Trends in U.S. Foreign Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002

CRS Report for Congress
Trends in U.S. Foreign Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002
May 20, 2003
Carol Canada
Technical Information Specialist
Resources, Science, and Industry Division


Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Trends in U.S. Foreign Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002
Summary
Over the 11-year period from FY1992 to FY2002, more than 50 types of
agricultural commodities have been donated to more than 100 countries through U.S.
food aid programs. The Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of
1954, the Food for Progress Act of 1985, and the Agricultural Act of 1949
established three main U.S. food aid programs: Public Law 480 (P.L. 480), Food for
Progress (FFP), and Section 416(b) to meet humanitarian needs, alleviate
malnutrition, and establish a market presence in recipient countries. Three other food
aid programs are the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust, the McGovern-Dole
International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program (IFEP), and the John
Ogonowski Farmer-to-Farmer Program.
P.L. 480, also known as the Food for Peace Program, provides U.S. agricultural
commodities to countries with differing economic development levels. Food For
Progress provides commodities to developing countries that are emerging
democracies and that have made commitments to introduce or expand free enterprise
in their agricultural economies. Section 416(b) provides donations to developing
countries of surplus agricultural commodities acquired by the Commodity Credit
Corporation (CCC) through price support programs. The Bill Emerson Humanitarian
Trust is a commodity reserve used to meet emergency humanitarian food needs in
developing countries. The McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and
Child Nutrition Program (IFEP) provides food to improve nutrition for mothers,
infants, preschoolers, and schoolchildren in developing countries. The John
Ogonowski Farmer-to-Farmer Program finances the transfer of technical skills of the
U.S. agricultural community to farmers in participating countries.
This report provides tables and graphs on the composition of U.S. food aid.
Data is restricted to United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) data that
includes commodity tonnage and value. The data does not include ocean freight,
internal handling, shipping, transportation, and administration expenses.
Among other things, this report indicates that funding for food aid varies from
year to year; that more food aid has been provided under P.L. 480 and Section 416(b)
than under Food for Progress; that most food aid provided under P.L. 480 is
distributed through Title II; that the food aid commodity composition now includes
more high-value and blended products donated through Title II feeding programs;
and that the United States is a major food aid contributor. This report will be updated
as circumstances warrant.



Contents
Food Aid Programs............................................1
Food Aid by Program, FY1992-FY2002............................2
Commodities Provided by Programs, FY1992-FY2002................5
Regions Receiving Commodities, FY1992-FY2002...................5
Emergency vs. Non-Emergency Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002............6
Food Aid as a Percentage of U.S. Agricultural Exports to
Developing Countries......................................8
Food Aid by Donor Country.....................................9
List of Figures
Figure 1. U.S. Food Aid by Program, Commodity Value, FY1992-FY2002....3
Figure 2. P.L. 480 Food Aid Programs by Commodity Value, FY1992-FY2002.3
Figure 3. Food Aid Commodity Categories by Volume, FY1992 and FY2002..5
Figure 4. Volume of Food Aid Received by Region, FY1992-FY2002........6
Figure 5. Emergency and Non-Emergency Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002........7
Figure 6. U.S. Food Aid Exports as a Percent of U.S. Agricultural Exports
to Developing Countries, FY1992-FY2002..........................8
Figure 7. Major Donor Contributions of Food Aid by Volume,
Marketing Years 1995-2001.....................................9
List of Tables
Table 1. Food Aid Programs, Value and Commodity Volume by Program,
FY1992-FY2002 ..............................................4
Table 2. Non-Emergency and Emergency Food Aid,
FY1992-FY2002 ..............................................7
Table 3. Food Aid and U.S. Agricultural Exports.........................8
Appendix A: U.S. Food Aid by Value, FY1992-FY2002..................10
Appendix B: U.S. Food Aid by Volume, FY1992-FY2002................11
Appendix C: Food Aid Commodity Mix, FY1992-FY2002................12
Appendix D: Food Aid Commodity Categories by Volume, FY1992-FY2002.13
Appendix E: Countries That Received Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002..........14
Appendix F: Food Aid Donations to Regions by Volume, FY1992-FY2002...16



