Unauthorized Alien Students: Legislation in the 107th and 108th Congresses
Unauthorized Alien Students:
thth
Legislation in the 107 and 108 Congresses
Updated January 17, 2007
Andorra Bruno
Specialist in Social Legislation
Domestic Social Policy Division
Jeffrey J. Kuenzi
Analyst in Social Legislation
Domestic Social Policy Division
Unauthorized Alien Students:
Legislation in the 107th and 108th Congresses
Summary
Unauthorized alien students constitute a subpopulation of the total U.S.
unauthorized alien population that is of particular congressional interest. These
students receive free public primary and secondary education, but often find it
difficult to attend college for financial reasons. A provision enacted as part of a 1996
immigration law prohibits states from granting unauthorized aliens certain
postsecondary educational benefits on the basis of state residence, unless equal
benefits are made available to all U.S. citizens. This prohibition is commonly
understood to apply to the granting of “in-state” residency status for tuition purposes.
In addition, unauthorized aliens are not eligible for federal student financial aid.
More generally, as unauthorized aliens, they are not legally allowed to work in the
United States and are subject to being removed from the country at any time.
Bills were introduced in the 107th and 108th Congresses to address the
educational and immigration circumstances of unauthorized alien students. Most of
these bills had two key components. They would have repealed the 1996 provision.
They also would have provided immigration relief to certain unauthorized alien
students by enabling them to become legal permanent residents of the United States.
In both Congresses, bills known as the DREAM Act (S. 1291 in the 107th Congress;
S. 1545 in the 108th Congress) containing both types of provisions were reported by
the Senate Judiciary Committee.
This report will not be updated.
Contents
Background ......................................................1
Legislation in the 107th and 108th Congresses............................2th
Activity in the 107 Congress....................................3
Activity in the 108th Congress....................................3
Overview of Bills..........................................3
Markup of S. 1545.........................................4
Federal Postsecondary Educational Benefits.....................5
List of Tables
Appendix A. Comparison of Major Provisions of Bills in the 107th Congress
on Unauthorized Alien Students..................................6th
Appendix B. Comparison of Major Provisions of Bills in the 108 Congress
on Unauthorized Alien Students.................................10
Unauthorized Alien Students:
thth
Legislation in the 107 and 108
Congresses
Background
Recent estimates that the unauthorized (illegally present) alien population in the
United States exceeds 11 million has focused renewed attention on this population.1
The 107th and 108th Congresses considered legislation to address one segment of the
unauthorized population — aliens who, as children, were brought to live in the
United States by their parents or other adults. In a 1982 case, the Supreme Court
struck down a state law that prohibited unauthorized alien children from receiving
a free public education, making it difficult, if not impossible, for states to deny an
elementary or secondary education to such students.”2
Unauthorized aliens who graduate from high school and want to attend college,
however, face various obstacles. Among them, a provision enacted in 1996 as part
of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA)3
discourages states and localities from granting unauthorized aliens certain
“postsecondary education benefits.” This provision (IIRIRA §505) directs that an
unauthorized alien —
shall not be eligible on the basis of residence within a State (or a political
subdivision) for any postsecondary education benefit unless a citizen or national
of the United States is eligible for such a benefit (in no less an amount, duration,
and scope) without regard to whether the citizen or national is such a resident.
Although IIRIRA §505 does not refer explicitly to the granting of “in-state” residency
status for tuition purposes and some question whether it even covers in-state tuition,
the debate surrounding §505 has focused on the provision of in-state tuition rates to
unauthorized aliens. The Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended,4 also makes
1 See Jeffrey S. Passel, The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant
Population in the U.S.; Estimates Based on the March 2005 Current Population Survey,
Pew Hispanic Center, Mar. 7, 2006, at [http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID
=61]. Also see CRS Report RS21938, Unauthorized Aliens in the United States: Estimates
Since 1986, by Ruth Ellen Wasem.
2 Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982). Also see CRS Report RS22500, Unauthorized Alien
Students, Higher Education, and In-State Tuition Rates: A Legal Analysis, by Jody Feder.
