Perjury Under Federal Law: A Brief Overview

^Pr^ep^ar^{ed f}^o^r^M^e^m^b^ers^an^d^Com^mⁱ^t^t^ees^of^C^ong^r^e^ss

Introduc tion ............................................................................................................................... 1
Perjury in a Judicial Context (18 U.S.C. 1623).........................................................................2
Perjury Generally (18 U.S.C. 1621)..........................................................................................7
Subornation of Perjury (18 U.S.C. 1622)................................................................................10
False Statements (18 U.S.C. 1001).........................................................................................10
Selected Bibliography.............................................................................................................14
Author Contact Information..........................................................................................................14

Although it now covers more than court proceedings, the definition of perjury has not changed a
great deal otherwise since the framing of the Constitution. Blackstone described it as “a crime
committed when a lawful oath is administered, in some judicial proceeding, to a person who ¹
swears wilfully, absolutely and falsely, in a matter material to the issue or point in question.”
Federal perjury laws are found principally in chapter 79 of title 18 of the United States Code.²
The chapter consists of three sections: Section 1623 under which perjury involving judicial
proceedings is most often prosecuted today; the historic perjury provision, Section 1621, now
used primarily for cases where Section 1623 is unavailable and in sentencing enhancement cases;
and Section 1622 that outlaws subornation of perjury. Section 1001 of title 18 – a statute much
like the perjury laws but without the requirement that the offender have taken an oath – outlaws
material false statements in any matter within the jurisdiction of any federal agency or
department, and to a limited extent within the jurisdiction of any federal court or Congressional
entity.
None of the four are RICO predicate offenses or money laundering predicate offenses.³ The laws ⁴
relating to aiding and abetting, accessories after the fact, misprision, and conspiracy, however,

¹^I^V^B^l^a^c^k^s^t^one^,^C^o^m^m^eⁿ^ta^rⁱ^e^s^{on the}^L^a^w^s^of^Eng^l^a^{nd, 1}^36-³⁷⁽¹⁷⁶⁹⁾⁽ⁱ^ta^lic^s^{in t}^h^e^or^ig^ina^{l; tr}^aⁿ^s^l^it^e^r^a^{tion a}^d^de^d)^.
^Bla^c^k^stone^a^c^t^ua^lly^borrow^e^{d f}^r^o^m^Cok^e^a^{nd note}^d^the^v^a^rious^pe^na^ltie^{s to w}^h^ic^{h i}^t^w^a^{s subje}^c^{t: “}^T^he^ne^x^t^of^f^e^nse
^a^g^aⁱ^ns^{t publ}^ic^jus^tic^e^is^w^h^eⁿ^t^h^e^s^u^{it is}^pa^s^t^its^c^o^m^m^eⁿ^c^e^m^e^{nt, a}ⁿ^{d c}^o^m^e^{to tr}^ia^{l. A}^{nd t}^h^a^t^is^t^h^e^c^rⁱ^m^e^of^w^ilf^{ul a}^nd
^c^o^r^r^upt^pe^r^j^ur^y^{; w}^h^ic^{h is}^de^fⁱ^ne^d^by^sire^Edwa^{rd Cok}^e^[3^Inst^{. 1}⁶⁴^]^{, to}^be^a^c^r^im^e^c^o^m^m^itte^{d w}^h^eⁿ^a^lawful^oa^t^h^is
^ad^mⁱⁿⁱ^st^ered^,ⁱⁿ^so^m^e^judicⁱ^al^p^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^g,^t^o^{a p}^e^rson^w^h^o^sw^ears^wilful^l^y^,^a^b^sol^u^te^ly^an^d^false^l^y^{, i}ⁿ^a^m^a^tte^r^ma^teria^l
^{to t}^h^e^issue^or^p^o^intⁱⁿ^que^sti^oⁿ^.^T^h^e^la^w^ta^k^e^{s no n}^o^tic^e^of^aⁿ^y^pe^rjury^{but suc}^h^a^s^{is c}^o^m^m^itte^{d in}^som^e^c^{ourt of}
^jus^tic^e^,^ha^vⁱ^ng^p^o^w^e^r^{to a}^d^mⁱ^nis^t^e^r^aⁿ^oa^th;^or^be^f^o^r^e^s^o^m^e^m^a^gⁱ^s^t^r^a^te^or^pr^ope^r^of^fⁱ^ce^r^,^inv^e^s^t^e^d^wⁱ^{th a}^sⁱ^m^ila^r
^au^t^h^o^rⁱ^t^y^,ⁱⁿ^so^m^e^p^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^{gs rel}^a^tⁱ^v^{e t}^o^{a ci}^vi^l^suⁱ^t^o^r^{a cri}^mⁱⁿ^al^pro^s^ecu^tⁱ^oⁿ^:^f^o^{r i}^t^est^eem^{s al}^l^o^t^h^e^{r o}^a^t^h^s
^uⁿⁿ^ecessar^y^{at least, an}^d^th^eref^o^r^{e w}^{ill n}^o^t^p^uⁿⁱ^sh^t^h^{e b}^r^each^o^f^th^em^{. Fo}^{r w}^h^ich^reasoⁿ^{it is m}^u^ch^t^o^b^e^q^u^estioⁿ^e^d
^how^f^a^{r a}ⁿ^y^m^a^gⁱ^stra^te^{is justif}^ia^b^l^e^{in ta}^kⁱ^ng^a^v^o^lu^nta^r^y^affid^av^itⁱⁿ^an^y^ext^r^aj^u^dⁱ^ci^al^mat^t^e^r,^{as i}^tⁿ^o^w^t^o^o^f^r^eq^u^eⁿ^t
^u^p^oⁿ^every^p^e^t^t^y^o^ccasi^oⁿ^:^siⁿ^{ce i}^tⁱ^s^m^o^{re t}^h^an^po^ssi^b^l^e,^t^h^at^b^y^su^chⁱ^d^l^e^o^a^t^h^{s a m}^aⁿ^m^a^y^f^r^eq^u^eⁿ^t^l^yⁱⁿ^so^ro
^coⁿ^s^ci^en^tⁱ^a^e^inc^u^r^the^g^u^il^{t, a}ⁿ^{d a}^t^the^sa^m^e^ti^m^e^e^v^a^d^e^the^te^m^pora^l^pe^na^ltie^s,^of^pe^rjury^.^T^h^e^pe^rjury^m^u^{st a}^l^{so be}
^wⁱ^l^f^{ul, pos}^it^iv^e^,^a^{nd a}^b^s^o^lu^te^{; n}^o^t^upo^{n s}^u^r^p^rⁱ^z^e^,^or^t^h^e^lik^e^:^{it a}^l^s^o^m^u^s^t^be^{in s}^o^m^e^point^m^a^te^ria^l^{to the}^q^u^e^s^tionⁱⁿ
^dispu^t^e^;^f^o^{r if}^{it o}ⁿ^ly^be^{in som}^e^trif^ling^c^o^lla^te^ra^{l c}ⁱ^rc^um^st^aⁿ^c^e^,^to^w^h^ic^{h no re}^g^a^{rd is}^pa^id,^{it is}^not^m^o^re^pe^na^{l tha}ⁿⁱⁿ
^t^h^{e vo}^l^uⁿ^t^ary^ext^r^aj^u^dⁱ^ci^al^o^a^t^h^s^b^e^f^o^re-^m^en^tⁱ^oⁿ^e^d^.^Su^bor^nati^oⁿ^of^pe^r^j^ur^y^is^the^of^f^e^nc^e^of^pr^oc^urⁱⁿ^g^a^nothe^r^t^o^ta^k^e
^s^u^c^h^a^f^a^ls^e^oa^{th, a}^s^c^ons^ti^tute^s^p^e^r^j^ur^y^{in the}^prⁱⁿ^cⁱ^pa^l.^T^h^e^pu^nis^h^m^e^{nt of}^pe^r^j^ur^y^a^{nd s}^ubor^na^tio^n,^a^s^c^o^m^m^{on law}^,
^ha^s^be^eⁿ^v^a^rious^.^{It w}^a^s^aⁿ^tie^ntly^de^a^t^{h; a}^f^te^r^w^a^r^ds^ba^nis^h^m^e^{nt, or}^c^u^tting^o^u^{t t}^h^e^t^ong^ue^{; t}^h^eⁿ^f^o^rf^e^iture^of^g^oods^;^aⁿ^d
^now^{it is}^fⁱ^ne^a^nd^im^pr^is^onm^eⁿ^{t, a}^{nd ne}^v^e^r^m^o^r^e^{to be}^c^a^p^a^b^le^of^b^e^a^r^ing^te^stim^on^y^.^{But the}^sta^t^ute^{5 Eliz}^{. c}^.^{9. (}ⁱ^f^the
^of^f^e^nde^r^be^pr^os^e^c^u^te^{d t}^h^e^r^e^on)ⁱⁿ^f^lic^ts^the^pe^na^lty^of^pe^r^p^e^t^ua^{l i}ⁿ^f^a^m^y^{, a}^{nd f}ⁱ^ne^of⁴⁰^l^.^on^the^s^u^b^o^rⁿ^e^r^{; a}ⁿ^d^,ⁱⁿ^de^f^a^ult
^of^pay^m^eⁿ^{t, im}^pr^is^onm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^r^sⁱ^{x m}^onths^{, a}ⁿ^{d to}^s^t^aⁿ^d^w^ith^b^o^{th e}^a^rs^m^a^ile^{d to the}^pill^or^y^.^P^e^rj^ury^itse^l^f^{is the}^r^e^b^y
^pun^is^he^{d w}^{ith s}ⁱ^x^m^onths^im^pr^is^onm^eⁿ^{t, pe}^r^p^e^t^ua^{l i}ⁿ^f^a^m^y^{, a}^{nd f}ⁱ^ne^of²⁰^l^.^or^to^ha^v^e^bot^{h e}^a^r^s^na^ile^{d to}^the^pill^or^y^.
^Bu^t^t^h^{e p}^r^o^s^ecu^tⁱ^oⁿⁱ^s^u^s^u^a^l^l^y^car^ri^ed^on^f^o^{r t}^h^e^o^f^f^eⁿ^c^{e at}^co^mm^oⁿ^l^a^w^;^esp^eci^al^l^y^as,^t^o^t^h^{e p}^eⁿ^a^l^tⁱ^e^{s b}^e^f^o^{re i}ⁿ^f^lⁱ^c^t^e^d^,
^the^s^t^a^t^ute^{2 G}^e^o.I^I^.^c^.²⁵^s^u^pe^r^a^d^d^s^a^p^o^w^e^r^,^f^o^r^the^c^our^{t t}^o^or^de^r^the^of^f^e^nde^r^{to be}^s^e^nt^to^the^ho^us^e^of^c^o^r^r^e^c^{tion f}^o^r
^s^e^v^eⁿ^y^e^a^r^s^,^or^to^be^tr^aⁿ^s^por^te^d^f^o^r^the^s^a^m^e^pe^rⁱ^{od; a}^{nd m}^a^k^e^s^it^a^f^e^lon^y^w^ithout^be^ne^f^{it of}^c^l^e^r^gy^{to r}^e^t^u^rⁿ^or^e^s^c^a^p^e
^w^{ithin the}^tim^e^,^”^Id^.
²^P^r^o^h^ibi^tio^ns^a^g^aⁱ^ns^{t m}ⁱ^s^c^onduc^t^v^e^r^y^m^u^c^h^lik^e^pe^r^j^ur^y^a^r^e^s^c^a^tte^r^e^{d thr}^oug^h^out^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^C^ode^{. T}^h^e^m^o^s^t
^wⁱ^de^l^y^pr^os^e^c^u^te^{d is}^pr^oba^b^l^y¹⁸^U^.^S.C^.¹⁰^01,^dis^c^us^s^e^dⁱⁿ^f^r^a^,^t^h^at^o^u^t^l^a^w^s^m^a^t^e^ri^al^fal^s^{e st}^at^e^m^en^t^s^m^a^d^e^wⁱ^t^h
^resp^ect^t^o^{a m}^a^t^t^e^r^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^t^h^{e j}^u^ri^sdⁱ^c^tⁱ^o^{n o}^f^{a d}^e^p^a^rt^m^eⁿ^t^o^r^agen^cy^o^f^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^es.^F^o^r^{a d}ⁱ^scussi^oⁿ^o^f¹⁸^U.^S^.^C.
¹⁵⁰^{3 a}ⁿ^d¹⁵^{05 w}^h^ic^h^ou^tla^w^c^o^r^r^{upt e}^nde^a^v^or^s^to^im^pe^de^the^d^u^e^a^d^mⁱ^nis^t^r^a^{tion of}^jus^t^ic^e^be^f^o^r^e^th^e^c^our^ts^aⁿ^d
^e^x^e^c^u^tiv^e^tr^ibuna^{l a}ⁿ^{d the}^due^e^x^e^r^cⁱ^s^e^of^the^pow^e^r^of^C^ong^r^e^s^sⁱ^ona^{l in}^quir^y^s^e^e^C^R^S^R^e^por^{t R}^L³⁴³⁰³^,^Obstr^u^c^tioⁿ
^o^f^Ju^stⁱ^{ce: an}^Overvi^{ew o}^f^So^me^o^f^t^h^{e F}^e^d^e^ra^l^S^t^at^u^t^{es t}^h^a^t^P^r^ohⁱ^bⁱ^t^Iⁿ^t^e^rf^eren^{ce wi}^t^h^Judⁱ^ci^a^l^,^E^xecu^tⁱ^ve,^o^r
^Le^gislativ^e^Ac^tiv^it^ie^s^.
³¹⁸^U^.^S.C.¹⁹⁶¹⁽¹^),¹⁹⁵⁶^(c)(7^).
⁴^{18 U}^.^S.C^.^2,^3,^4,³^71.