Trends in U.S. Foreign Food Aid,
FY1992-FY2002
Food Aid Programs
The Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, the Food for
Progress Act of 1985, and the Agricultural Act of 1949 established three main U.S.
food aid programs to meet humanitarian needs, alleviate malnutrition, and to
establish a market presence in recipient countries. The three main food aid programs
that provide commodities are Public Law 480 (P.L. 480); Food for Progress (FFP);
and Section 416(b). There are three other programs also used to provide food aid and
agricultural technical assistance. These are the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust, the
McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program
(IFEP), and the John Ogonowski Farmer-to-Farmer Program.
P.L. 480, also known as the Food for Peace Program, provides U.S. agricultural
commodities to countries with differing economic development levels. It is
authorized by the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 and
consists of three titles: Title I, Title II, and Title III. Title I uses long term credit
agreements to facilitate government to government purchases of agricultural
commodities by developing countries with the potential to become commercial
markets. It is administered by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
Titles II and III are administered by the Agency for International Development
(USAID). Title II allows the U.S. government to donate agricultural commodities
to foreign countries to meet humanitarian needs arising from emergencies or for use
in development projects. Title II also is used to donate agricultural commodities to
the United Nations (UN) World Food Program (WFP), an intergovernmental
organization that provides for humanitarian needs in foreign countries. Title II
humanitarian programs are operated by private voluntary organizations, cooperatives,
intergovernmental organizations, governments of developing countries and their
agencies, and other organizations. Title III provides government to government
grants to support long term economic development in least developed countries.
Food For Progress provides commodities to developing countries that are
emerging democracies and that have made commitments to introduce or expand free
enterprise in their agricultural economies. It is authorized by the Food for Progress
Act of 1985. Commodities for the FFP are financed by Title I appropriations or
through Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) purchases or, if available, CCC
inventories may be used.
Section 416(b) of the Agriculture Act of 1949, as amended, provides donations
of surplus agricultural commodities acquired by the CCC from price support
programs to food aid programs. It is administered by USDA and operates much like
Title II. It can be used for emergency and non-emergency food aid and the



commodities are provided to the ultimate beneficiaries via private voluntary
organizations, cooperatives, and the World Food Program. In marketing years 2000-
2002, section 416(b) commodities were used for the Global Food for Education
Initiative (GFEI). GFEI was replaced by the IFEP in the 2002 farm bill (see below).
The Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust is primarily a commodity reserve used
to meet emergency humanitarian food needs in developing countries. It is authorized
under the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust Act of 1998. Four million metric tons
of grains can be held in the trust in any combination of wheat, rice, corn, or sorghum.
Funds from P.L. 480 can be used to purchase grain to replace supplies released from
the reserve, but the purchases are limited to $20 million per fiscal year. The Bill
Emerson Humanitarian Trust is also authorized to hold money as well as
commodities in the reserve, but no funds have been held.
The McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition
Program (IFEP), authorized by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of

2002, encourages education and provides food to improve nutrition for mothers,


infants, preschoolers, and school children in developing countries. It is administered
by USDA and carried out by private voluntary organizations, cooperatives,
intergovernmental organizations, governments of developing countries and their
agencies, and other organizations.
The John Ogonowski Farmer-to-Farmer Program does not provide any
commodities but receives 0.4% of P.L. 480 appropriations to improve global food
production and marketing by transferring technical skills of the U.S. agricultural
community to farmers in participating countries. It is authorized under Title V of
P.L. 480, administered by USAID, and operated by private voluntary organizations,
cooperatives, intergovernmental organizations, governments of developing countries
and their agencies, and other organizations. The program was renamed to honor John
Ogonowski, who participated in the program, and was one of the pilots who was
killed on September 11, 2001.
Food Aid by Program, FY1992-FY2002
As shown in Figure 1, levels of funding for U.S. food aid have varied from year
to year. Funding peaked in FY1999 at $2.7 billion and was $1.1 billion in FY2002.
Food for Progress was $86 million, Section 416(b) was $410 million, and P.L. 480
was $595 million in FY2002. In FY1992, P.L. 480 accounted for 72% of total food
aid and in FY2002 it accounted for 55% of total food aid. Although Section 416(b)
was not funded from FY1995 to FY1997, funding for it has increased overall
between FY1992 and FY2002. In FY1999, Section 416(b) peaked at $1.1 billion due
to a Food Aid Initiative announced by President Clinton in 1998. The Initiative
authorized increased wheat and wheat product donations. Under the Initiative, the
CCC purchased over 5 million metric tons of soybeans, wheat, and wheat products
which were donated through the Section 416(b) program in FY1999. Much of the
food was made available to the McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and
Child Nutrition Program (IFEP). (See also Table 1, for food aid data by value and
volume from FY1992-FY2002.)