3 IIRIRA is Division C of P.L. 104-208, Sept. 30, 1996.
4 P.L. 89-329, Nov. 8, 1965, 20 U.S.C. §1001 et seq. Section 484(a)(5) sets forth
(continued...)
unauthorized alien students ineligible for federal student financial aid. In most
instances, they are likewise ineligible for state financial aid. Moreover, as
unauthorized aliens, they are unable to work legally and are subject to removal from
the country regardless of the number of years they have lived in the United States.
Legislation in the 107th and 108th Congresses
In the 107th and 108th Congresses, legislation was introduced — but not enacted
— to provide relief to unauthorized alien students. These bills sought to repeal
IIRIRA §505 and, thereby, provide unauthorized students greater access to
postsecondary education. These bills also would have enabled certain unauthorized
students to adjust to legal permanent resident (LPR) status. Legal permanent
residents, sometimes referred to as “green card holders,” are able to live and work
indefinitely in the United States. In most cases, they are able to apply for U.S.th
citizenship after five years. The unauthorized student bills introduced in the 107
and 108th Congresses were
!H.R. 1563, Preserving Educational Opportunities for Immigrantth
Children Act, introduced in the 107 Congress and reintroduced as
H.R. 84 in the 108th Congress by Representative Sheila Jackson-Lee;
!H.R. 1582, Immigrant Children’s Educational Advancement and
Dropout Prevention Act, introduced in the 107th Congress by
Representative Luis Gutierrez;
!H.R. 1918, Student Adjustment Act, introduced in the 107thth
Congress and reintroduced as H.R. 1684 in the 108 Congress by
Representative Chris Cannon;
!S. 1291, Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act
(DREAM Act), introduced in the 107th Congress and reintroducedth
(in modified form) as S. 1545 in the 108 Congress by Senator Orrin
Hatch;
!S. 1265, Children’s Adjustment, Relief, and Education Act (CARE
Act), introduced in the 107th Congress by Senator Richard Durbin;
and
!Title III, Subtitle D of S. 8, Educational Excellence for All Learnersth
Act of 2003, introduced in the 108 Congress by then-Senate
Minority Leader Thomas Daschle.5
4 (...continued)
immigration-related eligibility requirements for federal student financial aid, and §484(g)
requires the U.S. Department of Education to verify the immigration status of applicants for
federal financial aid.
5 Provisions to legalize the status of certain unauthorized alien students were also included
in bills entitled the “Earned Legalization and Family Unification Act,” introduced in thethth
Gephardt (H.R. 3271) and Rep. Jackson-Lee (H.R. 1830). These bills would not have
repealed IIRIRA §505.
Activity in the 107th Congress
In the 107th Congress, the Senate Judiciary Committee reported an amended
version of S. 1291, known as the DREAM Act. This amended measure represented
a compromise between S. 1291, as introduced, and S. 1265. None of the other
pending bills saw any action beyond committee referral. (Appendix A contains a
table comparing four unauthorized alien student bills introduced in the 107th
Congress.)
Activity in the 108th Congress
In the 108th Congress, S. 1291, as reported by the Senate Judiciary Committee
in the 107th Congress, was included as part of S. 8, an education measure introduced
by then-Senate Minority Leader Daschle. In addition, a new version of the DREAM
Act (S. 1545) was introduced by Senator Hatch. On November 25, 2003, the Senate
Judiciary Committee reported S. 1545 with an amendment.6 The other unauthorized
alien student bills did not see any action beyond committee referrals.
Overview of Bills. Four bills (H.R. 84, H.R. 1684, S. 8, and S. 1545, as
reported)7 would have enabled eligible unauthorized students to obtain LPR status
through an immigration procedure known as cancellation of removal. (The major
features of the bills are compared in Appendix B.) Cancellation of removal is a
discretionary form of relief authorized by the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA),
as amended,8 that an alien can apply for while in removal proceedings before an
immigration judge. If cancellation of removal is granted, the alien’s status is adjusted
to that of an LPR.9 H.R. 84 and H.R. 1684 would have permanently amended the
INA to make unauthorized alien students who meet certain requirements eligible for
cancellation of removal/adjustment of status, whereas S. 8 and S. 1545 would have
established temporary cancellation of removal/adjustment of status authorities
separate from the INA. H.R. 1684, S. 8, and S. 1545 would have allowed aliens to
affirmatively apply for relief without being placed in removal proceedings. Other
bills, H.R. 3271 and H.R. 1830,10 also would have enabled eligible unauthorized
alien students to obtain LPR status, but they would not have done so through a
cancellation of removal mechanism. Instead, they would have established a
temporary adjustment of status authority.