apply to all four.⁵ Sections 1621 and 1623 state that their prohibitions apply regardless of whether ⁶
the perjurious conduct occurs overseas or within this country. Section 1001 has no such explicit ⁷
declaration, but has been held to have extraterritorial application nonetheless.
Congress enacted Section 1623 to avoid some of the common technicalities embodied in the more ⁸
comprehensive perjury provisions found in subsection 1621 and thus “to facilitate perjury
prosecutions and thereby enhance the reliability of testimony before federal courts and grand ⁹
juries.” Parsed into elements, Section 1623 declares that:
I. Whoever
II. a. under oath or
b. in any
i. declaration,
ii. certificate,
iii. verification, or
iv. statement
under penalty of perjury as permitted under Section 1746 of title 28, United States Code¹⁰

⁵^E.g.^,^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^es^v.^A^t^a^lⁱ^g^{, 50}^{2 F.3}^d¹⁰⁶³^{, 10}^{65 (}⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁷⁾⁽^c^ons^pir^a^c^y^{to v}ⁱ^ola^t^e¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.¹⁰⁰¹⁾^;^cf^.^,^Un^ite^d
^State^s^v^.^D^uⁿⁿ^e^{, 3}²⁴^F.^3d¹¹⁵⁸^{, 1}¹⁶²^-¹^{63 (}¹⁰^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾^.
⁶^{18 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶²¹⁽^“^T^h^is^s^e^c^{tion is}^a^pplic^a^b^le^w^h^e^t^he^r^the^s^t^a^t^e^m^eⁿ^{t or}^s^u^bs^c^r^ipti^{on is}^m^a^de^w^{ithin or}^w^{ithout t}^h^e
^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^”⁾^{; 18 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶²³⁽^“^T^h^is^s^e^c^{tion is}^a^ppl^ic^a^b^le^w^h^e^t^he^r^the^c^oⁿ^duc^t^oc^c^u^r^r^e^{d w}^ithiⁿ^or^w^{ithout t}^h^e^Uⁿ^ite^d
^S^t^at^es”).
⁷^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^W^a^lc^z^a^k^{, 78}³^F.^{2d 85}^{2, 85}^4-⁵⁵⁽⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁶⁾^.
⁸^Uⁿ^lik^e^s^ubs^e^c^tio^{n 1}⁶²¹^{, s}^ubs^e^c^tⁱ^on¹⁶²³^pe^r^m^its^a^c^onv^ic^{tion i}ⁿ^t^h^e^c^a^s^e^of^t^w^{o m}^u^tua^l^l^y^inc^ons^is^t^e^{nt de}^c^l^a^r^a^tions
^w^{ithout r}^e^q^u^irⁱⁿ^g^pr^o^o^f^tha^t^oⁿ^e^o^f^them^is^f^a^ls^e^,^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.¹⁶²³⁽^c⁾^;^{it r}^e^c^o^gⁿ^iz^e^s^a^lim^ite^{d r}^ecan^t^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^d^e^f^eⁿ^s^e,¹⁸
^U^.^S.C^.¹⁶²³⁽^d)^{; it}^dis^p^eⁿ^s^e^s^w^{ith the}^s^o^-^c^a^lle^{d tw}^o-^w^itne^s^s^r^u^le^{, 1}⁸^U^.^S.C^.¹⁶²³⁽^e⁾^{; a}^nd^{it e}^m^ploy^s^{a “}^k^now^ing^”^m^e^ns
^{rea st}^an^d^a^rd^rat^h^{er t}^h^an^t^h^{e m}^o^{re d}^e^m^aⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^“wⁱ^l^l^f^u^l^l^y^”^st^an^d^a^rd^usedⁱⁿ^sub^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ¹⁶²¹^.
⁹^D^uⁿⁿ^v^.^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^,⁴⁴^{2 U}^.^S.¹⁰⁰^{, 1}⁰⁷⁽¹⁹⁷⁹⁾^{, c}^iti^ng^{, S.R}^EP^.N^O^{. 91}^-6^17,^a^t⁵⁸^{-9 (}¹⁹⁶⁹⁾⁽ⁱ^nte^r^na^l^c^ita^tions^om^itte^d).
¹⁰^“^W^he^r^e^ve^r^,^unde^r^aⁿ^y^law^of^the^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^or^u^nde^r^aⁿ^y^r^u^le^{, r}^e^g^u^la^tion,^or^de^r^,^or^r^e^quir^e^m^e^{nt m}^a^de^pur^s^u^aⁿ^{t to}
^la^w^,^aⁿ^y^m^a^tte^{r is re}^quire^{d or}^pe^rm^itte^{d to be}^su^pp^orte^d,^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^d^{, e}^s^ta^blishe^d,^or^pr^ov^e^d^by^the^sworn^de^c^l^a^r^a^tion,
^v^e^ri^fⁱ^c^a^{tion, c}^e^r^tif^ic^a^t^e^,^sta^t^e^m^eⁿ^{t, oa}^th^{, or}^a^f^fⁱ^da^v^{it, in w}^r^iting^of^the^pe^rson^m^a^kⁱ^ng^the^sa^m^e^(othe^r^thaⁿ^a^de^p^o^sitio^n,
^or^aⁿ^oa^th^of^of^fⁱ^ce^{, or}^aⁿ^oa^t^h^r^e^quir^e^d^to^be^ta^k^e^{n be}^f^o^r^e^a^s^p^e^cⁱ^fⁱ^e^d^of^fⁱ^cⁱ^a^l^othe^r^thaⁿ^a^no^ta^r^y^public⁾^,^s^u^c^h^m^a^tte^r
^ma^y^,^wⁱ^t^h^lⁱ^k^{e f}^o^{rce an}^d^eff^e^ct^,^{be su}^p^p^o^r^t^e^d^,^evi^d^en^ced^,^est^a^blis^he^{d, o}^r^pr^ov^e^d^by^the^uⁿ^s^w^or^{n de}^c^l^a^r^a^tion,^c^e^r^tif^ic^a^t^e^,
^v^e^ri^fⁱ^c^a^{tion, or}^s^t^a^t^e^m^eⁿ^{t, in}^w^r^iting^of^s^u^c^h^pe^rs^oⁿ^w^h^ic^{h is}^s^ubs^c^r^ibe^d^by^him^,^a^s^true^unde^r^pe^na^lty^of^pe^rjury^,^a^nd
^da^te^{d, i}ⁿ^su^bsta^ntia^lly^the^f^o^llowⁱ^ng^f^o^r^m^:
^“⁽¹⁾^I^f^e^x^ec^ute^d^w^ithout^the^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^{: ‘}^I^de^c^l^a^r^e⁽^o^r^c^e^r^tif^y^,^v^e^rⁱ^f^y^{, or}^s^t^a^t^e⁾^unde^r^pe^na^lty^of^pe^r^j^ur^y^unde^r^the
^l^a^w^s^o^f^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es o}^f^Amerⁱ^{ca t}^h^at^t^h^{e f}^o^regoⁱⁿ^{g i}^s^t^r^u^e^an^{d co}^rrect^.^E^x^ecu^t^e^d^on⁽^d^at^e).
^(Sigⁿ^a^tu^re)’.
^“(2⁾^If^exe^c^u^t^ed^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^at^es,ⁱ^t^s^t^e^rri^t^o^ri^es,^po^ssessi^oⁿ^s^,^o^r^co^m^m^oⁿ^w^eal^t^h^s:^{‘I d}^ecl^{are (o}^{r cert}ⁱ^f^y^,
^v^e^rⁱ^f^y^{, or}^s^t^a^t^e⁾^unde^r^pe^na^lty^of^pe^r^j^ur^y^tha^t^the^f^o^r^e^g^o^ing^is^tr^ue^a^{nd c}^o^r^r^e^c^t^{. Ex}^e^c^u^te^d^on⁽^d^a^t^e⁾^.
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

III. in any proceeding before or ancillary to
a. any court or
b. grand jury of the United States
IV. knowingly
V. a. makes any false material declaration or
b. makes or uses any other information, including any
i. book,
ii. paper,
iii. document,
iv. record,
v. recording, or
vi. other material,
knowing the same to contain any false material declaration,
shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.¹¹
In most cases, the courts abbreviate their description of the elements and state in one form or
another that to prove perjury the government must establish that the defendant (1) knowingly
made a (2) false (3) material declaration (4) under oath (5) in a proceeding before or ancillary to ¹²
any court or grand jury of the United States.
The allegedly perjurious declaration must be presented in a “proceeding before or ancillary to any
court or grand jury of the United States.” An interview in an attorney’s office in preparation for a

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^(Sigⁿ^a^tu^re)’.”
¹¹¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.¹⁶²³⁽^a⁾^.
¹²^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^S^a^fa^{, 4}⁸⁴^F.^3d⁸^18,⁸²^{1 (}⁶^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁷⁾⁽^“^To^coⁿ^v^ict^anⁱⁿ^dⁱ^vi^du^al^o^f^{a vi}^o^l^atⁱ^oⁿ^o^f¹⁸^U.^S^.^C^.¹⁶²³^,
^the^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^nt^m^u^s^t^pr^ov^e^be^y^{ond a}^r^e^a^s^ona^ble^d^o^u^b^{t t}^h^a^t^t^h^e^de^f^e^nda^nt:⁽¹⁾^kⁿ^o^wⁱ^ng^l^y^m^a^de^{, (}²⁾^a^m^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^l^y^f^a^ls^e
^d^eclaratioⁿ⁽³^{) u}ⁿ^d^e^r^o^a^th⁽⁴^{) i}ⁿ^a^p^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^g^b^e^f^o^re^o^r^an^cillary^to^an^y^co^u^r^{t o}^f^th^{e Un}^ited^States”);^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^st
^Pag^an-^Sa^ntiⁿⁱ^,⁴⁵^{1 F.}^3d²^58,²⁶⁶⁽¹^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾⁽^“^A^s^t^a^t^em^eⁿ^{t und}^e^r^oa^{th c}^o^ns^tit^ute^s^pe^r^j^ur^y^if^{it is}^f^a^ls^e^,^k^now^{n to be}^th
^so^an^{d m}^a^t^e^ri^al^t^o^t^h^{e p}^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^g”);^Unite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^Clift^on^,⁴⁰⁶^F^.^3d¹¹⁷³^{, 1}¹⁷⁷⁽¹⁰^Cir.²⁰⁰⁵^)(“^T^h^{e g}^o^v^e^rn^m^eⁿ^t
^m^u^s^t^pr^ov^e^the^f^o^llowⁱ^ng^e^l^em^eⁿ^ts^be^y^{ond a}^r^e^a^s^ona^ble^do^ubt^un^de^r^§1⁶²^{3: (}¹⁾^t^h^e^de^f^e^nda^{nt m}^a^de^a^de^c^l^a^r^a^tion^un^de^r
^o^a^t^h^b^e^f^o^{re a gran}^d^j^u^ry^;⁽²^{) su}^ch^d^ecl^aratⁱ^oⁿ^w^a^{s fal}^s^e;⁽³^{) t}^h^{e d}^e^f^eⁿ^d^aⁿ^t^kn^ew^t^h^{e d}^ecl^aratⁱ^oⁿ^w^a^{s fa}^l^s^{e an}^d⁽⁴⁾^t^h^e^th
^f^a^lse^de^c^l^a^r^a^{tion w}^a^s^m^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^{to t}^h^e^g^r^a^{nd j}^u^r^y^’^s^inquir^y^”⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^Hⁱ^r^s^c^h^,³^{60 F.3}^d⁸⁶^{0, 86}^4-⁶⁵⁽⁸^Cir.
²⁰⁰⁴⁾⁽^t^he^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt ha}^{d to}^pr^o^v^e^the^f^o^llowⁱ^ng^f^our^e^l^em^eⁿ^ts^be^y^{ond a}^r^e^a^s^ona^ble^d^o^u^b^{t: (}¹⁾^Hⁱ^r^s^c^h^g^a^v^e^the
^te^s^tim^on^y^unde^r^oa^t^hⁱⁿ^hⁱ^s^c^r^imⁱⁿ^a^l^tr^ia^{l; (}²⁾^s^u^c^h^te^s^tim^ony^w^a^s^f^a^ls^e^{in w}^hole^orⁱⁿ^pa^r^{t; (}³⁾^a^t^t^h^e^tim^e^he^s^o
^te^stif^ie^{d, he}^kⁿ^e^w^{his te}^stim^on^y^w^a^{s fa}^lse^;^a^{nd (4) t}^h^e^f^a^lse^te^sti^m^ony^wa^s^m^a^te^ri^a^l^”⁾^.

judicial hearing cannot be considered such an ancillary proceeding,¹³ but the phrase “proceedings
ancillary to” court or grand jury proceedings does cover proceedings to take depositions in ¹⁴¹⁵
connection with civil litigation, as well as a variety of pretrial proceedings in criminal cases, ¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹
including habeas proceedings, bail hearings, venue hearings, or suppression hearings.
The Supreme Court’s observation that a statement that is misleading but literally true cannot ²⁰
support a conviction under Section 1621 because it is not false, applies with equal force to ²¹
perjury under Section 1623. Similarly, perjury cannot be the product of confusion, mistake, or ²²
faulty memory, but must be a statement that the defendant knows is false, although this
requirement may be satisfied with evidence that the defendant was deliberately ignorant or ²³
willfully blind to the fact that the statement was false. On the other hand, “[a] question that is
truly ambiguous or which affirmatively misleads the testifier can never provide a basis for a
finding of perjury, as it could never be said that one intended to answer such a question ²⁴
untruthfully.” Yet ambiguity will be of no avail if the defendant understands the question and ²⁵
answers falsely nevertheless.
Materiality is perhaps the most nettlesome of perjury’s elements. It is usually said that a statement
is material “if it has a natural tendency to influence, or is capable of influencing, the decision of ²⁶
the decisionmaking body to whom it is addressed.” This definition is not easily applied when
the precise nature of the underlying inquiry remains somewhat undefined such as in grand jury
proceedings or in depositions at the discovery stage of a civil suit. On the civil side, the lower
federal courts appear divided between the view (1) that a statement in a deposition is material if a
“truthful answer might reasonably be calculated to lead to the discovery of evidence admissible at
the trial of the underlying suit” and (2) that a statement is material “if the topic of the statement is

