European Commission issued
its assessment of the preparedness of the two countries. While it gave a qualified green
light for admittance, it also identified several areas of concern in Romania, including food
safety, industrial pollution, and the effective use of EU structural funds.⁶ Romania and
Bulgaria were formally admitted on January 1, 2007, but will be required to report to the
EU at six-month intervals on progress in several areas; failure to meet commitments could
result in some loss of EU assistance funds. On June 27, 2007, the European Commission
cautioned Romania to increase its efforts to combat corruption. The media reported that
the Commission had somewhat diluted its criticism (and thereby withheld sanctions) for
fear of undermining the efforts of Basescu and other key reformers.⁷
Another issue involving Romania and the EU — and Romania and the United States
— was that of international adoptions. At the urging of the EU to improve child welfare
and curtail abuses and corruption in the adoption system, the Romanian government
imposed a partial moratorium on international adoptions of Romanian children in 2001,
pending approval of the legislature. In June 2004, parliament passed a child welfare law
that went into effect on January 1, 2005. Among other provisions, the statute bans —

⁴ “Romania Risk: Infrastructure Risk.” EIU. November 20, 2006. “Romania Calls On EU To
Cut Dependence on Russian Energy.” Agence France-Presse. November 11, 2006.
⁵ The Military Balance. International Institute for Strategic Studies. London. May 2006.
⁶ Monitoring Report On the State of Preparedness For EU Membership Of Bulgaria and Romania.
website of the European Commission. September 29, 2006. [http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/
pdf/key_documents/2006/sept/report_bg_ro_2006_en.pdf]
⁷ “Bulgaria and Romania Warned on Corruption.” Financial Times. June 27, 2007.

with the exception of grandparents — international adoptions. The law left in limbo
hundreds of pending cases — adoptions that were being processed but were halted when
the law went into effect. At a September 2005 hearing of the U.S. Helsinki Commission,
several Members of Congress argued that the new policy was contrary to the best interests
of Romania’s thousands of abandoned children, and criticized Bucharest for bowing to
pressure from the EU. However, in December 2005, Tariceanu stated that Romanian law
was “perfectly suited to European requirements,” and that “[t]hose who made applications
after the moratorium came into effect should have known they were taking a risk.”
Nevertheless, in January 2006, U.S. Ambassador to Romania Nicholas Taubman
addressed the pending cases, saying that “Bucharest has made promises on the adoption
of Romanian children by American families.” Many Romanians have expressed
frustration at the continuing — and sometimes contradictory — international pressure on
the issue.⁸
Relations with the United States
In recent years, Romania has cooperated closely with the United States in a number
of areas. In one of his first speeches after taking office, President Basescu declared that
he wanted to maintain a special relationship with the United States. In March 2005 and
July 2006 he made official visits to Washington, DC, where he met with President Bush
and cabinet officials. Issues under discussion included military cooperation in Iraq,
Afghanistan, the status of Moldova, the Black Sea region, and U.S. visa policy.⁹
Romania has participated actively in the global war on terrorism. Among other
actions, it contributed transport aircraft and troops to the war in Afghanistan, where 850
Romanian soldiers are now serving in the NATO ISAF mission. In April 2006, a
Romanian contingent assumed command of the Kabul airport. Bucharest answered
NATO’s recent call for more troops by pledging to send an additional battalion. In
addition, Romania permitted the use of its territory — land, airspace and seaports — for
the U.S.-led military action against Iraq, and U.S. troops were stationed at a base near
ConstanÛa, which acted as an “air bridge” to the Gulf. Romania currently has 605 troops
in Iraq. In June 2007, the Supreme Council on National Defense turned aside another
effort to withdraw the troops; the government reportedly is set to boost its deployment by
an additional 346 soldiers.¹⁰
In December 2005, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice traveled to Bucharest, where
she and then-Foreign Minister Razvan Ungureanu signed a 10-year agreement permitting

⁸ “‘Good Impulses’ Strand Romanian Orphans.” International Herald Tribune. June 21, 2005.
“Helsinki Commission Members Blast Romanian Adoption Policies.” Helsinki Commission
News. September 14, 2005. “Romania Hails Orphanage Success Story: Controversial Adoption
Ban Ends Baby-Trafficking But Angers US Lobbyists.” The Guardian. December 3, 2005. “US
Repeats Demand For Romanian Child Adoptions.” Agence France-Presse. January 17, 2006.
⁹ “Romanian President ... Wants ‘Special Relations’ With United States....” RFE/RL Newsline.
January 19, 2005. “Bush, Romanian Leader Discuss Iraq, Visas.” Associated Press. July 27,

2006.