6 A written report was subsequently filed. See U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on
Judiciary, Amending the Illegal Immigration Reform Act of 1996, report to accompany S.thnd
7 Hereafter, in this section, “S. 1545” refers to the bill, as reported. Differences between S.
1545, as introduced, and as reported are discussed in the next section on the Senate Judiciary
Committee markup of the bill.
8 Act of June 27, 1952, ch. 477; 8 U.S.C. §1101 et seq.
9 Rules governing cancellation of removal/adjustment of status are set forth in INA §240A.
10 H.R. 3271 and H.R. 1830 contained the same unauthorized alien student provisions.
The INA limits the number of aliens who can be granted cancellation of
removal/adjustment of status in a fiscal year to 4,000. It, however, contains
exceptions for certain groups of aliens. H.R. 1684 would have amended the INA to
add an exception to the numerical limitation for aliens granted cancellation of
removal/adjustment of status under its terms. No numerical limit would have applied
under H.R. 3271, S. 8, or S. 1545.
S. 1545 differed from the other bills in that it would have established a two-
stage process by which aliens could obtain LPR status. Aliens granted cancellation
of removal under the bill would have been adjusted initially to conditional permanent
resident status. Such conditional status would have been valid for six years and
would have been subject to termination. To have the condition removed and become
full-fledged LPRs, the aliens would have had to submit an application during a
specified period and meet additional requirements. The other bills would have
adjusted all eligible aliens directly to full-fledged LPR status.
As detailed in Appendix B, H.R. 84, H.R. 1684, H.R. 3271, S. 8, and S. 1545
varied in their eligibility criteria. Among these criteria, all five would have required
continuous physical presence in the United States for a specified number of years.
In the case of S. 8 and S. 1545, the continuous presence requirement would have had
to be satisfied prior to the date of enactment. Under H.R. 84, H.R. 1684, and H.R.
3271, the continuous presence requirement would have needed to be met prior to the
date of application for relief. All of the bills except H.R. 84 would have limited
relief to aliens meeting specified age requirements. All five bills would have
required a showing of good moral character.
With respect to educational status, H.R. 1684 and H.R. 3271 would have
required prospective beneficiaries to be enrolled at or above the 7th grade level, or
enrolled in, or actively pursuing admission to, an institution of higher education in
the United States. S. 8 would have granted LPR status only to individuals with a
high school diploma or equivalent credential. Under S. 1545, in order to obtain
conditional LPR status, aliens would have needed to gain admission to an institution
of higher education or possess a high school diploma or equivalent credential. H.R.
Markup of S. 1545. On October 16 and October 23, 2003, the Senate
Judiciary Committee marked up S. 1545. At the October 16 session, the Committee
voted in favor of an amendment in the nature of a substitute proposed by Senator
Hatch for himself and Senator Durbin. The substitute amended various provisions
of S. 1545, as introduced. Among the substantive amendments were changes to the
confidentiality of information section. For example, the bill, as introduced, stated
that information furnished by applicants could not be used for any purpose other than
to make a determination on the application. The substitute amended this provision
to state that information furnished by applicants could not be used to initiate removal
proceedings against individuals identified in the application.
At the October 23 meeting, the Judiciary Committee considered a set of
amendments to S. 1545 offered by Senator Charles Grassley. Two of these
amendments were the subject of debate at the markup. The first proposed to amend
a provision in the bill allowing aliens who, prior to the date of enactment, met the
requirements for both conditional resident status and removal of the condition, to
petition for LPR status without first becoming conditional residents. The amendment
would have made these aliens subject to the same period of conditional residence as
other aliens eligible for relief under the bill. The second amendment proposed to
place restrictions on the availability of federal student financial aid to aliens eligible
for adjustment to LPR status under the bill. Under the amendment, these aliens
would have been eligible only for specified student loan and work-study programs.