Figure 1. U.S. Food Aid by Program,
Commodity Value, FY1992-FY2002
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
P.L. 480Section 416 (b)Food for Progress
Source: USDA.
Figure 2. P.L. 480 Food Aid Programs by
Commodity Value, FY1992-FY2002
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
199 2 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Title ITitle IITitle II/WFPTitle III
Title II includes Title II/WFP for 1992. Source: USDA.
The $595 million of P.L. 480 in FY2002 included Title I at $102 million, Title
II at $280 million, and TitleII/WFP at $213 million. Title III has not been funded
since FY2000. As shown in Figure 2, Title II is the largest of the three P.L. 480
programs. Title II commodities allocated to the WFP have been increasing in recent
years. In FY1992, Title I was $374 million, three times the amount it was in
FY2002. The level of Title I spending in FY1999 was due to augmenting P.L. 480
appropriations with $700 million of CCC funds to provide food aid to Russia.



Table 1. Food Aid Programs, Value and Commodity Volumea by Program, FY1992-FY2002
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
P.L. 480: Title I
Dollars in Millions374333218172219153164687157105102
Million Metric Tons 2.272.111.160.800.790.771.023.431.030.755.04
P.L. 480: Title II
Dollars in Millions482509578458504413475581471439493
Million Metric Tons 1.922.002.092.051.621.641.932.732.122.132.24
P.L. 480: Title III
Dollars in Millions2402321758339282119000
Million Metric Tons 1.571.291.020.460.150.150.140.150.000.000.00
iki/CRS-RL31927
g/wTotal P.L. 480 Programs
s.orDollars in Millions1,0961,0749717127625946601,287627544595
leak
Million Metric Tons 5.765.394.273.322.562.563.096.323.152.892.74
://wiki
httpFood For Peace (FFP)
Dollars in Millions127922113173108798630715110786
Million Metric Tons 0.475.790.480.640.370.290.450.420.410.440.29
Section 416(b)
Dollars in Millions30836590700411,105632630410
Million Metric Tons 1.611.820.180.000.000.000.006.153.153.041.64
Total, Food Aid Programs
Dollars in Millions1,5312,3611,1758928706737872,6981,4101,2811,091
Million Metric Tons 7.8413.014.933.962.932.843.5312.886.706.364.67
a Commodity Volume is Grain Equivalent Million Metric Tons.Source: USDA.



Commodities Provided by Programs, FY1992-FY2002
Over 50 types of commodities including grains, oilseeds, dairy products, fruits
and vegetables, and blended foods have been provided through the U.S. food aid
programs from FY1992 to FY2002 (See Appendix C for a list of commodities
provided under the food aid programs). Commodity composition varies due to
country needs and commodity availability.
Figure 3. Food Aid Commodity Categories by
Volume, FY1992 and FY2002
FY 19 92 FY 2002
Corn & SorghumRiceRice8.0%
35.8%5.2%Corn & SorghumWheat
11.7%43.6%
Nonfat Dry Milk0.5%Nonfat Dry Milk1.1%
Wheat39.6%Other15.1%Vegetable OilOther
Vegetable Oil3.9%7.9%27.7%
Other includes: Beans, Buckwheat, Bulgur, Butter, Corn Soy Blend, Corn Soy Masa Flour, Corn Soya Milk, Cornmeal, Cotton,Dehydrated Potatoes, Dehydrated Vegetables, Evaporated Milk, Infant Formula, Lentils, Peas, S.F. Bulgur, S.F. Cornmeal, S.F.
Sorghum Grits, Soy Fortified Bulgur, Soybean Meal, Soybeans, Tallow, Textured Soy Protein, Wheat Flour, Wheat Soy Blends. Source: USDA.
As shown in Figure 3, the leading food aid category in FY1992 and FY2002 is
wheat. Corn and sorghum decreased from 36% of the total in FY1992 to 12% in
FY2002. Rice has increased from 5% of the total in FY1992 to 8% in FY2002.
Vegetable oil has doubled from FY1992 to FY2002. The "other" category has
increased from 15% of the total in FY1992 to 28% in FY2002. Since the "other"
category contains blended and fortified products, percentage changes might be due
to the increase in Title II appropriations and the need for high value products (HVP)
or blended foods in Title II feeding programs. (See Appendix D for data on the food
aid categories by volume from FY1992-FY2002).
Regions Receiving Commodities, FY1992-FY2002
Food aid has been donated to over 100 countries from FY1992 to FY2002.
Each year the list of countries receiving food aid changes based on need and whether
or not a country cannot afford to purchase food. As shown in Figure 4, USDA
organizes countries that receive food aid into six regions: Africa; Asia and the
Middle East; Europe; Latin America and the Carribean; Near East; and the New
Independent States. (See Appendix E for a list of countries under each region that
received food through the food aid programs.) In FY1992, Africa received 38% of
all food aid by volume, Latin America and the Carribean received 20%, and Asia