¹⁰ “NATO Brass Struggle To Find Afghan Reinforcements.” Agence France-Presse. September

13, 2006. Select Briefing Europe East. Center for Strategic and International Studies. July 6,

2007.

the United States to establish military bases in the country. The move is part of a global
realignment of U.S. military forces. The bases will not be large-scale facilities with the
usual amenities, such as housing for dependents, but rather will be “flexible” or “lily pad”
bases, intended for a relatively small number of crisis-response troops to be stationed
temporarily, with regular rotations. Also, more than a dozen U.S. fighter aircraft
reportedly will be stationed in Romania. Analysts say that Romania was chosen for its
strategic location, in close proximity to the Balkans, the Caucasus, the Middle East, and
the Black Sea region. Russian President Vladimir Putin has criticized the deployment.¹¹
In September 2006, President Bush publicly acknowledged the existence of a secret
CIA program to detain international terror suspects worldwide. Earlier media reports
alleged that Poland and Romania were among the countries that had hosted secret CIA
prisons, although officials of both governments have denied these allegations. A
European Parliament probe conducted throughout 2006 cited no clear proof of prison sites
in Europe, but could not rule out the possibility that Romania had hosted detention
operations by U.S. secret services. However, in June 2007 a Council of Europe report
claimed to have evidence that U.S. detention facilities had been based in the two
countries. The Romanian foreign ministry denounced the findings as hearsay.¹²
The United States has been providing various forms of assistance to Romania since
the overthrow of communism in 1989. The largest share by far of U.S. aid has been
provided through the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) program. However,
SEED aid diminished as Romania progressed in its transition to democracy. Other forms
of U.S. assistance include the Peace Corps; International Military Education and Training
(IMET); Foreign Military Financing (FMF); and two accounts under Nonproliferation,
Anti-Terrorism, De-mining, and Related Programs. In addition, Romania in FY2005
became eligible to receive U.S. Department of Defense grants of Excess Defense Articles
(EDA). Total aid to Romania was $49.124 million in FY2005 and $34.355 million in
FY2006. The Bush Administration has requested $20.200 million for FY2008. On
March 6, 2006, Ambassador Taubman announced that the United States would provide
$1.25 million to Romania to help it cope with avian influenza. Bird flu was first detected
in Romania in September 2005; the region is considered a high-risk area because of wild
bird migratory patterns. The United States is also planning to provide funds for hospital
and school reconstruction in the area where U.S. troops are to be deployed, and would
spend $34 million renovating barracks.¹³

¹¹ “US Signs Deal For First Permanent Military Base In Ex-Soviet Bloc.” Agence France-Presse.
December 6, 2006. “Putin Says Tests of Missile Were Response To U.S. Plans For Missile
Defense.” Associated Press. May 31, 2007.
¹² “Reports of Secret U.S. Prisons In Europe Draw Ire and Otherwise Red Faces.” New York
Times. December 1, 2005. “European Aided US Renditions.” Financial Times. June 8, 2007.
“Inquiry Finds Evidence of Secret Prisons CIA Ran Facilities In Romania and Poland, European
Agency Reports.” International Herald Tribune. June 9, 2007.
¹³ U.S. State Department. FY 2008 Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations.
[http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/84462.pdf] “US Sending Romania $1.25 Million
To Help Battle Bird Flu.” Agence France-Presse. March 6, 2006. “US To Finance Two
Hospitals and School In Romania.” Rompres. December 11, 2006.