Among the other amendments in the Grassley package was one that would have
required beneficiaries of the bill to be registered in the Student and Exchange Visitor
Information System (SEVIS), the monitoring system for foreign students.11
The Committee voted, 18-1, to approve the Grassley amendments, and voted,
16-3, to report the bill, as amended. The Committee acted, however, with the
understanding that the bill would be subject to further discussion and modification
prior to being reported. In S. 1545, as reported, the Grassley amendment language
on federal financial assistance was modified, as described in the next section. The
rest of the Grassley amendments were unchanged.
Federal Postsecondary Educational Benefits. Under Title IV of the
Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended,12 LPRs and certain other eligible
noncitizens may receive federal student financial aid. Pell Grants and Stafford loans
authorized under Title IV comprise 85% of postsecondary student aid. S. 1545, as
reported, would have placed restrictions on eligibility for higher education assistance
for beneficiaries of the bill’s adjustment provisions. With respect to assistance
provided under Title IV, it would have made aliens who adjust to LPR status under
the bill eligible only for student loans, federal work-study programs, and services
(such as counseling, tutorial services, and mentoring), subject to the applicable
requirements. Thus, aliens adjusting status under S. 1545 would not have been
eligible for Pell Grants. H.R. 84, H.R. 1684, H.R. 3271, and S. 8, as introduced, did
not contain restrictions on eligibility for federal student financial aid. An alien who
adjusted to LPR status under any of these bills would have been eligible, as an LPR,
for federal financial aid under Title IV. H.R. 84 and H.R. 1684 additionally would
have extended this eligibility to unauthorized students who had applied for, but not
yet been granted, cancellation of removal/adjustment of status.
11 For information on SEVIS, see CRS Report RL32188, Monitoring Foreign Students in
the United States: The Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS), by Alison
Siskin.
12 P.L. 89-329, Nov. 8, 1965, 20 U.S.C. §1001 et seq.
CRS-6
Appendix A. Comparison of Major Provisions of Bills in the 107th Congress on Unauthorized Alien Students
Current LawH.R. 1563, as introducedH.R. 1582, as introducedH.R. 1918, as introducedS. 1291, as reported
Postsecondary education benefits based on state residence
ed aliens areWould have repealed IIRIRASimilar provision to H.R.Similar provision to H.R.Similar provision to H.R.
ible for such§505.1563.1563.1563.
ade
ailable to all U.S.
iki/CRS-RL31365ens, regardless of
g/w
s.orIRA §505.
leak
Eligibility requirements for COR/AOS of aliens brought into the United States as minors
://wiki
httpision.Would have amended INA. For aliens under 18: WouldWould have amended INA.For aliens under 21: WouldWould have amended INA. For aliens under 21: SimilarWould have created a newCOR/AOS authority. For
have required continuoushave required continuousrequirements to H.R. 1582.aliens under 21: Would have
physical presence in U.S. forphysical presence in U.S. forrequired continuous physical
three years precedingfive years precedingpresence in U.S. for five years
application; good moralapplication; good moralpreceding enactment; good
character; and determinationcharacter; and enrollment inmoral character; and
that removal would causesecondary school orgraduation from secondary
extreme hardship to alien,attendance/pursuit ofschool or equivalent.
alien’s child, or alien’s parent.admission to institution of
higher education.
CRS-7
Current LawH.R. 1563, as introducedH.R. 1582, as introducedH.R. 1918, as introducedS. 1291, as reported
For aliens age 18 or older: For aliens age 21-24: Same,For aliens age 21 or older: For aliens age 21 or older:
Same, except would haveexcept would have requiredWould have required thatWould have required that
required continuous physicalcontinuous physical presenceapplication be filed within 120alien have met requirements
presence in U.S. for five yearsin U.S. for five yearsdays of effective date offor aliens under 21 at anytime
preceding application,preceding application,regulations; that alien havein the four years prior to
including three years beforeincluding five years beforemet requirements for aliensenactment; and that alien be
age 18.age 21.under 21 based on applicationenrolled in or have graduated
filed anytime in the four yearsfrom institution of higher
prior to enactment; and that education.
iki/CRS-RL31365alien be enrolled in or have
g/wgraduated from institution of
s.orhigher education.
leak
Special provisions for aliens potentially eligible for COR/AOS
://wikiision.No provision.No provision.No provision.Would have granted work
httpauthorization and protection
from removal to otherwise
eligible aliens who had not yet
met requirement of secondary
school graduation.