received 18% of total food aid by volume. In FY2002, Asia received 42% of all food
aid by volume, Africa received 27%, and Latin America and the Carribean received

13% of total food aid by volume.


Figure 4. Volume of Food Aid Received by Region,
FY1992-FY2002
FY1992 FY2002
Near/Middle East9.4%
Near/Middle East9.6%New Independent States14.2%New Independent States
Latin America/Carribean13.4%7.7%
Latin America/Carribean19.5%
Afri c a34 . 0%
Afri c a37 . 6%
Asi a33. 4 %
E ur ope1. 5% Asi a17. 5% Europe2. 1%
Source: USDA.
Africa's share of food aid in FY1992 and FY2002 reflects its demand for food
for development and emergencies. The increase in food aid to Asia from FY1992 to
FY2002 reflects increased donations to Afghanistan and North Korea. The volume
of food aid to Latin America and the Carribean countries decreased from 20% of the
total in FY1992 to 13% in FY2002. The proportion of food aid to the New
Independent States decreased by almost half from FY1992 to FY2002. Food aid to
Europe in FY1992 reflects Title I sales to Central and Eastern European Countries
(CEEC) that were Soviet satellite countries to assist their transition to independence
from the Former Soviet Union (FSU). While food aid to the Near East has not
changed much between FY1992 and FY2002, it may increase in the future due to
increased food aid needs in Iraq. (See Appendix F for the volume of food aid
received by each region from FY1992 to FY2002.)
Emergency vs. Non-Emergency Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002
Title II provides both emergency and non-emergency food aid, and Section
416(b) is used similarly to Title II. The P.L. 480 statute requires that 1.87 million
metric tons be allocated for non-emergency food aid unless waived by the President
of the United States. As shown in Figure 5 and Table 2, non-emergency food aid
peaked in FY2001 and emergency food aid peaked in FY1995. In FY2002, non-
emergency food aid donations were 1.2 million metric tons and emergency food aid
donations were 1.0 million metric tons.



Figure 5. Emergency and Non-Emergency Food Aid,
FY1992-FY2002
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1992 19 93 1994 1995 19 96 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Em er gency N o n- Em erge ncy
Source: USDA.
Table 2. Non-Emergency and Emergency Food Aid,
FY1992-FY2002
(thousand metric tons)
YearNon-EmergencyEmergencyTotal
19921,2437541,997
19931,1938041,997
19941,1119812,092
19951,0191,0792,098
19968528431,695
19978847811,665
19989919211,912
19991,1407921,932
20001,1549562,110
20011,3007282,028
20021,2031,0152,218
Source: USAID.



Food Aid as a Percentage of U.S. Agricultural Exports
to Developing Countries
As shown in Figure 6, U.S. food aid exports as a percent of U.S. agricultural
exports by value to developing countries peaked in FY1993 and FY1999 at 20% and

18% respectively. In FY2002, U.S. food aid exports accounted for 6% of total U.S.