¹³^D^uⁿⁿ^v^.^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^,⁴⁴^{2 U}^.^S.¹⁰⁰^{, 1}¹¹^-¹²⁽¹⁹⁷⁹⁾^.
¹⁴^Id^.^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^W^ilk^insoⁿ^{, 1}^{37 F.3}^d²¹^{4, 225}⁽⁴^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^H^o^ll^an^d^{, 22 F.3}^d¹⁰⁴^{0, 10}^47-⁴⁸
⁽¹¹^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁴⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^a^t^{es v.}^McA^f^ee^{, 8 F.3}^d¹⁰^10,¹⁰¹³^-¹⁴⁽⁵^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹³⁾^.
¹⁵^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Far^m^e^r^,¹³^{7 F}^.^3d¹²⁶⁵⁽¹¹^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^.
¹⁶^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^J^o^hⁿ^s^oⁿ^{, 32}⁵^F.^{3d 20}^{5, 20}⁹⁽⁴^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾^.
¹⁷^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^Green^e^{, 59}^{1 F}^.²^d⁴⁷¹⁽⁸^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁷⁹⁾^.
¹⁸^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^D^u^r^h^am^{, 13}⁹^F.^{3d 13}^{25 (}¹⁰^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^.
¹⁹^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Re^nte^r^ia^{, 1}³⁸^F.^3d¹³²⁸⁽¹⁰^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^.
²⁰^Br^ons^t^{on v}^.^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^{, 40}⁹^U^.^{S. 35}^{2, 35}^8-⁵⁹⁽¹⁹⁷³⁾^.
²¹^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Ric^h^ar^ds^oⁿ^,⁴^{21 F}^.^3d¹⁷^,³²^-³⁽¹^st^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^c^K^e^nna^,³²^{7 F}^.³^d⁸³⁰^,⁸⁴^0-⁴¹⁽⁹^th
^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Sh^otts^,¹⁴^{5 F.3}^d¹²^{89, 12}⁹⁷⁽¹¹^th^{Cir. 1}⁹⁹⁸^);^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^H^aⁱ^rst^on^,⁴⁶^F.^3d³^61,³⁷⁵^th
⁽⁴^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁶⁾^.
²²^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Faw^l^e^y^,¹³^{7 F}^.³^d⁴^58,⁴^{66 (}⁷^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^at^{es v.}^R^everoⁿ^Ma^rtⁱⁿ^ez^,⁸³⁶^F^.^2d⁶⁸^4,⁶⁸^{9 (}¹^st
^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁸⁾^;^cf^.^,^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^D^unn^ig^an^,⁵^{07 U}^.^S.^87,⁹⁴⁽¹⁹⁹³⁾^.
²³^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Faw^l^e^y^,¹³^{7 F}^.³^d⁴^58,⁴^66-⁶⁷⁽⁷^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^.
²⁴^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Ric^h^ar^ds^oⁿ^,⁴^{21 F}^.^3d¹⁷^,³³⁽¹^st^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^D^e^Zarⁿ^,¹⁵⁷^F^.³^d¹⁰⁴²^,¹⁰⁴⁹⁽⁶^th^Cir.
¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^;^{see al}^so^,^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^Turⁿ^e^r^,⁵⁰^{0 F.}^3d⁶^85,⁶^{89 (}⁸^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁷⁾⁽^“^I^f^{, how}^e^v^e^r^{, a}^que^s^tion^is^f^unda^m^e^nta^l^l^y
^v^a^g^u^e^or^am^big^uous^{, t}^h^eⁿ^aⁿ^aⁿ^s^w^e^r^{to tha}^t^que^s^tⁱ^oⁿ^c^a^nno^{t s}^u^s^t^aⁱ^{n a}^pe^r^j^ur^y^c^onv^ic^tion”⁾^.
²⁵^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^c^K^e^nna^,³^{27 F}^.^{3d 83}^{0, 84}¹⁽⁹^th^Ci^r.²⁰⁰³^)(“A^q^u^e^stⁱ^o^{n l}^eadⁱⁿ^{g t}^o^{a st}^at^em^en^t^su^pp^o^r^tⁱⁿ^g^{a p}^e^rj^u^r^y
^c^onv^ic^tion^isⁿ^o^{t f}^uⁿ^d^a^m^eⁿ^ta^ll^y^am^big^uous^w^h^e^r^e^the^jur^y^c^{ould c}^o^nc^lude^be^y^{ond a}^r^e^a^s^ona^ble^do^ubt^tha^t^t^h^e
^de^f^e^nda^{nt u}^nde^r^s^to^od^the^que^s^tio^{n a}^s^di^{d t}^h^e^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt a}^{nd tha}^t^s^o^u^nde^r^s^to^od,^the^de^f^e^nda^nt’^s^aⁿ^s^w^e^r^w^a^s^f^a^ls^e”⁾^;^th^th
^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Br^owⁿ^,⁴⁵^{9 F}^.³^d⁵⁰⁹^,⁵²^{9 (}⁵^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^e^d^St^a^t^{es v.}^T^u^rn^er^{, 5}⁰⁰^F.^3d⁶⁸^5,⁶⁹^{0 (}⁸^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁷⁾^.
²⁶^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Br^owⁿ^,⁴⁵^{9 F.}^3d⁵⁰^9,⁵²^{9 (}⁵^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^,^c^iti^ng^,^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^G^a^u^dⁱⁿ^{, 5}¹⁵^U^.^S.⁵⁰^6,⁵⁰^{9 (}¹⁹⁹⁵⁾^,
^a^nd^K^u^ngy^s^v^.^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^,⁴⁸⁵^U.^S^.⁷⁵^9,⁷⁷^{0 (}¹⁹⁸⁸⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^Stat^e^s^v^.^M^c^K^e^nna^{, 3}²⁷^F.^3d⁸³^0,⁸³^{9 (}⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾^;^th^th
^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Le^e^{, 3}⁵⁹^F.3^d⁴¹^{2, 4}¹⁷⁽⁶^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^at^e^s^v^.^D^u^r^ham^,¹³^{9 F}^.³^d¹³²⁵^,¹³^{29 (}¹⁰^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^.

discoverable and the false statement itself had a tendency to affect the outcome of the underlying ²⁷
civil suit for which the deposition was taken.”
In the case of perjury before the grand jury, rather than articulate a single standard the courts have ²⁸
described several circumstances under which false testimony may be considered material. In
any event, a statement is no less material because it did not or could not divert the ²⁹
decisionmaker.
The courts seem to have had less difficulty dealing with a materiality issue characterized as the
perjury trap doctrine. The doctrine arises where a witness is called for the sole purpose of ³⁰
eliciting perjurious testimony from him. Under such circumstances it is said the tribunal has no
valid purpose to which a perjurious statement could be considered material. The doctrine poses
no bar to prosecution in most cases, however, since the government is usually able to identify ³¹
some valid reason for the grand jury’s inquiries.
Subsection 1623(c) permits a perjury conviction simply on the basis of two necessarily ³²
inconsistent material declarations rather than a showing that one of the two statements is false.