CRS-8
Current LawH.R. 1563, as introducedH.R. 1582, as introducedH.R. 1918, as introducedS. 1291, as reported
Adjustment of status of minor children of alien
ision.No provision.Would have provided forNo provision.No provision.
adjustment of status of minor
children of aliens granted
COR/AOS.
Application for relief
ision.No provision.Alien could have appliedSimilar provision to H.R.Similar provision to H.R.
iki/CRS-RL31365affirmatively for relief1582.1582.
g/wwithout being placed in
s.orremoval proceedings.
leak
://wiki
httpNumerical limit on COR/AOS
ere is an annual limitCurrent law.Would have amended INA toSimilar provision to H.R.No numerical limit would
berexempt aliens granted1582.have applied.
COR/AOS under the bill from
anted COR/AOS. INAthe limit.
CRS-9
Current LawH.R. 1563, as introducedH.R. 1582, as introducedH.R. 1918, as introducedS. 1291, as reported
Federal postsecondary education benefits
Would have amendedWould have considered alienSimilar provision to H.R.Current law.
definition of qualified alien towith pending application for1563.
ible for mostinclude alien grantedCOR/AOS under the bill to be
COR/AOS under the bill orqualified alien for purposes of
postsecondaryalien with a pendingreceiving postsecondary
application for COR/AOS.education benefits.
iki/CRS-RL31365ed aliens are
g/w
s.or
leak193, §431(b).
://wiki
http
CRS-10
Appendix B. Comparison of Major Provisions of Bills in the 108th Congress on Unauthorized Alien Students
Current LawH.R. 84, as introducedH.R. 1684, as introducedH.R. 3271 , as introducedS. 8 (Title III, Subtitle D),as introducedS. 1545, as reported
Postsecondary education benefits based on state residence
authorizedWould have repealedSimilar provision to H.R.Current law.Similar provision to H.R.Similar provision to
IIRIRA §505.84.84.H.R. 84.
ible for such
iki/CRS-RL31365
g/wade available to
s.or.S. citizens,
leakardless of state
://wikiIRA §505.
httpEligibility requirements for adjustment of status (AOS) of aliens brought into the United States as minors
ision.Would have amendedWould have amendedWould have created aWould have created a newWould have created a
INA §240A. For aliensINA §240A. For aliensnew AOS authority.COR/AOS authority. Fornew COR/AOS
under 18: Would haveunder 21: Would haveWould have requiredaliens under 21: Wouldauthority. For
ct’srequired continuousrequired physicalfiling of applicationhave required attainmentCOR/conditional
physical presence inpresence in U.S. on dateduring specified period;of age 12 by enactment;permanent resident
moval(COR)/U.S. for three yearsof enactment; continuousalien under age 25 oncontinuous physicalstatus: Would have
preceding application;physical presence for fiveapplication date;presence in U.S. for fiverequired alien under age
good moral character;years precedingpresence in U.S. on dateyears preceding16 at initial entry;
determination thatapplication; good moralof enactment; continuousenactment; good moralcontinuous physical
removal would result incharacter; enrollment atpresence in U.S. for fivecharacter; high schoolpresence in U.S. for five
CRS-11
Current LawH.R. 84, as introducedH.R. 1684, as introducedH.R. 3271 , as introducedS. 8 (Title III, Subtitle D),as introducedS. 1545, as reported
extreme hardship toor above 7th grade levelyears precedingdiploma or equivalent;years preceding
alien, alien’s child, oror enrollment in/pursuitapplication; good moraland alien not inadmissibleenactment; good moral
alien’s parent; and alienof admission tocharacter; enrollment atthor deportable oncharacter; admission to
not inadmissible orinstitution of higheror above 7 grade levelapplicable grounds. institution of higher
deportable on applicableeducation (IHE); andor enrollment in/pursuitFor aliens age 21 oreducation, or high
grounds. alien not inadmissible orof admission toolder: Would haveschool diploma or
deportable on applicableinstitution of higherrequired that alien wouldequivalent; alien not
For aliens age 18 orgrounds. education; and alien nothave met requirements forinadmissible or
iki/CRS-RL31365older: Same, exceptwould have requiredFor aliens age 21 orolder: Would haveinadmissible ordeportable on applicablealiens under 21 at anytimein the four years prior todeportable on applicablegrounds; and alien never
g/wcontinuous physicalrequired filing ofgrounds.enactment; and that alienunder final order of
s.or
leakpresence in U.S. for fiveapplication duringbe enrolled in, or haveexclusion, deportation,
years precedingspecified period; thatgraduated from, IHE.or removal.