exports to developing countries. This is a one percent decrease from FY2001 when
food aid exports accounted for 7% of U.S. agricultural exports to developing
countries. U.S. agricultural exports to developing countries were $18 billion in
FY2002. (See Table 3 for additional information on U.S. exports by category.)
Figure 6. U.S. Food Aid Exports as a Percent
of U.S. Agricultural Exports to Developing
Countries, FY1992-FY2002
20 %
15 %
10 %
5%
0%
19 92 19 93 1994 1995 19 96 19 97 1998 1999 20 00 20 01 2002
Source: USDA.
Table 3. Food Aid and U.S. Agricultural Exports
($ million)
TotalFood Aid asU.S. Agricultural Food Aid as % of U.S.
YearFood AidAgricultural% of Total Exports toAgricultural Exports to
ExportsDeveloping CountriesDeveloping Countries
1992 1,531 42,651 3.20% 12,263 12.48%
1993 2,361 42,887 3.19% 11,963 19.74%
1994 1,175 43,967 2.39% 12,256 9.59%
1995 892 54,729 1.51% 15,839 5.63%
1996 870 59,867 1.33% 17,987 4.84%
1997 673 57,338 1.10% 16,764 4.01%
1998 787 53,711 1.39% 17,100 4.60%
1999 2,463 49,148 3.82% 14,950 16.47%
2000 1,280 50,798 2.24% 16,158 7.92%
2001 1,281 52,699 2.21% 17,877 7.17%
2002 1,091 53,294 1.99% 18,006 6.06%
Source: USDA.



Food Aid by Donor Country
As shown in Figure 7, the United States contributed 55% of all food aid by
volume in marketing years 1995 through 2001. The European Union (EU)
contributed 28% and Japan and Canada each contributed 6% of the volume of food
aid donations.
Figure 7. Major Donor Contributions of Food Aid
by Volume, Marketing Years 1995-2001
USA55. 4%
A r gen t i na0. 1%
Aus t r al i a3. 7%
Canad a5. 6 %
S wi t ze r l and0. 7 %
J apa n5. 7% Nor wa y
0. 6%
EU28. 2%
Source: International Grains Council Food Aid Committee, Food Aid Shipments 2001.
This data for marketing year July/June does not correspond to fiscal year food
aid data reported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in budget documents or by
the U.S. Agency for International Development in annual food aid reports. The
source of the data is the annual report Food Aid Shipments, prepared by the Food Aid
Committee of the International Grains Council, which administers the Food Aid
Convention. For more information, see CRS Report RS21279, International Food
Aid: U.S. and Other Donor Contributions.



Appendix A: U.S. Food Aid by Value, FY1992-FY2002
($ million)
P.L. 480aSection 416(b)bFood for Progressc
rTotalTitle ITitle IITitle II/WFPTitle IIITotalRegularWFPRegularWFP GFETotalTitle ISectionCCCTotal
GF E 416 Purchases
374 482 0 240 1,096 216 93 0 0 308 77 10 40 127 1,531
333 382 127 232 1,074 283 82 0 0 365 597 325 0 922 2,361
218 475 103 175 971 74 17 0 0 90 62 0 5 2 113 1,175
172 375 83 83 712 4 3 0 0 7 67 0 106 173 892
219 411 93 39 762 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 60 108 870
153 339 74 28 594 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 64 79 673
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g/w164 311 164 21 660 0 0 0 41 41 2 0 84 86 787
s.or687 467 114 19 1,287 0 626 243 236 1,105 236 0 7 1 307 2,463
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http105 305 134 0 544 286 232 70 41 630 51 0 5 6 107 1,281
102 280 213 0 595 240 116 44 10 410 0 0 86 86 1,091
a Title I provides government to government sales of agricultural commodities to developing countries using long-term credit. Title II provides
U.S. agricultural commodity donations to foreign countries for humanitarian needs. Title II/World Food Program provides U.S. agricultural
commodity donations to the World Food Program (WFP), an intergovernmental organization in the United Nations that provides for
humanitarian needs in foreign countries. Title III provides government to government grants to support long-term economic development
in least developed countries.b
All donations under 416(b) are surplus agricultural commodities acquired through the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) from price support
programs. Regular donations are given to food aid organizations and WFP donations are given to the World Food Program. The Global Food
for Education Initiative (GFE) provided food for pre-school and school feeding and nutrition programs in developing countries. Regular GFE
operated through food aid organizations and the WFP GFE operated through the World Food Program. GFE has been replaced by the
McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program.c
Title I is the same as Title I under P.L. 480 and Section 416(b) is the same as Section 416(b) in the above footnote. CCC Purchases are agricultural
commodities the United States purchases through the CCC to donate to developing countries.
Source: USDA.