²⁷^Unite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^W^ilk^insoⁿ^{, 13}⁷^F^.^{3d 21}^{4, 22}⁵⁽⁴^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^,^co^m^p^arⁱⁿ^g,^Unⁱ^t^ed^St^a^t^{es v.}^Kr^o^s^s^{, 1}⁴^F.3^d⁷⁵^1,⁷⁵⁴
⁽^{2d C}ⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁴⁾^,^a^nd^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^H^o^lle^y^{, 9}⁴²^F.^2d⁹¹^6,⁹²^{4 (}⁵^th^{Cir. 1}⁹⁹¹^{), w}^ith,^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^Adam^s^{, 87}⁰^F^.²^d^th^th
¹¹⁴^{0, 11}^46-¹⁴⁸⁽⁶^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁹⁾^and^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^ate^s^v^.^C^l^ar^k^{, 9}¹⁸^F.^2d⁸⁴^3,⁸⁴^{6 (}⁹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁰⁾^{, ov}^e^r^r^u^le^{d o}ⁿ^o^t^he^r^th
^g^r^oun^ds^,^Unⁱ^t^e^d^St^a^t^{es v.}^Keys^{, 1}³³^F.3^d¹²^82,¹²⁸⁶⁽⁹^Cⁱ^r^,^{. 19}⁹⁸⁾^;^{see a}^l^so^,^Unⁱ^t^ed^St^a^t^{es v.}^McKenⁿ^a^,³^{27 F.3}^d⁸³^0,^th
⁸³⁹^-⁴^{0 (}⁹^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾⁽^a^c^k^now^le^dg^ing^the^divⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^aⁿ^{d c}^o^nti^nui^ng^t^o^a^dhe^r^e^t^o^t^h^e^vⁱ^e^w^ex^pr^e^s^s^e^{d in}^Cla^r^k^).
²⁸^E.g.^,^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^es^v.^B^r^o^wⁿ^{, 4}⁵⁹^F.3^d⁵⁰^9,⁵³^{0 n.}¹⁸⁽⁵^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾⁽^“^T^h^e^m^a^te^rⁱ^a^lit^y^r^e^quir^e^m^e^{nt of}^§1⁶²^{3 ha}^s^be^eⁿ
^s^a^tis^fⁱ^e^d^{in c}^a^s^e^s^w^h^e^r^e^the^f^a^lse^te^s^tⁱ^m^ony^w^a^s^r^e^l^e^v^a^{nt to}^aⁿ^y^s^ubs^idia^r^y^is^s^u^e^or^w^a^s^c^a^p^a^b^le^of^s^upplyⁱ^ng^a^link^to^st
^the^m^a^{in is}^s^u^e^un^de^r^c^onsⁱ^d^e^r^a^tio^n”⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^a^t^{es v.}^Sⁱ^l^vei^ra^{, 42}⁶^F.3^d⁵¹^{4, 51}⁸⁽¹^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾⁽^“^A^st^at^e^m^en^t^o^f
^w^itne^{ss to a}^g^r^a^{nd jury}^{is m}^a^t^e^ria^l^if^the^sta^t^e^m^eⁿ^{t is c}^a^p^a^b^le^of^inf^l^ue^nc^ing^the^g^r^aⁿ^{d j}^u^ry^a^s^{to a}ⁿ^y^p^r^ope^{r m}^a^tte^r
^pe^r^t^aⁱ^ning^t^o^itsⁱⁿ^quir^y^or^w^h^ic^h^mⁱ^g^h^{t ha}^v^e^inf^l^ue^nc^e^d^the^g^r^aⁿ^d^j^u^r^y^or^im^pe^de^{d its}ⁱⁿ^quir^y^{. T}^o^be^m^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^{, the}
^st^at^e^m^en^tⁿ^eedⁿ^o^t^di^rect^l^y^coⁿ^c^e^rⁿ^an^el^em^en^t^o^f^t^h^{e cri}^m^{e b}^eⁱⁿ^{g i}ⁿ^vestⁱ^g^at^ed^,ⁿ^o^rⁿ^eedⁱ^t^act^u^a^l^l^yⁱⁿ^f^l^u^eⁿ^{ce t}^h^e^th
^jury^”⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^Bur^k^e^,⁴²^{5 F.}^3d⁴^00,⁴^{14 (}⁷^Ci^r.²⁰⁰⁵^)(“^E^v^en^p^o^t^entⁱ^a^lⁱⁿ^t^e^rf^eren^ce^wⁱ^t^h^{a l}ⁱⁿ^e^o^fⁱⁿ^q^uⁱ^r^y^can^th
^e^s^ta^{blish m}^a^te^ria^lit^y^”^);^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^v^.^Blan^toⁿ^,²⁸^{1 F.}^3d⁷^71,⁷⁷⁵⁽⁸^Ci^r.²⁰⁰²^)(“T^h^{e st}^at^e^m^en^t^sⁿ^eedⁿ^o^t^b^e^m^a^t^e^ri^al
^{to a}ⁿ^y^pa^rtic^ula^r^issue^,^but^m^a^y^b^e^m^a^te^ria^l^{to a}ⁿ^y^prope^{r m}^a^tte^{r of inq}^u^iry^”^);^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^Pl^um^l^e^y^{, 207}^F.^3d¹⁰⁸⁶^,^th
¹⁰⁹^5-^{96 (}⁸^{Cir. 2}⁰⁰⁰^)(“^A^lthoug^{h it is}^true^t^h^a^t^t^h^is^pa^rtic^ula^r^q^u^e^s^tion^di^{d n}^o^{t a}^ddre^s^s^the^ultim^a^t^e^is^s^u^e^.^{. tli}^ne^{. it}^is
^not^the^r^e^b^y^re^nde^re^{d im}^m^a^te^ria^l^”^c^iting^c^a^s^e^s^w^h^e^r^e^a^s^t^a^t^em^eⁿ^{t be}^fore^the^g^r^aⁿ^d^jury^w^a^s^f^{ound t}^o^b^e^m^a^te^ria^l^w^h^eⁿ^a
^“^t^r^u^thf^u^{l a}ⁿ^s^w^e^r^w^{ould ha}^v^e^r^a^is^e^d^q^u^e^s^tio^ns^a^b^o^u^{t t}^h^e^r^o^le^of^othe^r^s^{. . . w}^h^eⁿ^[^t^he^]^w^itne^s^s^obs^c^u^r^e^s^[^h^is^]^w^h^e^r^e^a^bouts
^or^inv^o^l^v^e^m^e^{nt in of}^f^e^ns^e^.^{. .}^[^a^nd^]^a^b^ou^{t pe}^rⁱ^phe^r^a^{l m}^a^tte^r^s^[^t^ha^t^]^c^a^{n be}^c^o^m^e^m^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^w^h^eⁿ^c^ons^ide^r^e^d^{in c}^onte^x^t”⁾^.
²⁹^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Silv^eⁱ^r^a^,⁴²^{6 F}^.^3d⁵¹⁴^,⁵¹⁸⁽¹^st^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^es^v.^L^e^e^{, 35}⁹^F.3^d⁴¹²^{, 4}¹⁶⁽⁶^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;
^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^M^c^K^eⁿⁿ^a^{, 32}⁷^F^.^{3d 83}^{0, 83}⁹⁽⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾^.
³⁰^Br^ow^{n v}^.^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^,²⁴^{5 F.}^2d⁵⁴^9,⁵⁵^{5 (}⁸^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁵⁷⁾^,^qu^oting^,^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^I^c^ar^di^{, 1}⁴⁰^F.S^u^pp.³⁸^3,³⁸^4-⁸⁸
^(D^.D^{.C. 1}⁹⁵⁶^);^{but s}^e^e^,^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Bur^k^e^,⁴²^{5 F.}^3d⁴^00,⁴^{08 (}⁷^th^Ci^r.²⁰⁰⁵^)(“W^e^h^a^{ve n}^o^t^em^b^r^aced^t^hⁱ^s^do^ct^riⁿ^e^,
^how^e^v^e^r^{, a}^{nd do}^no^{t se}^e^aⁿ^y^re^a^s^{on t}^o^a^d^op^{t it}^now^”^)(inte^r^na^{l c}^ita^tⁱ^ons^om^itte^d).
³¹^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^c^K^e^nna^,³^{27 F}^.^{3d 83}^{0, 83}⁷⁽⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾⁽^“^H^e^r^e^{, the}^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt did}^not^us^e^itsⁱⁿ^v^e^s^tig^a^t^or^y
^pow^e^r^s^{to q}^u^e^s^tion^Mc^K^e^nna^be^f^o^r^e^a^g^r^a^{nd j}^u^r^y^{. R}^a^the^r^{, it m}^e^r^e^l^y^que^s^tⁱ^one^d^Mc^K^e^nnaⁱⁿ^its^r^o^le^a^s^a^de^f^e^nda^nt
^durⁱⁿ^g^the^pe^nde^nc^y^of^a^cⁱ^v^{il a}^c^t^ion^{in w}^h^ic^{h s}^h^e^w^a^s^the^plaⁱ^ntif^f^.^T^h^e^pe^r^j^ur^y^tr^a^p^doc^trⁱⁿ^e^isⁱⁿ^a^p^plic^a^b^le^t^o
^M^c^Kenⁿ^a^{’s case f}^o^{r t}^hⁱ^s^reasoⁿ^”^);^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Re^g^aⁿ^,¹⁰³^F.3^d¹⁰⁷³^,¹⁰^{79 (}²^d^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁷⁾⁽^“^[^w^]^e^ha^v^e^note^d^t^h^a^t
^t^h^{e exi}^s^t^eⁿ^{ce o}^f^{a l}^e^gi^tⁱ^m^a^t^e^b^a^si^s^f^o^{r an}ⁱⁿ^vestⁱ^g^atⁱ^oⁿ^and^f^o^{r p}^a^rtⁱ^c^u^l^{ar q}^u^e^stⁱ^oⁿ^s^an^sw^ered^f^a^l^s^el^y^p^r^ecl^u^d^e^{s an}^y^th
^ap^p^lⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^t^h^{e p}^e^rj^u^r^y^t^r^ap^do^ct^riⁿ^e”);^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^C^h^eⁿ^,⁹³^{3 F.}^2d⁷^93,⁷^{97 (}⁹^{Cir. 1}⁹⁹¹^)(“^[w^]^h^en^testim^oⁿ^y^is
^e^lic^ite^{d be}^f^o^re^a^g^r^a^{nd jury}^tha^t^is^a^tte^m^p^ting^{to o}^b^taⁱⁿ^us^e^f^{ul inf}^o^r^m^a^{tion i}ⁿ^f^u^r^t^he^r^a^nc^e^of^its^inv^e^s^t^ig^a^{tion or}
^coⁿ^d^u^c^tin^g^{a leg}^itim^{ate in}^v^e^stig^atioⁿⁱⁿ^t^o^crim^es^w^h^ich^h^a^dⁱⁿ^f^{act tak}^eⁿ^p^l^{ace w}^ithⁱⁿ^{its ju}^rⁱ^sd^icti^oⁿ^,^th^{e p}^e^rj^u^r^y^trap^th
^doc^triⁿ^e^{is, by}^de^fⁱ^nitio^{n, i}ⁿ^a^p^p^lic^a^b^le^”⁾^{, qu}^otiⁿ^g^,^Unⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^a^t^{es v.}^Devi^t^t^{, 49}^{9 F}^.^2d¹^35,¹^{40 (}⁷^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁷⁴⁾^a^nd^Uⁿ^ite^d^st
^State^s^v^.^C^h^e^v^oor^{, 52}^{6 F.2}^d¹⁷⁸^,¹⁸⁵⁽¹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁷⁵⁾^.
³²¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C.¹⁶²³^(c)(“Aⁿⁱⁿ^dⁱ^ct^m^eⁿ^t^o^rⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atⁱ^oⁿ^f^o^{r vi}^o^l^atⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^t^hⁱ^s^sectⁱ^o^{n al}^l^e^giⁿ^g^t^h^at^,ⁱⁿ^an^y^pro^ceedⁱⁿ^{gs b}^e^f^o^re
^{or a}ⁿ^c^illa^ry^{to a}ⁿ^y^c^{ourt or g}^r^aⁿ^d^jury^of^the^Unite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^{, t}^h^e^de^f^e^nda^nt^u^nde^r^oa^th^ha^{s k}^now^ing^l^y^m^a^de^tw^{o or m}^o^re
^d^ecl^aratⁱ^oⁿ^s^,^w^hⁱ^c^h^{are i}ⁿ^c^oⁿ^sⁱ^s^t^eⁿ^t^t^o^t^h^e^d^e^{gree t}^h^at^on^{e o}^f^t^h^emⁱ^sⁿ^ecessari^l^y^f^a^l^s^e,ⁿ^eedⁿ^o^t^sp^eci^fy^w^hⁱ^c^h
^d^ecl^aratⁱ^oⁿⁱ^s^f^a^l^s^{e i}^f^–⁽¹^{) each}^decl^aratⁱ^oⁿ^w^a^s^m^a^t^e^ri^al^t^o^t^h^e^p^oⁱⁿ^tⁱⁿ^qu^estⁱ^oⁿ^,^and⁽²^{) each}^d^ecl^ar^atⁱ^oⁿ^w^a^{s mad}^e
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

Conviction does require a showing, however, that the two statements were made under oath; it is
not enough to show that one was made under oath and the other was made in the form of an ³³
affidavit signed under penalty of perjury. Moreover, the statements must be so inherently ³⁴
contradictory that one of them of necessity must be false.
Some years ago, the Supreme Court declined to reverse an earlier ruling that “[t]he general rule in
prosecutions for perjury is that the uncorroborated oath of one witness is not enough to establish ³⁵
the falsity of the testimony of the accused set forth in the indictment.” Subsection 1623(e) ³⁶
permits a perjury conviction without compliance with this traditional two witness rule. Since the
two witness rule rests on the common law rather than on a constitutional foundation, it may can ³⁷
be abrogated by statute without offending constitutional principles.
Most of the other subsections of Section 1623 are designed to overcome obstacles which the
common law placed in the path of a successful perjury prosecution. Subsection 1623(d), in
contrast, offers a defense unrecognized at common law. The defense is stated in fairly
straightforward terms, “[w]here in the same continuous court or grand jury proceeding in which a
declaration is made, the person making the declaration admits such declaration to be false, such
admission shall bar prosecution under this section if, at the time the admission is made, the
declaration has not substantially affected the proceeding, or it has not become manifest that such
falsity has been or will be exposed,” 18 U.S.C. 1623(d). Although phrased in different terms, the ³⁸
courts seem to agree that repudiation of the false testimony must be specific and thorough.
There is some disagreement whether a recanting defendant must be denied the defense if both the
substantial impact and manifest exposure conditions have been met or if the defense must be

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^w^{ithin the}^pe^rⁱ^o^d^of^the^s^t^a^t^ute^of^lim^ita^tions^f^o^r^the^of^f^e^ns^e^c^h^a^r^{ged u}^nde^r^t^h^is^s^e^c^tio^{n. I}ⁿ^aⁿ^y^pr^os^e^c^u^tio^{n u}^nde^r^t^h^is
^s^e^c^{tion, t}^h^e^f^a^ls^it^y^of^a^de^c^l^a^r^a^tio^{n s}^e^{t f}^o^r^t^{h i}ⁿ^t^h^eⁱⁿ^dic^t^m^e^{nt or}ⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^{tion s}^h^a^ll^be^e^s^ta^blis^he^{d s}^u^f^f^ic^ie^{nt f}^o^r
^c^onv^ic^tion^by^pr^oof^tha^t^the^de^f^eⁿ^d^aⁿ^{t w}^h^ile^u^nde^r^oa^{th m}^a^de^ir^r^e^c^onc^ila^bly^c^ontr^a^dic^t^or^y^de^c^l^a^r^a^tions^m^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^{to the}
^p^oⁱⁿ^tⁱⁿ^q^u^estioⁿⁱⁿ^an^y^p^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^g^b^e^f^o^{re o}^r^an^cillary^to^an^y^co^u^r^{t o}^r^g^r^an^d^j^u^ry^{. It sh}^{all b}^e^a^d^e^f^eⁿ^s^{e to}^anⁱⁿ^dⁱ^ctm^eⁿ^t
^or^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion m}^a^de^pur^s^u^aⁿ^t^to^t^h^e^fⁱ^r^s^{t s}^e^nteⁿ^c^e^of^this^s^ubs^e^c^tio^{n tha}^t^the^de^f^e^nda^{nt a}^t^the^tim^e^he^m^a^de^ea^c^h
^d^ecl^aratⁱ^oⁿ^b^e^lⁱ^e^ved^t^h^{e d}^ecl^aratⁱ^oⁿ^w^a^{s t}^r^u^e”);^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^D^unn^{, 4}⁴²^U^.^S.¹^00,¹^{08 (}¹⁹⁷⁹⁾⁽^“^B^y^r^e^lie^vⁱ^ng^the
^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt of}^the^bur^deⁿ^of^pr^ov^ing^w^h^ic^{h of}^tw^{o or}^m^o^r^e^inc^onsⁱ^s^te^{nt de}^c^l^a^r^a^tions^w^a^s^f^a^lse^,^s^e^e^§162³⁽^c⁾^{, C}^ong^r^e^s^s
^so^u^g^h^t^t^o^af^f^o^rd^g^r^{eater assu}^ran^c^e^th^{at testim}^oⁿ^y^o^b^t^ain^e^dⁱⁿ^g^r^an^d^ju^ry^an^d^co^u^r^t^p^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^g^s^w^{ill aid}^th^{e cau}^se^o^f
^tr^uth”⁾^.
³³^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^J^a^r^a^m^ill^o^{, 69}^F.^{3d 38}⁸⁽⁹^th^{Cir. 1}⁹⁹⁵^).
³⁴^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^c^Afe^e^{, 8 F.}^3d¹⁰¹^0,¹⁰^14-¹⁵⁽⁵^th^Ci^r.¹⁹⁹³^)(“T^h^{e G}^o^vern^m^eⁿ^t^m^u^st^sh^o^w^t^h^at^t^h^{e st}^at^e^m^en^t^s^are
^s^o^ir^r^e^c^onc^ila^b^l^e^tha^t^one^of^the^s^t^a^t^em^eⁿ^ts^is^‘ⁿ^e^c^e^s^s^a^rⁱ^l^y^f^a^lse^.^’^We^fⁱ^{nd the}^F^our^t^h^Cⁱ^r^c^uit’^s^e^x^plaⁿ^a^tion^of^§1⁶²³⁽^c⁾^th
^instruc^tiv^e^aⁿ^d^a^d^o^p^{t t}^h^e^sta^nda^r^d^se^{t f}^o^{rth in}^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Fl^ow^e^r^s^{, 813}^F.^2d¹³²⁰⁽⁴^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁷⁾^{. I}ⁿ^Fl^o^w^e^r^s^{, t}^h^e
^c^our^{t c}^o^nc^lu^de^{d t}^h^a^t^s^u^bs^e^c^tion¹⁶²³⁽^c⁾^‘^r^e^quir^e^s^a^v^a^rⁱ^aⁿ^c^e^{in te}^s^t^im^on^y^tha^t^e^x^te^nds^be^y^{ond m}^e^r^e^v^a^g^u^eⁿ^e^s^s^,
^unc^e^r^ta^inty^{, or e}^q^uiv^o^c^a^lity^{. Ev}^eⁿ^tho^u^g^h^tw^{o de}^c^l^a^r^a^tio^{ns m}^a^y^diffe^{r f}^r^o^m^one^a^not^he^{r, t}^h^e^§¹⁶^23(c⁾^sta^nda^rd^{is n}^o^t
^m^e^{t unle}^{ss ta}^kⁱ^ng^the^m^{into c}^o^nte^x^{t, the}^y^{are so}^dⁱ^ff^eren^t^t^h^atⁱ^f^oⁿ^eⁱ^s^t^r^u^e^t^h^{ere i}^s^no^w^a^y^t^h^{e o}^t^h^e^{r c}^aⁿ^al^so^b^e^t^r^u^e^.^’^”^th
^Id^.^a^t¹³^24;^{see a}^l^so^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es v.}^P^o^rt^er^,⁹⁹^{4 F.}^2d⁴^{70 (}⁸^Cir.¹⁹⁹³^)).
³⁵^W^e^ile^{r v}^.^Unite^{d S}^t^ate^s^,³²^{3 U}^.^S^.⁶⁰^6,⁶⁰^{7 (}¹⁹⁴⁵⁾^.
³⁶^{18 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶²³⁽^e⁾⁽^“^P^r^oof^be^y^{ond a}^r^e^a^s^ona^ble^do^ubt^u^nde^r^t^h^is^s^e^c^{tion is}^s^u^f^fⁱ^cⁱ^eⁿ^{t f}^o^r^c^onv^ic^tion.^I^t^s^h^a^ll^not^be
^ne^c^e^s^s^a^r^y^tha^t^s^u^c^h^pr^o^o^f^be^m^a^d^e^by^aⁿ^y^pa^r^tic^ula^r^num^be^r^of^wⁱ^tⁿ^e^s^s^e^s^or^by^doc^um^eⁿ^ta^r^y^or^othe^r^ty^pe^of
^evi^d^en^ce”).^Se^e^als^o^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^K^e^m^p^{, 5}⁰⁰^F.^3d²⁵^7,²⁹^{4 (}^3d^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁷⁾^.
³⁷^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Ru^ggie^r^o^{, 4}⁷²^F.^2d⁵⁹^9,⁶⁰^{6 (}²^{d C}ⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁷³⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^Dⁱ^ggs^,⁵⁶⁰^F.^2d²⁶^6,²⁶⁹⁽⁷^th^Cir.
¹⁹⁷⁷^)(ci^tⁱⁿ^g^{cases i}ⁿ^acco^rd^).
³⁸^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^To^bi^as^{, 8}⁶³^F.^2d⁶⁸^5,⁶⁸^{9 (}⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁸⁾⁽^u^ne^quiv^o^c^a^l^r^e^pu^dia^tioⁿ⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^Sc^iv^ola^,⁷⁶⁶
^F^.^2d³⁷^,⁴⁵⁽¹^st^Ci^r.¹⁹⁸⁵⁾⁽ⁱ^m^p^lⁱ^cⁱ^t^recan^t^a^tⁱ^oⁿⁱ^sⁱⁿ^s^u^f^fⁱ^ci^en^t⁾^;^Uⁿ^it^e^d^St^ate^s^v^.^G^o^gueⁿ^{, 7}²³^F.^2d¹⁰^12,¹⁰¹⁷⁽¹^st^Cir^.
¹⁹⁸³⁾⁽^outrⁱ^g^h^{t r}^e^tr^a^c^tio^{n a}ⁿ^{d r}^e^p^udia^tⁱ^on)^.