://wikiapplication, includingalien would have met
httpthree years before agerequirements for aliens
18.under 21 based on
application filed anytime
in the four years prior to
enactment; and that alien
be enrolled in, or have
graduated from, IHE.
CRS-12
Current LawH.R. 84, as introducedH.R. 1684, as introducedH.R. 3271 , as introducedS. 8 (Title III, Subtitle D),as introducedS. 1545, as reported
Requirements for removal of condition on LPR status
ision.No provision.No provision.No provision.No provision.Would have required
filing of petition during
specified period; good
moral character; alien
not inadmissible or
deportable on applicable
grounds; no
iki/CRS-RL31365abandonment of U.S.
g/wresidence; names of all
s.orU.S. secondary schools
leakattended; and one of the
://wikifollowing: (1) degreefrom IHE or completion
httpof two years in good
standing in bachelor’s
(or higher) degree
program; or (2) two
years of service in U.S.
Armed Forces.
CRS-13
Current LawH.R. 84, as introducedH.R. 1684, as introducedH.R. 3271 , as introducedS. 8 (Title III, Subtitle D),as introducedS. 1545, as reported
Grounds for termination of conditional LPR status
ision.No provision.No provision.No provision.No provision.Would have terminated
status if alien was not of
good moral character;
was inadmissible or
deportable on applicable
grounds; had become a
iki/CRS-RL31365public charge; hadreceived an other-than
g/whonorable discharge
s.or
leakfrom the U.S. Armed
Forces; or if Secretary
://wikiof Homeland Security
httpdetermined information
in petition to remove
condition was not true.
CRS-14
Current LawH.R. 84, as introducedH.R. 1684, as introducedH.R. 3271 , as introducedS. 8 (Title III, Subtitle D),as introducedS. 1545, as reported
Special provisions for aliens potentially eligible for relief
ision.No provision.No provision.Would have grantedWould have grantedWould have granted
protection from removalprotection from removalprotection from removal
and work authorizationand work authorization toand work authorization
to aliens with prima facieotherwise eligible aliensto otherwise eligible
case of eligibility.who had not yet met highaliens who had not yet
school graduationmet high school
iki/CRS-RL31365requirement. graduation requirement;were at least age 12; and
g/wwere enrolled full-time
s.or
leakin primary or secondary
school.
://wikiApplication for relief
http
ision.No provision.Alien could have appliedNo provision.Similar provision to H.R.Similar provision to
affirmatively for relief1684.H.R. 1684.
without being placed in
removal proceedings.
CRS-15
Current LawH.R. 84, as introducedH.R. 1684, as introducedH.R. 3271 , as introducedS. 8 (Title III, Subtitle D),as introducedS. 1545, as reported
Numerical limits
ere is anCurrent law.Would have amendedWould have exemptedWould not have countedSimilar provision to S.
it ofINA to exempt aliensaliens adjusted to LPRaliens granted COR/AOS8.
granted COR/AOS understatus under bill fromunder bill against INA
ber of aliensbill from INA numericalINA numerical limits.numerical limit on COR/
limit on COR/AOS.AOS.
anted
iki/CRS-RL31365AOS. INA
g/were are annual
s.or
leakits on the
ber of aliens
://wiki
httpNA
CRS-16
Current LawH.R. 84, as introducedH.R. 1684, as introducedH.R. 3271 , as introducedS. 8 (Title III, Subtitle D),as introducedS. 1545, as reported
Federal postsecondary education benefits
Would have amendedSimilar provision to H.R.Current law.Current law.With respect to
definition of qualified84.assistance under Title
alien to include alienIV of Higher Education
ible forgranted COR/AOSAct, would have made
ost federalunder the bill or alienaliens who adjusted
with a pendingstatus under bill eligible
iki/CRS-RL31365application forCOR/AOS.only for student loans,work-study programs,
g/wand services.
s.or
leak
://wiki
httpauthorized