Appendix B: U.S. Food Aid by Volume, FY1992-FY2002
(thousand metric tons)
Public Law 480Section 416(b)Food for ProgressTotal
Yea r
Title ITitle IITitleTitle IIIRegular WFPRegularWFPTitle ISectionCCC
II/WFPGFE GFE416Purchases
1992 2,268.9 1 ,922.0 0 .0 1,566.2 843.4 768.5 0 .0 0.0 379.9 6 .0 81.9 7 ,836.9
1993 2,105.6 1 ,417.5 578.9 1 ,292.4 1 ,176.0 643.8 0 .0 0.0 4 ,048.9 0 .0 1,742.9 13,006.0
1994 1,159.8 1 ,617.3 474.9 1 ,021.6 49.4 131.1 0 .0 0.0 389.8 0 .0 87.5 4 ,931.3
1995 803.8 1 ,635.0 417.5 463.0 1 .8 1.6 0 .0 0.0 379.2 0 .0 262.0 3 ,963.8
1996 789.8 1 ,283.2 338.6 146.5 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 227.5 0 .0 145.4 2 ,930.9
1997 767.8 1 ,299.1 339.3 150.5 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 106.0 0 .0 179.1 2 ,841.8
iki/CRS-RL31927
g/w1998 1,015.8 1 ,192.4 737.7 139.8 0 .0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 250.8 0 .8 197.7 3 ,535.0
s.or1999 3,435.0 2 ,364.3 365.7 152.0 4 ,556.2 1 ,592.1 0 .0 0.0 252.0 0 .0 164.1 12,881.4
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://wiki2000 1,028.6 1 ,480.2 638.0 0 .0 2,086.1 1 , 059.0 0 .0 0.0 267.6 0 .0 145.5 6 ,704.9
http2001 753.2 1 ,515.8 618.3 0 .0 1,136.4 1 ,415.6 299.5 187.6 310.5 0 .0 125.7 6 ,362.6
2002 504.2 1 ,246.4 991.9 0 .0 758.2 610.0 222.6 51.3 0 .0 285.4 0 .0 44,669.8
a Title I provides government to government sales of agricultural commodities to developing countries using long-term credit. Title II provides
U.S. agricultural commodity donations to foreign countries for humanitarian needs. Title II/World Food Program provides U.S. agricultural
commodity donations to the World Food Program (WFP), an intergovernmental organization in the United Nations that provides for
humanitarian needs in foreign countries. Title III provides government to government grants to support long-term economic development
in least developed countries.b
All donations under 416(b) are surplus agricultural commodities acquired through the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) from price support
programs. Regular donations are given to food aid organizations and WFP donations are given to the World Food Program. The Global Food
for Education Initiative (GFE) provided food for pre-school and school feeding and nutrition programs in developing countries. Regular GFE
operated through food aid organizations and the WFP GFE operated through the World Food Program. GFE has been replaced by the
McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program.c
Title I is the same as Title I under P.L. 480 and Section 416(b) is the same as Section 416(b) in the above footnote. CCC Purchases are agricultural
commodities the United States purchases through the CCC to donate to developing countries.
Source: USDA.



Appendix C: Food Aid Commodity Mix, FY1992-FY2002a
Ap p l e s Fa r i na Suga r
Baby CerealFeed WheatSunflowerseed Oil
Baby FoodHigh Energy BiscuitsTallow
BarleyInfant FormulaTextured Soy Protein
BeansLentilsVegetable Oil
Beans, BlackNon Fat Dry MilkVeggie Burger
Beans, Great NorthernNutrition Powdered BeverageWheat
Beans, KidneyPeanut ButterWheat Flour
Beans, NavyPeanutsWheat Seed
Beans, PintoPeasWheat Soy Blend
Beans, RedPeas, GreenWheat Soy Milk
BeefPeas, YellowWhole Dry Milk
BuckwheatPlanting Seeds
B ul gur P o r k
B utter P o ultr y
B utter o il Rice
ChickenRice Soy Blend
CornS. F. Bulgur
Corn Gluten MealS. F. Cornmeal
Corn Soy Masa FlourS. F. Flour
Corn Soy MilkS. F. Sorghum Grits
Corn Soya BlendSalmon, Canned
Co rnmeal Seeds
Co t t o n S o r ghum
Dehydrated PotatoesSoy Fortified Bulgur
Dehydrated VegetablesSoy Protein Concentrate
Egg PowderSoybean Meal
Evaporated MilkSoybeans
a These commodities were donated through the Food Aid Program during FY1992-FY2002;
however, not all commodities were donated each year.
Source: USDA.