denied if either condition exists. Most courts have concluded that the presence of either condition ³⁹
dooms the defense.
Early construction required that a defendant establish both that his false statement had not
substantially affected the proceeding before his recantation and that it had not become manifest ⁴⁰
that his false statement would be exposed. One more recent appellate case, however, decided
that the defense should be available to a witness who could show a want of either an intervening ⁴¹
adverse impact or of likely exposure of his false statement. Even without the operation of
subsection 1623(d), relatively contemporaneous corrections of earlier statements may negate any
inference that the witness is knowingly presenting false testimony and thus preclude conviction ⁴²
for perjury.
When Congress passed Section 1623, it did not repeal Section 1621 either explicitly or by
implication; where its proscriptions overlap with those of Section 1623, the government is free to ⁴³
choose under which it will prosecute. Since Section 1623 frees prosecutors from many of the
common law requirements of Section 1621, it is perhaps not surprising that they ordinarily elect
to prosecute under subsection 1623. Section 1623 does outlaw perjury under a wider range of
circumstances than Section 1621; it prohibits perjury before official proceedings generally – both
judicial and nonjudicial. Separated into its elements, the section provides that:
(1)
I. Whoever having taken an oath
II. before a competent tribunal, officer, or person,
III. in any case in which a law of the United States authorizes an oath to be administered,
IV. a. that he will
i. testify,
ii. declare,
iii. depose, or

³⁹^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^S^h^e^r^m^aⁿ^{, 15}^{0 F.}^{3d 30}^{6, 31}^3-¹⁸⁽^3d^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^For^nar^o^{, 8}⁹⁴^F.^2d⁵⁰⁸^{, 5}¹⁰^-¹¹⁽²^d
^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁰⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Sc^iv^ol^a^,⁷⁶^{6 F}^.²^d³⁷^,⁴⁵⁽¹^st^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁵⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^D^e^nis^oⁿ^{, 66}³^F.^{2d 61}^{1, 61}⁵⁽⁵^th
^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸¹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^M^o^or^e^{, 61}^{3 F.}^2d¹⁰²⁹^,¹⁰^{43 (}^D^.C^.C^ir^.¹⁹⁷⁹⁾^;^c^ontr^a^,^Un^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^S^m^ith^{, 35 F.3}^d³⁴^4,^th
³⁴⁵^-⁴^{7 (}⁸^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁴⁾^.
⁴⁰^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^oor^e^,⁶¹^{3 F.}^2d¹⁰^29,¹⁰⁴³^-⁴^{4 (}^D^.C^.^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁷⁹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Sr^im^ge^o^u^r^{, 63}⁶^F^.^{2d 10}¹⁹^,¹⁰²¹
⁽⁵^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁰⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^es^v.^Sci^v^o^l^a^{, 76}⁶^F^.^2d³⁷^{, 45 (}¹^st^Cir.¹⁹⁸⁵^);^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^es^v.^F^o^rma^r^o^,⁸^{94 F.2}^d⁵⁰^{8, 510}^-
^{11 (}²^d^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁰⁾^.
⁴¹^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Sm^it^h^{, 35}^F.^{3d 3}^{44, 34}⁵⁽⁸^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁴⁾^.
⁴²^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^c^Afe^e^{, 8 F.}^3d¹⁰¹^0,¹⁰¹⁴⁽⁵^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹³⁾^.
⁴³^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^S^h^e^r^m^aⁿ^{, 15}^{0 F.}^{3d 30}^{6, 31}^2-¹³⁽^3d^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^Ru^ggie^r^o^{, 4}⁷²^F.^2d⁵⁹^9,⁶⁰^{6 (}²^d
^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁷³⁾^.

iv, certify truly, or
b. that any written
i. testimony,
ii. declaration,
iii. deposition, or
iv. certificate
by him subscribed, is true,
V. willfully and contrary to such oath
VI. a. states or
b. subscribes
any material matter which he does not believe to be true; or
(2)
I. Whoever in any
a. declaration,
b. certificate,
c. verification, or
d. statement
under penalty of perjury as permitted under Section 1746 of title 28, United States Code,
II. willfully subscribes as true
III. any material matter
IV. which he does not believe to be true
is guilty of perjury and shall, except as otherwise expressly provided by law, be fined under
this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. This section is applicable whether ⁴⁴
the statement or subscription is made within or without the United States.
The courts generally favor an abbreviated encapsulation such as the one found in United States v.
Dunnigan: “A witness testifying under oath or affirmation violates this section if she gives false

⁴⁴¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.¹⁶²¹^.

testimony concerning a material matter with the willful intent to provide false testimony, rather ⁴⁵
than as a result of confusion, mistake, or faulty memory.”
Perjury is only that testimony which is false. Thus, testimony that is literally true, even if ⁴⁶
deceptively so, cannot be considered perjury for purposes of a prosecution under Section 1621.
Moreover, Section 1621 requires compliance with “the two witness rule” to establish that a
statement is false. Under the rule, “the uncorroborated oath of one witness is not sufficient to ⁴⁷
establish the falsity of the testimony of the accused as set forth in the indictment as perjury.”
Thus, conviction under Section 1621 requires that the government “establish the falsity of the
statement alleged to have been made by the defendant under oath, by the testimony of two ⁴⁸
independent witnesses or one witness and corroborating circumstances.” If the rule is to be
satisfied with corroborative evidence, the evidence must be trustworthy and support the account ⁴⁹
of the single witness upon which the perjury prosecution is based.
The test for materiality under Section 1621 is whether the false statement “has a natural tendency ⁵⁰
to influence or [is] capable of influencing the decision-making body to which it [is] addressed.”
Conviction under Section 1621 requires not only that the defendant knew his statement was false
(“which he does not believe to be true”), but that his false statement is “willfully” presented.
There is but scant authority on precisely what “willful” means in this context. The Supreme Court
in dicta has indicated that willful perjury consists of “deliberate material falsification under ⁵¹⁵²
oath.” Other courts have referred to it as acting with an “intent to deceive” or as acting ⁵³
“int entionall y.”
Although a contemporaneous correction of a false statement may demonstrate the absence of the
necessary willful intent to commit perjury, the crime is completed when the false statement is

⁴⁵^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^D^uⁿⁿⁱ^g^aⁿ^{, 50}^{7 U}^.^S.⁸⁷^{, 94}⁽¹⁹⁹³⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^M^c^K^e^nna^,³²^{7 F.}^3d⁸^30,⁸^{38 (}⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾^;
^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Si^ng^h^{, 29}¹^F.^3d⁷^{56, 76}^{3 n.4}⁽¹¹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰²⁾^;^Uni^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^Na^s^h^,¹⁷^{5 F.}^3d⁴^29,⁴^{38 (}⁶^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁹⁾^;^th
^{see a}^l^so^,^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^D^u^mei^sⁱ^{, 42}⁴^F.3^d⁵⁶^{6, 5}⁸²⁽⁷^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾⁽^“^the^e^l^e^m^eⁿ^ts^of^pe^r^j^ur^y^a^r^e⁽¹⁾^te^s^tim^on^y^unde^r
^oa^th^be^f^o^r^e^a^c^o^m^p^e^t^eⁿ^{t tr}^ibuna^l^,⁽²⁾ⁱⁿ^a^c^a^s^e^{in w}^h^ic^{h U}ⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^law^a^u^thor^iz^e^s^the^a^d^mⁱ^nis^t^r^a^tion^of^aⁿ^oa^th^{, (}³⁾
^f^a^ls^e^te^sti^m^ony^{, (4) c}^onc^e^r^ning^a^m^a^te^ria^l^m^a^tte^{r, (5)}^w^{ith the}^w^{illful i}ⁿ^te^nt^to^prov^ide^f^a^lse^te^stim^ony^”⁾^.
⁴⁶^Br^ons^t^{on v}^.^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^,⁴⁰^{9 U}^.^S.³⁵^2,³⁶^{2 (1}⁹⁷^{2) (“}^{It m}^a^y^w^e^ll^be^tha^t^pe^titi^one^{r’s a}ⁿ^sw^e^r^s^w^e^re^{not g}^u^ile^le^{ss but}
^w^e^r^e^shre^w^d^ly^c^a^lc^ula^t^e^d^{to e}^v^a^d^e^.^Ne^v^e^rthe^le^{ss . . .}^aⁿ^y^spe^cⁱ^a^l^proble^m^{s a}^r^ising^f^r^o^m^the^lite^ra^ll^y^true^bu^t
^unr^e^s^p^ons^iv^e^aⁿ^s^w^e^r^a^r^e^{to be}^r^e^m^e^die^d^thr^oug^h^the^que^s^tio^ne^r^’^s^a^c^u^ity^a^{nd not}^by^a^f^e^de^r^a^{l pe}^r^j^ur^y^pr^os^e^c^u^ti^on”⁾^;^see^th^th
^als^o^,^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^c^K^e^nna^,³^{27 F.3}^d⁸³^{0, 841}⁽⁹^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Ro^be^r^t^s^{, 3}⁰⁸^F.3^d¹¹⁴⁷^,¹¹^{52 (}¹¹^th
^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰²⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^D^e^Z^a^rⁿ^{, 1}⁵⁷^F.^3d¹⁰⁴²^{, 1}⁰⁴⁷^-⁴^{8 (}⁶^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^.
⁴⁷^Ha^{mmer v.}^Un^ited^S^t^ates^,²⁷¹^U.S^.⁶²^0,⁶²^{6 (}¹⁹²⁶⁾^.
⁴⁸^W^e^ile^{r v}^.^Unite^{d S}^t^ate^s^,³²^{3 U}^.^S^.⁶⁰^6,⁶⁰^{7 (}¹⁹⁴⁵⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Ste^w^ar^t^,⁴³³^F.3^d²⁷^3,³¹^{5 (}²^{d C}ⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Un^ite^d
^State^s^v^.^C^h^a^p^liⁿ^{, 25 F.3}^d¹³^73,¹³⁷⁷⁽⁷^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁴⁾^.
⁴⁹^W^e^ile^{r v}^.^Unite^{d S}^t^ate^s^,³²^{3 U}^.^S^.⁶⁰^6,⁶¹^{0 (}¹⁹⁴⁵⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Ste^w^ar^t^,⁴³³^F.3^d²⁷^3,³¹^{5 (}²^{d C}ⁱ^r^.²²⁰⁶⁾⁽^“^T^h^e
^r^u^le^is^s^a^tis^fⁱ^e^d^by^the^dir^e^c^t^te^s^tⁱ^m^on^y^of^a^s^e^c^{ond w}^itne^s^s^or^by^othe^r^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^of^inde^pe^ndeⁿ^t^pr^o^b^a^tiv^e^v^a^lue^,
^cⁱ^rc^um^s^t^aⁿ^tia^{l or}^dire^c^t^{, w}^h^ic^{h is}^of^a^qua^lity^{to a}^s^s^u^re^tha^t^a^g^u^il^ty^v^e^rdic^{t is}^s^o^lid^ly^f^ounde^d^.^T^h^eⁱⁿ^de^pe^nde^nt
^evi^d^en^ce^m^u^st^,^b^yⁱ^t^s^el^f^,^b^eⁱⁿ^co^nsi^s^t^eⁿ^t^wⁱ^t^h^t^h^{e i}ⁿ^no^cen^{ce o}^f^t^h^e^d^e^f^eⁿ^d^aⁿ^t^.^Ho^w^e^ver,^t^h^{e co}^rro^bo^r^a^tⁱ^v^{e evi}^d^en^{ce n}^eed
^not,^{it i}^t^se^lf^{, be}^suf^fⁱ^cⁱ^eⁿ^{t, if}^be^lie^v^e^{d to su}^pp^{ort a}^c^o^nv^ic^tion”^).
⁵⁰^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^c^K^e^nna^,³^{27 F}^.^{3d 83}^{0, 83}⁹⁽⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾^;^Uni^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^R^o^b^e^rt^s^{, 3}⁰⁸^F.^3d¹¹^47,¹¹⁵⁵⁽¹¹^th
^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰²⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Alleⁿ^,⁸⁹^{2 F}^.²^d⁶⁶^,⁶⁷⁽¹⁰^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^M^a^r^eⁿ^o^M^o^r^a^le^s^,⁸¹⁵^F.^2d⁷²^5,^st
⁷⁴⁷⁽¹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁷⁾^.
⁵¹^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^N^o^r^rⁱ^s^,³⁰^{0 U}^.^S^.⁵⁶^4,⁵⁷^{4 (}¹⁹³⁷⁾⁽^e^m^pha^sⁱ^s^a^dde^d⁾^.
⁵²^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Ros^e^,²¹^{5 F}^.²^d⁶^17,⁶²^2-^{23 (}³^d^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁵⁴⁾^.
⁵³^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Fr^ie^dm^aⁿ^{, 85}⁴^F^.^{2d 53}^{5, 56}⁰⁽^2d^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁸⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^Mo^un^t^s^{, 35 F.3}^d¹²⁰⁸^,¹²¹⁹⁽⁷^th^Cir.
¹⁹⁹⁴⁾^.

presented to the tribunal; without a statute such as that found in Section 1623, recantation is no ⁵⁴
defense nor does it bar prosecution.
Section 1622 outlaws procuring or inducing another to commit perjury: “Whoever procures
another to commit any perjury is guilty of subornation of perjury, and shall be fined under this
title or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both,” 18 U.S.C. 1622. The crime consists of
two elements – (1) an act of perjury committed by another (2) induced or procured by the
defendant. Perjury under either Section 1621 or 1623 will support a conviction for subornation ⁵⁵
under Section 1622, but proof of the commission of an act of perjury is a necessary element of ⁵⁶
subornation. Although the authorities are exceptionally sparse, it appears that to suborn one
must know that the induced statement is false and that at least to suborn under Section 1621 one ⁵⁷
must also knowingly and willfully induce. Subornation is only infrequently prosecuted as such
perhaps because of the ease with which it can now be prosecuted as an obstruction of justice ⁵⁸
under either 18 U.S.C. 1503 or 1512 which unlike Section 1622 do not insist upon suborner ⁵⁹
success as a prerequisite to prosecution.
The general false statement statute, 18 U.S.C. 1001, outlaws false statements, concealment, or
false documentation in any matter within the jurisdiction of any of the three branches of the ⁶⁰
federal government, although it limits application in the case of Congress and the courts. More
specifically it states:

⁵⁴^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^N^o^r^rⁱ^s^,³⁰^{0 U}^.^S^.⁵⁶^4,⁵⁷^{4 (}¹⁹³⁴⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^a^t^{es v.}^McA^f^ee^{, 8 F.}^3d¹⁰^10,¹⁰¹⁷⁽⁵^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹³⁾^.
⁵⁵^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^En^do^,⁶³^{5 F}^.²^d³²¹^,³²^{2 (}⁴^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁰⁾^.
⁵⁶^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^H^a^ir^s^t^oⁿ^,⁴⁶^F.³^d³^61,³^{76 (}⁴^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁵⁾⁽ⁱ^f^the^u^nde^r^l^yⁱ^ng^pe^r^j^ur^y^c^onv^ic^{tion is}^r^e^v^e^r^s^e^d^f^o^r
ⁱⁿ^su^f^fⁱ^ci^en^t^evi^d^en^ce,^t^h^{e su}^bo^rn^a^tⁱ^o^{n c}^onv^ic^tio^{n m}^u^{st lik}^e^w^ise^be^r^e^v^e^rs^e^d^);^{see a}^l^so^,^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^es^v.^Sⁱ^l^vermaⁿ^,⁷⁴⁵^th
^F^.^2d¹³⁸⁶^,¹³⁹⁴⁽¹¹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁴⁾^.
⁵⁷^Rose^{n v}^.^N^.^L.R^.^B.^,⁷^{35 F.2}^d⁵⁶^{4, 575}^n.¹⁹⁽⁴^th^Ci^r.¹⁹⁸⁰^)(“i^tⁱ^s^t^r^u^e^t^h^at^{a n}^ecessar^y^p^r^edⁱ^cat^{e o}^f^t^h^e^ch^{arge o}^f
^s^ubor^na^tioⁿ^of^pe^r^j^ur^y^is^the^s^u^b^o^r^ne^r^’^s^be^lie^f^tha^t^the^te^s^tim^ony^s^oug^{ht is}ⁱⁿ^f^a^c^t^f^a^lse^”⁾^;^Pe^tite^v^.^Unite^d^Sta^t^e^s^{, 2}⁶²^th
^F^.^2d⁷⁸^8,⁷⁹^{4 (}⁴^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁵⁹⁾⁽^“^[ⁱ^]^t^is^e^s^s^e^ntia^{l to s}^u^b^o^rⁿ^a^tⁱ^on^of^pe^r^j^ur^y^tha^t^the^s^u^b^o^rⁿ^e^r^s^h^o^u^ld^ha^v^e^k^now^{n or}
^be^lie^v^e^{d or}^ha^v^e^ha^d^g^o^o^d^r^e^a^s^on^to^be^lie^v^e^tha^t^the^te^s^tim^ony^gⁱ^v^e^{n w}^ould^be^f^a^ls^e^,^tha^t^he^s^h^ou^ld^h^a^v^e^kⁿ^o^w^{n or}
^be^lie^v^e^{d tha}^t^t^h^e^w^itne^{ss w}^{ould te}^stify^w^ill^f^u^lly^a^{nd c}^o^rruptly^{, a}^nd^w^{ith k}^now^le^dg^e^of^the^f^a^ls^it^y^;^a^{nd tha}^t^he^s^h^oul^d
^ha^v^e^k^now^ing^l^y^a^{nd w}^ill^f^u^lly^induc^e^d^or^pr^oc^ur^e^d^t^h^e^w^itne^s^s^{to g}ⁱ^v^e^s^u^c^h^f^a^ls^e^te^s^tⁱ^m^on^y^”⁾⁽^Pe^tite^oⁿ^l^y^re^f^e^{rs to}
^Se^c^tion¹⁶²¹^sⁱ^nc^e^{it w}^a^s^de^cⁱ^de^d^pr^ior^to^the^eⁿ^a^c^t^m^e^{nt of}^Se^c^tion¹⁶²³⁾^.
⁵⁸^Unite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^ille^r^{, 1}^61F^.3^d⁹⁷⁷^{, 9}⁸²^-⁸⁴⁽⁶^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^.
⁵⁹^18U^.^S^.C^.¹⁵⁰³⁽^e^m^pha^sⁱ^s^a^dde^d)⁽^“^W^hoe^v^e^r^{. . .}^eⁿ^de^av^or^s^to^inf^l^ue^nc^e^,^o^b^s^t^r^u^c^t^,^or^im^pe^de^the^du^e^a^d^mⁱ^nis^t^r^a^tion
^of^jus^tic^e^{. . .”}⁾^;¹⁵¹²⁽^b⁾⁽^e^m^pha^sⁱ^s^a^dde^d)⁽^“^W^hoe^v^e^r^{. .}^{. c}^o^r^r^upt^l^y^pe^r^s^ua^de^s^a^nothe^r^pe^r^s^oⁿ^,^or^a^t^t^e^m^p^ts^{to d}^o^s^o^.^{. .}
^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^t^eⁿ^t^t^oⁱⁿ^f^l^u^eⁿ^{ce .}^.^.^t^h^{e t}^e^stⁱ^m^oⁿ^y^o^f^an^y^p^e^rsoⁿⁱⁿ^an^o^f^fⁱ^ci^a^l^p^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^{g .}^.^.^”^).
⁶⁰^T^h^e^r^e^a^r^e^sc^ore^s^of^m^o^re^li^m^ite^{d f}^a^ls^e^sta^t^e^m^eⁿ^{t sta}^t^ute^s^tha^t^re^la^te^to^pa^rtic^ula^r^a^g^eⁿ^cⁱ^e^s^{or a}^c^tiv^itie^{s a}^{nd i}ⁿ^c^l^u^d^e⁸
^U^.^S.C^.¹¹⁶⁰⁽^b)⁽⁷⁾⁽^A⁾⁽^a^pplic^a^tⁱ^o^ns^f^o^r^im^mⁱ^g^r^a^{tion s}^t^a^t^us⁾^;¹⁵^U^.^S.C^.¹⁵⁸⁽^C^hi^na^T^r^a^d^e^A^c^{t c}^o^r^por^a^t^e^pe^r^s^onne^l)^;¹⁵
^U^.^S.C^.⁶⁴^{5 (}^S^m^a^{ll B}^u^sⁱ^ne^s^s^A^d^mⁱ^nis^t^r^a^tioⁿ⁾^;¹⁵^U^.^S.C^.⁷^14m⁽^C^om^m^odit^y^C^r^e^d^{it C}^o^r^p^or^a^tioⁿ⁾^;¹⁶^U^.^S.C^.⁸³^{1t (}
^T^V^A⁾^{; 18 U}^.^S.C^.¹^{52 (}^ba^nk^r^u^ptc^y⁾^;^{18 U}^.^S.C^.²⁸^{7 (}^f^a^l^s^e^or^f^r^a^udu^le^{nt c}^l^aⁱ^m^s^ag^aⁱ^ns^{t the}^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s⁾^;^{18 U}^.^S.C^.²⁸⁸
⁽^pos^ta^{l l}^o^s^s^e^s⁾^{; 18}^U^.^S.C^.²^{89 (}^p^eⁿ^sⁱ^ons⁾^;¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.⁵⁴^{1 (}^e^ntr^y^of^goods^f^a^ls^e^l^y^c^l^a^s^sⁱ^fⁱ^e^d⁾^;^{18 U}^.^S.C^.⁵⁴^{2 (}^e^ntr^y^of
^g^oods^by^m^e^aⁿ^s^of^f^a^ls^e^s^t^a^t^em^eⁿ^ts⁾^;¹⁸^U^.^S.C^.⁵^{50 (}^r^e^f^{und of}^d^u^ti^e^s⁾^;^{18 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁰⁰³⁽^f^r^a^uduleⁿ^t^c^l^aⁱ^m^s^a^g^aⁱ^ns^{t the}
^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s⁾^;¹⁸^U^.^S.C^.¹⁰⁰⁷⁽^F^D^I^C^tr^aⁿ^s^a^c^tions⁾^;^{18 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁰¹¹⁽^f^e^d^e^r^a^l^la^{nd ba}^nk^m^o^r^t^g^a^g^e^tr^ans^a^c^tions⁾^;¹⁸
^U^.^S.C^.¹⁰^{14 (}^l^oaⁿ^or^c^r^e^d^it^a^p^p^lic^a^tionsⁱⁿ^w^h^ic^{h t}^h^e^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^ha^s^aⁿⁱⁿ^te^r^e^s^t⁾^;¹⁸^U^.^S.C^.¹⁰¹⁵⁽ⁿ^a^t^ur^a^liz^a^tio^n,
^c^itiz^eⁿ^s^h^ip^or^a^lieⁿ^r^e^gⁱ^s^t^r^y⁾^;¹⁸^U^.^S.C^.¹⁰^{19 (}^f^a^l^s^e^c^e^r^tif^ica^{tion b}^y^c^ons^ula^r^of^fⁱ^c^e^r⁾^;^{18 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁰²⁰⁽^h^ig^hw^ay
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

I. Except as otherwise provided in this section,
II. whoever, in any matter within the jurisdiction of the executive,
legislative, or judicial branch of the Government of the
United States,
III. knowingly and willfully –
IV. a. falsifies, conceals, or covers up by any trick, scheme, or device a material fact;
b. makes any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation; or
c. makes or uses any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any
materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry;
shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years or, imprisoned not more than

8 years if the offense involves international or domestic terrorism (as defined in section 2331)

or if the matter relates to an offense under chapter 109A (sexual abuse), 109B (sex offender
registration), 110 (sexual exploitation), or 117 (transportation for illicit sexual purposes), or ⁶¹
Section 1591 (sex trafficking).
The courts’ description of the elements will ordinarily be limited to whichever of the forms of ⁶²⁶³⁶⁴
misconduct – false statement, concealment, or false documentation – is implicated in the
particular case. In addition, Section 1001 imposes a limitation upon an offense that involves
matters within the jurisdiction of either the judicial or legislative branch:

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^proje^c^t^{s); 1}⁸^U.^S.C.¹⁰²²^(f^a^l^se^c^e^rtif^ic^a^{tion c}^onc^e^rⁿⁱ^ng^m^a^t^e^ria^l^{for the}^m^ilita^ry^{); 18 U.S.C.}¹⁰²⁷⁽^E^RISA^{); 18 U.S}^.^C.
¹⁵⁴^{2 (}^p^a^s^s^por^t^a^ppl^ic^a^tions⁾^;¹⁸^U^.^S.C^.¹⁵^{46 (}^f^r^a^ud^{in c}^o^nne^c^tⁱ^on^w^{ith v}ⁱ^s^a^s^,^pe^r^m^its^a^{nd ot}^he^r^d^o^c^u^m^e^nts⁾^{; 22 U}^.^S^.^C^.
¹⁹⁸^{0 (}^c^om^pe^ns^a^tio^{n f}^o^r^los^s^of^c^o^m^m^e^r^c^ia^l^fⁱ^s^h^ing^v^e^s^s^e^l^or^g^e^a^r⁾^;^{22 U}^.^S.C^.⁴²²¹⁽^A^m^e^rⁱ^ca^{n dipl}^o^m^a^tic^pe^r^s^onne^l)^;
^{22 U}^.^S.C^.⁴²²²⁽^p^r^e^s^e^nta^tⁱ^on^of^f^o^r^g^e^d^doc^um^eⁿ^ts^{to U}ⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^f^o^r^e^ig^{n s}^e^r^v^ic^e^pe^r^s^onne^l)^{; 4}²^U^.^S.C^.⁴⁰⁸⁽^o^l^d^a^g^e
^cl^ai^m^s^);⁴²^U.^S^.^C^.¹³²⁰^a-7b^(M^e^dⁱ^care).
⁶¹^{18 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁰⁰¹⁽^a⁾^.^F^o^r^a^d^diti^on^dis^c^us^sⁱ^on^of^Se^c^tion¹⁵¹²^s^e^e^,^T^w^en^t^y^-S^ecoⁿ^d^Su^{rvey o}^f^Whⁱ^t^e^C^o^l^l^a^{r Cri}^m^{e: F}^a^l^s^e
^State^m^eⁿ^ts^an^{d F}^a^ls^e^C^l^aim^s^{, 44}^A^ME^R^I^CA^N^C^RI^MI^N^A^L^L^AW^R^EV^IE^W⁴⁹^{1 (}²⁰⁰⁷⁾^.
⁶²^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^B^l^a^ckwel^l^{, 45}⁹^F^.^{3d 73}^{9, 76}¹⁽⁶^th^{Cir. 2}⁰⁰⁶^)(“^Se^c^tion¹⁰⁰¹^of^T^itle¹⁸^pro^h^ib^{its a}ⁿ^y^pe^rson^f^r^om⁽¹⁾
^‘k^now^ing^l^y^a^{nd w}^ilf^ull^y^{’; (2) ‘m}^ak^ing^aⁿ^y^m^a^te^ria^l^f^a^ls^e^,^fⁱ^c^titious^,^{or f}^r^a^uduleⁿ^{t s}^t^a^t^e^m^eⁿ^{t or re}^pre^s^eⁿ^ta^tion’^{; (3)}^‘in
^aⁿ^y^m^a^tte^r^w^{ithin t}^h^e^jurⁱ^sdic^ti^on^of^the^e^x^e^c^u^tiv^e^,^le^gⁱ^sla^tiv^e^{, or}^ju^dicⁱ^a^l^br^aⁿ^c^h^of^the^G^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt of}^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^th^st
^S^t^at^es”);^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Ric^e^{, 4}⁴⁹^F.^3d⁸^87,⁸^{92 (}⁸^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^Hatc^h^,⁴^{34 F.}^{3d 1, 5}⁽¹^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^th
^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^C^a^m^p^e^r^,³⁸^{4 F.}³^d¹⁰⁷³^,¹⁰^{75 (}⁹^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^.
⁶³^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^oor^e^,⁴⁴^{6 F.}^3d⁶⁷^1,⁶⁷^{7 (}⁷^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾⁽^“^W^e^ha^ve^ideⁿ^tif^ie^{d the}^fⁱ^v^e^e^l^em^eⁿ^ts^of^a^‘^f^a^l^se
^s^t^a^t^em^eⁿ^t’^c^h^a^r^g^e^unde^r^§¹⁰⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽²⁾^.^{. . (}¹⁾^t^h^e^de^f^e^nda^{nt m}^u^s^t^{. .}^ha^v^e^a^duty^{to dis}^c^los^e^t^h^e^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion; (}²⁾^.^{. .}^the^r^e
^m^u^st^b^e^act^{s a}^m^o^uⁿ^tⁱⁿ^{g t}^o^coⁿ^cea^l^m^en^t^;⁽³^{) t}^h^{e .}^.^.^c^oⁿ^ceal^ed^f^act^{s m}^u^st^b^e^m^a^t^e^ri^al^;⁽⁴^{) t}^h^{e p}^e^rson^m^u^st^.^.^.^con^ceal
^th^{e f}^{acts k}ⁿ^o^wⁱⁿ^g^l^y^an^d^w^illf^u^l^l^y^;^an^d⁽⁵^{) t}^h^{e . .}^{. co}ⁿ^cealedⁱⁿ^f^o^rmatioⁿ^m^u^{st co}ⁿ^cern^a^m^a^{tter w}^ithⁱⁿ^th^e^ju^ris^d^ictioⁿ
^of^a^f^e^de^r^a^{l de}^pa^r^t^m^e^{nt or}^a^g^eⁿ^cy^”⁾^.
⁶⁴^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^c^G^aule^y^,²⁷⁹^F^.^3d⁶²^,⁶⁹⁽¹^st^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰²⁾⁽^“^To^est^a^b^lⁱ^s^h^{a vi}^ol^atⁱ^oⁿ^o^f¹⁸^U.^S^.^C^.¹⁰⁰¹^,^th^e
^g^o^v^e^rn^m^e^{nt m}^u^{st prov}^e^tha^t^the^d^e^fe^nda^{nt k}ⁿ^o^wⁱ^ng^l^y^a^nd^w^illf^ull^y^m^a^de^{or use}^d^a^f^a^lse^w^r^iting^{or do}^c^u^m^e^{nt, in}
^re^la^{tion t}^o^a^m^a^tte^{r w}^{ith the}^jurisd^ic^tion^of^the^Unite^d^Sta^t^e^s^g^o^v^e^rn^m^e^{nt w}^{ith k}^now^le^dg^e^of^its^f^a^lsit^y^”^);^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^th
^v.^B^l^an^ken^shⁱ^p^{, 3}⁸²^F.^3d¹¹¹⁰^{, 1}¹³¹^-¹^{32 (}¹¹^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^.

^{(b) Su}^bs^ection^{(a) does}ⁿ^o^{t a}^pply^{to a part}^y^to^a^j^u^{dicial proceedin}^g^,^{or th}^at^part^y^’^s
^co^uⁿ^s^e^l^{, f}^o^r^state^m^eⁿ^{ts, r}^e^p^r^es^en^tatioⁿ^s^,^w^r^itiⁿ^g^{s o}^r^d^o^c^u^m^eⁿ^ts^su^b^m^itted^b^y^s^u^ch^p^a^r^t^y^o^r
^couⁿ^s^e^l^{to a j}^u^dg^{e or m}^a^gⁱ^s^t^ra^{te in}^th^a^t^proceedin^g^.
^{(c) W}^ith^res^p^{ect to an}^y^m^a^t^t^er^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^th^{e j}^u^ris^d^ictioⁿ^{of th}^{e leg}ⁱ^s^l^ati^v^{e bran}^ch^,
^su^b^s^ectioⁿ⁽^a⁾^sh^{all ap}^p^l^y^oⁿ^l^y^to^–⁽¹⁾^a^d^mⁱⁿⁱ^s^t^r^a^tiv^e^m^a^t^t^e^r^s^,ⁱⁿ^c^l^u^dⁱⁿ^g^a^c^l^aⁱ^m^f^o^r^p^a^y^m^en^t^,
^{a m}^a^t^t^e^{r rel}^a^t^e^{d t}^o^t^h^{e pr}^ocu^r^e^m^en^t^of^propert^y^{or s}^e^rvⁱ^c^es^{, pers}^onⁿ^e^l^{or em}^pl^o^y^m^eⁿ^t
^practⁱ^ces^{, or s}^u^pport^s^e^rvⁱ^ces^,^{or a docum}^ent^requⁱ^r^{ed b}^y^l^a^w^,^r^u^l^e^{, or reg}^u^l^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^t^o^be
^su^b^m^itted^to^th^{e Co}ⁿ^g^r^e^s^s^o^r^aⁿ^y^o^f^fⁱ^{ce o}^r^o^f^fⁱ^cer^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^th^e^legⁱ^s^l^ati^v^{e b}^r^an^ch^{; o}^r⁽²⁾^an^y
ⁱ^nve^stⁱ^g^a^tⁱ^o^{n o}^r^r^e^vi^e^w^,^c^o^nd^uc^t^e^d^p^u^r^s^ua^nt^t^o^t^h^e^a^u^t^h^o^rⁱ^t^{y o}^f^aⁿ^{y c}^o^mmi^t^t^e^e^,
^s^u^bco^m^mⁱ^t^t^{ee, com}^mⁱ^s^sⁱ^oⁿ^or^of^fⁱ^{ce of}^t^h^{e C}^ong^res^s^{, con}^s^is^t^eⁿ^t^wⁱ^t^h^{applicable ru}^les^of^th^e
^H^o^u^s^{e or S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^{. 18 U}^.^S^.^C^.^1001(b)^,(c).
Those limitations constitute elements of the offense in such cases.⁶⁵
A matter is within the jurisdiction of a federal entity when it involves a matter “confided to the
authority of a federal agency or department . . . A department or agency has jurisdiction, in this
sense, when it has power to exercise authority in a particular situation. Understood in this way,
the phrase ‘within the jurisdiction’ merely differentiates the official, authorized functions of a ⁶⁶
agency or department from matters peripheral to the business of that body.” Several courts have
held that the phrase contemplates coverage of false statements made to state, local, or private ⁶⁷
entities but relating to matters that involve federal funds or regulations. Subsection 1001(b)
precludes application of prohibitions in Section 1001(a) to the statements, omissions, or
documentation presented to the court by a party in judicial proceedings. This includes statements ⁶⁸
of indigency filed by a defendant seeking the appoint of counsel, or by a defendant for a ⁶⁹
probation officer’s presentence report; but not statements made by one on supervised release to ⁷⁰
a parole officer.
Although the offense can only be committed “knowingly and willfully,” the prosecution need not
prove that the defendant knew that his conduct involved a “matter within the jurisdiction” of a ⁷¹⁷²
federal entity nor that he intended to defraud a federal entity. Instead, the phrase “knowingly

⁶⁵^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^H^o^r^v^at^h^,⁴⁹^{2 F.}^3d¹⁰^75,¹⁰⁷⁷⁽⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁷⁾^;^Uni^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^Pⁱ^cket^t^,³⁵^{3 F}^.³^d⁶²^,⁶⁶^-⁶^{9 (}^D^.C^{. C}ⁱ^r^.
²⁰⁰⁴⁾^.
⁶⁶^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Ro^dge^r^s^,⁴⁶⁶^U.S^.⁴⁷^5,⁴⁷^{9 (}¹⁹⁸⁴⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^A^t^a^lⁱ^g^,⁵⁰^{2 F}^.³^d¹⁰⁶³^,¹⁰⁶⁸⁽⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁷⁾^;
^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^es^v.^B^l^an^ken^shⁱ^p^,³⁸²^F.3^d¹¹^10,¹¹³⁶⁽¹¹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^W^h^ite^,²⁷^{0 F.}^3d³⁵⁶^{, 3}⁶³⁽⁶^th^Cir.
²⁰⁰¹⁾^.
⁶⁷^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^W^h^ite^,²⁷^{0 F.}^3d³⁵⁶^{, 3}⁶³⁽⁶^th^Cir.²⁰^01)(“^W^e^ha^v^e^{in t}^h^e^pa^{st l}^ook^e^d^t^o^w^h^e^t^he^{r th}^e^eⁿ^tity^{to w}^h^ic^h
^t^h^{e st}^at^em^en^t^s^w^e^re^mad^e^recei^ve^d^f^e^d^e^ral^su^p^p^o^r^t^and^/^o^r^w^a^{s su}^b^j^ect^t^o^f^e^d^e^ral^regu^l^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^”^);^Unⁱ^t^{ed S}^t^at^{es v.}^Da^vi^s^{, 8}
^F^.^3d⁹²^3,⁹²^{9 (2d}^Ci^r.¹⁹⁹³^)(“Iⁿ^si^t^u^atⁱ^oⁿ^sⁱⁿ^w^hⁱ^c^h^{a f}^e^d^e^ral^agen^c^yⁱ^s^o^v^erseeiⁿ^g^{a st}^at^e^agen^c^y^,ⁱ^tⁱ^s^t^h^{e m}^e^re
^exi^s^t^eⁿ^{ce o}^f^t^h^{e fed}^e^ral^agen^c^y^’s^s^upe^rv^isory^a^u^thority^tha^t^{is im}^po^rtaⁿ^{t to}^de^te^rm^ining^juris^d^ic^tio^n”⁾^,^c^ontr^a^,^Un^ite^d^th
^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^B^l^an^ken^shⁱ^p^,³⁸²^F.^3d¹¹¹⁰^{, 1}¹³⁹^,¹¹⁴¹⁽¹¹^Ci^r.²⁰⁰⁴⁾⁽^e^m^p^h^a^si^{s i}ⁿ^t^h^{e o}^rⁱ^gⁱⁿ^al⁾^(“T^h^{e cl}^ear,ⁱⁿ^dⁱ^s^p^u^t^abl^e
^hol^ding^of^Loweⁱ^s^t^h^at^{a m}ⁱ^srep^r^e^sen^t^atⁱ^oⁿ^m^a^d^e^t^o^{a p}^rⁱ^v^at^{e co}^mp^an^y^coⁿ^cernⁱⁿ^g^{a p}^r^oj^ect^t^h^atⁱ^s^t^h^{e su}^b^j^ect^o^f^a
^coⁿ^t^ract^b^e^t^w^een^t^h^at^co^m^p^an^y^aⁿ^d^t^h^{e f}^e^d^e^ral^go^vern^m^eⁿ^t^d^o^e^s^no^t^c^o^ns^titu^te^a^mⁱ^s^r^e^p^re^s^e^nta^tion^a^bout^a^m^a^tte^r
^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^t^h^{e j}^u^ri^sdⁱ^c^tⁱ^on^o^f^t^h^{e f}^e^d^e^ral^go^vern^men^t^.^.^.^.^Becau^{se n}^eⁱ^t^h^e^r^Loweⁿ^o^tⁱ^t^s^cen^t^r^al^h^o^l^dⁱⁿ^g^{has ever b}^een
^ov^e^r^r^u^le^{d .}^{. .}^{it r}^e^m^a^ins^g^{ood la}^w^”⁾^.
⁶⁸^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^c^N^e^il^{, 36}^{2 F}^.³^d⁵^70,⁵^{73 (}⁹^th^{Cir. 2}⁰⁰⁴⁾⁽^but^obs^e^r^vⁱ^ng^tha^t^“^[^s^]^u^b^m^itting^a^f^a^lse^CJA^-^{23 f}^o^r^m^m^a^y
^s^ubje^c^t^a^de^f^e^nda^{nt t}^o^c^r^im^ina^l^lia^bility^unde^r^ot^he^{r s}^t^a^t^ute^s^{, f}^o^{r e}^x^a^m^ple^,^unde^{r 1}⁸^U^.^S.C.¹⁶²¹^{, the}^g^e^ne^ra^{l s}^t^a^t^ute^on
^p^e^rj^u^r^y^,^o^r¹⁸^U.^S^.^C.¹⁶²³^,^w^hⁱ^c^{h p}^uⁿⁱ^sh^{es t}^h^{e m}^a^kiⁿ^g^o^f^{a fal}^s^e^mat^e^ri^al^d^ecl^aratⁱ^oⁿⁱⁿ^an^y^p^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^g,^b^e^f^o^re,^o^r
^aⁿ^c^illa^ry^{to, a}ⁿ^y^c^ourt”^).
⁶⁹^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^H^o^r^v^at^h^,⁴⁹^{2 F.}^3d¹⁰^75,¹⁰⁷⁸^-¹⁰⁸^{1 (}⁹^th^Cir.²⁰⁰⁷^).
⁷⁰^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^C^u^r^tis^{, 23}⁷^F^.^3d⁵⁹⁸^,⁶⁰^{5 (}⁶^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰¹⁾^.
⁷¹^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Ye^r^m^ian^,⁴⁶^{8 U.S}^.⁶³^,⁷⁵⁽¹⁹⁸⁴⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^State^s^v^.^G^onz^ale^s^,⁴³^{5 F}^.³^d⁶⁴^,⁷²⁽¹^st^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^.