Appendix D: Food Aid Commodity Categories by Volume, FY1992-FY2002
(thousand metric tons)
Co mmo dity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Corn & Sorghum2,803.75,220.8752.9832.8238.9312.7424.41,118.6919.3892.7334.8
Nonfat Dry Milk38.60.01.63.40.00.50.853.737.023.457.1
Rice 404.1 599.3 321.3 151.1 212.0 218.2 195.2 584.6 401.5 242.4 380.4
Vegetable Oil303.8378.7168.4179.4183.7184.2211.5309.4315.4483.9373.8
Wheat 3,106.0 3 ,822.4 2 ,177.4 1 ,440.9 1 ,043.7 1 , 329.0 1 ,727.1 5 ,333.5 3 , 333.4 3 ,109.4 2 ,061.3
Other 1 ,180.7 2 ,984.7 1 ,509.8 1 ,319.1 1 ,169. 4 797.1 975.9 2 ,183.2 1 ,627.5 1 ,610.9 1 ,274.5
Source: USDA.


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Appendix E: Countries That Received Food Aid,
FY1992-FY2002 a
Africa
AlgeriaCongoGuinea BissauNigerTanzania
AngolaCongo, DemocraticKenyaNigeriaTogo
Rep.
BeninCote d'IvoireLesothoRwandaTunisia
BotswanaDjiboutiLiberiaSahel RegionUganda
Burkina FasoEquatorial GuineaMadagascarSao TomeWest Africa Region
B ur und i E r i t r e a M a l a wi Se ne ga l Za i r e
CameroonEthiopiaMaliSierra LeoneZambia
Cape Verde IslandsGambiaMauritaniaSomaliaZimbabwe
Central African RepublicGhanaMauritiusSouth Africa
ChadGreat Lakes RegionMozambiqueSudan
Comoro IslandsGuineaNambiaSwaziland
Asia and the Middle East
AfghanistanEast TimorKorea, NorthNepalVietnam
BangladeshGaza StripLaosPakistanYemen
Bhutan India Lebanon Philippines
CambodiaIndonesiaMongoliaSri Lanka
China I raq Morocco Syria
Europe
Alb a nia Cr o atia FYROM Ro ma nia
(Macedonia)
Balkan StatesEx-YugoslaviaMacedoniaS. Balkans/Kosovo
Bosnia-HercegovenaF.Y.R. of MacedoniaMontenegroSerbia
BulgariaFederal Rep ofPolandSlovenia
Y ugo sl a vi a
Latin America and the Carribean
BoliviaCosta RicaGuatemalaJamaicaParaguay
BrazilDominican RepublicGuyanaMexicoPeru
Central American RegionalEcuadorHaitiNicaraguaSuriname
ColombiaEl SalvadorHondurasPanama



Near East
EgyptJordanWest Bank
New Independent States
Ar me nia E sto nia La tvia T a j ikistan
Az e r b a i j a n G e o r gi a Li t hua ni a T ur kme ni s t a n
B e l a r us K a z a khst a n M o l d o va U kr a i ne
Caucasus RegionKyrgyzstanRussiaUzbekistan
a These countries received donations through the Food Aid Program during FY1992-FY2002;
however, not all countries received donations each year.
Source: USDA.



Appendix F: Food Aid Donations to Regions by Volume, FY1992-FY2002
(thousand metric tons)
Region/Country 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Africa 2,947.6 1 ,593.0 1 ,526.2 1 ,312.4 878.5 795.7 1 ,266.7 1 ,177.2 1 , 900.2 1 ,966.8 1 ,553.9
Asia and the Middle East1,370.61,392.0957.2777.2518.0880.3986.03,602.62,034.62,505.91,529.8
Europe 120.5 747.1 307.4 140.9 210.5 114.7 154.8 244.4 259.7 348.5 94.7
Latin America and Caribbean1,529.81,698.41,009.8613.7513.1412.6608.21,066.2605.9794.4615.1
Near East755.3401.6205.997.096.9179.1158.2101.0383.0200.5430.7
NIS Countries1,113.17,173.8924.9985.6630.7459.4341.43,457.91,406.5506.7351.0
Source: USDA.


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