and willfully” refers to the circumstances under which the defendant made his statement, omitted
a fact he was obliged to disclose, or included with his false documentation, i.e., “that the
defendant knew that his statement was false when he made it or – which amounts in law to the ⁷³
same thing – consciously disregarded or averted his eyes from the likely falsity.”
Prosecution for a violation of Section 1001 requires proof of materiality, as does conviction for
perjury, and the standard is the same: the statement must have a “natural tendency to influence, or ⁷⁴
be capable of influencing the decisionmaking body to which it is addressed.” There is no need ⁷⁵
to show that the decision maker was in fact diverted or influenced.
Conviction for false statements or false documentation under Section 1001 also requires that the ⁷⁶
statements or documentation be false, that they not be true. And the same can be said of the
response to a question that is so fundamentally ambiguous that the defendant’s answer cannot be ⁷⁷
said to be knowingly false. On the other hand, unlike the perjury provision of Section 1623,
“there is no safe harbor for recantation or correction of a prior false statement that violates ⁷⁸
Section 1001.”
Prosecutions under subsection 1001(a)(1) for concealment, rather than false statement or false ⁷⁹
documentation, must also prove the existence of duty or legal obligation not to conceal.

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
⁷²^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^G^onz^ale^s^{, 4}³⁵^F.^3d^64,⁷²⁽¹^st^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^.
⁷³^Id^.;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^a^t^{es v.}^Du^cl^o^s^,²¹⁴^F^.^3d²⁷^,³³⁽¹^st^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁰⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^Hsi^a^{, 1}⁷⁶^F.^3d⁷¹^6,⁷²^1-²²⁽^D^.C^{. C}ⁱ^r^.
¹⁹⁹⁹⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^a^t^{es v.}^Hoo^ver^,¹^{75 F.3}^d⁵⁶^{4, 571}⁽⁷^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁹⁾^.
⁷⁴^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^J^o^hⁿ^s^oⁿ^,⁴⁸^{5 F.}^3d¹²^64,¹²⁷⁰⁽¹¹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁷⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^M^c^Bane^,⁴³^{3 F.}^3d³⁴⁴^{, 3}⁵⁰⁽³^{d C}ⁱ^r^.
²⁰⁰⁵⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Ste^w^ar^t^{, 4}^{33 F.3}^d²⁷^{3, 318}⁽²^d^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^M^itc^he^ll^,³⁸^{8 F}^.^3d¹¹³⁹^,¹¹⁴³⁽⁸^th^th
^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Finⁿ^,³⁷⁵^F^.³^d¹⁰³³^,¹⁰³⁸⁽¹⁰^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^.
⁷⁵^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^c^Bane^,⁴³^{3 F}^.^3d³⁴^4,³⁵^{0 (}³^{d C}ⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^,^qu^otiⁿ^g^,^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^G^a^udiⁿ^,⁵¹⁵^U.^S^.⁵⁰^6,⁵¹²
⁽¹⁹⁹⁵⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Ste^w^ar^t^,⁴²⁰^F^.³^d¹⁰⁰⁷^,¹⁰¹⁹⁽⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^Mi^t^c^h^e^l^l^,³⁸⁸^F^.^3d¹¹³⁹^,¹¹⁴³^th^th
⁽⁸^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^H^a^sn^er^{, 3}⁴⁰^F.^3d¹²⁶¹^{, 1}²⁷³^-²⁷⁴⁽¹¹^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾^.
⁷⁶^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^G^o^o^d^,³²^{6 F}^.³^d⁵⁸⁹^{, 5}⁹²⁽⁴^th^Ci^r.²⁰⁰³^)(“T^h^{e p}^rⁱⁿ^ci^p^l^{e art}ⁱ^c^u^l^at^{ed i}ⁿ^B^r^on^st^on^ho^ld^{s t}^r^u^e^f^o^r
^c^onv^ic^tions^un^de^r^Se^c^tioⁿ¹⁰^01.^.^{. W}^e^c^a^{nnot u}^p^h^o^l^d^a^c^o^nv^ic^tion^.^{. . w}^h^e^r^e^the^a^lle^g^e^{d s}^t^a^t^e^m^eⁿ^{t f}^o^r^m^ing^the^ba^sⁱ^s^of^th
^{a vi}^o^l^atⁱ^o^{n o}^f^S^ectⁱ^o^{n 10}⁰¹ⁱ^s^t^r^u^e^oⁿⁱ^t^s^f^ace”);^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^v^.^Ed^w^a^r^d^s^,³⁰^{3 F.}^3d⁶^06,⁶^{37 (}⁵^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰²⁾^;^Unite^d^th
^State^s^v^.^K^o^s^t^h^,²^{57 F.3}^d⁷¹^{2, 71}⁹⁽⁷^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰¹⁾^.
⁷⁷^Unite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Cull^itoⁿ^,³²^{8 F}^.³^d¹⁰⁷⁴^,¹⁰^{78 (}⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^Goo^d^,³^{26 F.3}^d⁵⁸^{9, 592}⁽⁴^th^Cir.
²⁰⁰³⁾^;^c^f^{., U}ⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^M^a^r^tⁱⁿ^,³⁶^{9 F}^.³^d¹⁰⁴⁶^,¹⁰⁶⁰⁽⁸^th^{Cir. 2}⁰⁰⁴^);^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^H^a^t^c^h^,⁴³⁴^U^.^{S. 1}^,^4-^{5 (}¹^st^Cir.
²⁰⁰⁶⁾^.
⁷⁸^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Ste^w^ar^t^{, 4}³³^F.³^d²^73,³^{18 (}²^d^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^,^c^iti^ng,^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Se^b^a^g^gal^a^,²⁵^{6 F}^.^3d⁵⁹^{, 6}⁴⁽¹^st
^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰¹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^M^e^ulⁱ^{, 8}^F.3^d¹⁴^81,¹⁴⁸⁶^-⁴^{87 (}¹⁰^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹³⁾^;^aⁿ^d^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Fe^rⁿ^{, 6}⁹⁶^F.^2d¹²⁶⁹^,^th
¹²⁷^{5 (}¹¹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸³⁾^.
⁷⁹^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Ste^w^ar^t^{, 4}³³^F.³^d²^73,³^18-¹⁹⁽²^{d C}ⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾⁽^“^D^e^f^e^nda^nt’^s^le^g^a^{l duty}^[^a^s^a^br^ok^e^r^]^{to be}^tr^ut^hf^ul
^unde^r^Se^c^tion¹⁰⁰¹ⁱⁿ^c^l^ude^{d a}^d^u^t^y^f^o^dis^c^los^e^theⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^{tion r}^e^g^a^r^d^ing^the^cⁱ^r^c^um^s^t^aⁿ^c^e^s^of^Stew^a^r^t’^s^D^e^c^e^m^b^e^r²⁷^th
^tr^a^d^e^{. .}^{. .T}^rⁱ^a^l^te^s^tim^ony^indic^a^t^e^d^tha^t^the^S^E^C^ha^{d s}^p^e^cⁱ^fⁱ^c^a^l^l^y^inquir^e^d^a^b^o^u^t^[^h^is^]^k^now^le^dg^e^of^Ste^w^a^r^t’^s^tr^a^d^e^s^.
^A^s^a^re^{sult, it w}^a^{s pla}^u^sible^f^o^{r t}^h^e^jury^{to c}^onc^lu^de^tha^t^th^e^S^E^C^’^s^que^s^tio^ning^aⁿ^{d tr}^ig^g^e^r^e^{d [}^h^is^]^du^ty^{to dis}^c^los^e^a^nd
^t^h^at^am^p^l^{e evi}^d^en^{ce exi}^s^t^e^d^t^h^at^hi^{s co}ⁿ^ceal^m^eⁿ^t^w^a^s^mat^e^ri^al^t^o^t^h^{e i}ⁿ^vestⁱ^g^atⁱ^oⁿ^”);^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^ate^s^v^.^M^oor^e^{, 44}⁶^F.^3d^th^th
⁶⁷¹^{, 6}⁷⁸^-⁷⁹⁽⁷^Cir.²⁰⁰⁶^)(reg^u^la^to^ry^o^b^lig^atioⁿ⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^Gⁱ^bs^on^{, 4}⁰⁹^F.^3d³²^5,³³^{3 (}⁶^Cir.
²⁰⁰⁵^)(“Con^vⁱ^c^tⁱ^o^{n on}^{a 18}^U.^S^.^C^.¹⁰⁰¹^coⁿ^ceal^m^eⁿ^t^ch^{arge req}^uⁱ^{res a sh}^o^wⁱⁿ^{g t}^h^at^t^h^{e ‘}^d^ef^en^d^aⁿ^t^h^a^d^{a l}^e^gal^d^u^t^y^t^o
^dⁱ^scl^o^{se t}^h^{e f}^act^{s at}^t^h^{e t}ⁱ^m^{e h}^e^{was al}^l^e^ged^t^o^h^a^{ve co}ⁿ^ceal^ed^t^h^em’”),^qu^otiⁿ^g^,^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^C^u^r^r^an^{, 20}^F.^{3d 56}^0,
⁵⁶⁶⁽³^d^Cir.¹⁹⁹⁴^).

Green, Uncovering the Cover-Up Crimes, 42 A^MERICA^NC^RIM^I^NALL^AW^R^E^V^I^E^W 9 (2005)
Harrison, Recantation: Illusion or Reality? 2006 M^IC^HIGANS^TA^T^EL^AWR^EV^IEW 637
Twenty-Second Survey of White Collar Crime: Perjury, 44 A^MERICA^NC^RIM^I^NALL^AWR^EV^IEW

829 (2007)

Construction and Application of §2J1.3 of the United States Sentencing Guidelines (U.S.S.G.
§2J1.3), Pertaining to Sentencing for Perjury, Subornation of Perjury, and Witness Bribery, and
Departures Therefrom, 130 ALRF^ED. 269
Determination of “Materiality” Under 18 USCS §1623, Penalizing False Material Declarations
Before Grand Jury or Court, 60 ALRF^ED. 76
Determination of Materiality Under 18 USCS §§1621, 1622, 22 ALRF^ED. 379
Effect of Federal Prosecutor’s Failure to Warn of Status as a Target or Subject of Grand Jury
Investigation Upon Subsequent Prosecution for Perjury Based on Testimony of Grand Jury, 89
ALRF^ED. 498
Recantation as Bar to Perjury Prosecution Under 18 USCS §1623(d), 65 ALRF^ED. 177
Two-Witness Rule in Perjury Prosecutions Under 18 USCS §1621, 49 ALRF^ED. 185
Recantation as Bar to Perjury Prosecution Under 18 USCS §1623(d), 65 ALRF^ED. 177
Two-Witness Rule in Perjury Prosecutions Under 18 USCS §1621, 49 ALRF^ED. 185
^C^h^arle^s^Do^y^l^e
^Senⁱ^o^r^Sp^{ecialist i}ⁿ^Am^er^icaⁿ^P^u^b^{lic L}^a^w
^cdoy^l^e^@^c^rs^.l^oc.g^o^v^{, 7-}⁶⁹⁶⁸