Judicial Nomination Statistics U.S. District and Circuit Courts, 1945-1976

CRS Report for Congress
Judicial Nomination Statistics:
U.S. District and Circuit Courts, 1945-1976
October 22, 2003
Mitchel A. Sollenberger
Analyst in American National Government
Government and Finance Division

Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Judicial Nomination Statistics:
U.S. District and Circuit Courts, 1945-1976
Summary
Statistics regarding procedural actions taken, from nomination through
confirmation, on U.S. district and circuit court nominations have been compiled by
CRS for the period January 3, 1945 through October 1, 1976. The statistics are
complete for the 79^th through the 94^th Congresses (1945-1976). Among other things,
the statistics for the 1945-1976 period show:
!During the Administrations of Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy,
Johnson, Nixon, and Ford, the Senate confirmation percentage for district and
circuit court nominations combined never went below 75%.
!The President with the highest confirmation percentage for district and circuit
court nominations combined was Richard M. Nixon with 97.9%, and the
President with the lowest confirmation percentage was Harry S Truman with

75.1% agreement.

!The great majority of each President’s nominations were either confirmed or
returned. An average of two nominations per President were withdrawn. Four
nominations were disapproved by a Senate vote during that period.
!The confirmation percentage for district and circuit court nominations
combined was greater than 81% for every Congress from the 79^th through the

94^th, except the 80^th, 81^st, and 82^nd Congresses.

!The only time the average number of days elapsing between nomination date
and confirmation exceeded 63 days was in the 86^th Congress.
!During the 1945-1976 period, no Congress averaged over 100 days between
nomination dates and hearing, committee vote, or Senate vote.
!The Senate returned substantially more nominations during the 81^st and 87^th
Congresses than during any other Congress in the 1945-1976 period.
!The vast majority of judicial nominations submitted during the 1945-1976
period received committee hearings and votes, as well as full Senate votes.
During the 81^st Congress, however, there was a reduction in the share of
nominations receiving committee and Senate action.
!Four of the six nominations that failed to receive a vote to report favorably
from the Judiciary Committee were reported adversely to the Senate floor,
where all four were rejected by a voice vote.
This report will not be updated. However, the statistical tables in this report can
be compared with corresponding tables in CRS Report RL31635, Judicial
Nomination Statistics: U.S. District and Circuit Courts, 1977-2003, by Denis Steven
Rutkus and Mitchel A. Sollenberger.

Contents
In troduction ......................................................1
Procedural Steps for Judicial Appointments.........................1
Methodology in Preparing Statistical Tables.........................2
Statistical Considerations....................................2
Data Collected by CRS.....................................3
Resubmitted Nominations...................................4
Selecting Federal Judges....................................4
Overview of the Statistical Tables.................................5
List of Tables
Table 1. U.S. District and Circuit Court Judgeships: Number Authorized,
Number of Courts, by Year, 1945-1976 ............................7
Table 2. U.S. District and Circuit Court Nominations from Presidents Truman
to Ford (1945-1976): Number Submitted, Number Confirmed, and
Percent Confirmed.............................................9
Table 3. Total Number of U.S. District and Circuit Court Nominations, ^th^th

79 Congress - 94 Congress (1945-1976),

Broken Down by Final Action...................................10
Table 4. U.S. District and Circuit Court Nominations for Each Congress:
Number Received, Number Confirmed, and Percent Confirmed, ^th^th
79 Congress - 94 Congress (1945-1976).........................12
Table 5. Number of U.S. District and Circuit Court Nominations, ^th^th
Congress by Congress, 79 Congress - 94 Congress (1945-1976),
Broken Down by Final Action...................................14
Table 6. Number of U.S. District and Circuit Court Nominations Referred to
Senate Judiciary Committee, Receiving Committee Hearings,
Committee Vote, and Senate Vote, by Congress,
79^th Congress - 94^th Congress (1945-1976).........................16
Table 7. U.S. District and Circuit Court Nominations: Average Number of Days
Elapsing from Nomination Date to Hearing, Committee Action, ^th^th
and Confirmation,79 Congress - 94 Congress (1945-1976)..........18
Table 8. Votes by Senate Judiciary Committee on U.S. District and Circuit Court
Nominations Other than Those Agreeing to Report Favorably,

79^th Congress - 94^th Congress (1945-1976).........................19

Judicial Nomination Statistics:
U.S. District and Circuit Courts, 1945-1976
Introduction¹
Congress has devoted much attention to the lower federal court confirmation
process in recent years. Various CRS reports are now available that explore this²
process. In particular, CRS Report RL31635, Judicial Nomination Statistics: U.S.
District and Circuit Courts, 1977-2003, by Denis Steven Rutkus and Mitchel A.
Sollenberger, provides statistical tables for recent years. This report provides similar
statistics concerning actions taken on U.S. district and circuit court nominations from
January 3, 1945, to October 1, 1976.
Procedural Steps for Judicial Appointments
The process for making lifetime appointments to judgeships in the U.S. district
courts and U.S. courts of appeals involves the same formal steps as in the
appointment of Supreme Court justices.³ The process begins when the President
selects someone to fill a judicial vacancy, submitting a nomination in writing to the
Senate. Usually, on the same day it is received by the Senate, the nomination is
referred by the Senate Executive Clerk to the Committee on the Judiciary, the Senate
committee having jurisdiction over district and appellate, as well as most other
federal court, nominations. In the next step in the appointment process, the Judiciary
Committee holds a hearing on the nomination. Then, the committee votes on
whether to report the nomination to the full Senate. The final step occurs when the
Senate votes to confirm or disapprove the nomination. Confirmation requires a

¹ This report was built on the research and writing done for earlier statistical reports by
Denis Steven Rutkus and Mitchel A. Sollenberger.
² See CRS Report RL31948, Evolution of the Senate’s Role in the Nomination and
Confirmation Process: A Brief History, by Betsy Palmer; CRS Report RS21506,
Implications for the Senate of President Bush’s Proposal on Judicial Nominations, by Betsy
Palmer; CRS Report RL31112, Recess Appointments of Federal Judges, by Louis Fisher;
CRS Report RL32013, The History of the Blue Slip in the Senate Committee on the
Judiciary, 1917-Present, by Mitchel A. Sollenberger; CRS RL31868, U.S. Circuit and^th
District Court Nominations by President George W. Bush During the 107 Congress, by
Denis Steven Rutkus and Mitchel A. Sollenberger; and CRS Report RS20986, Senate
Confirmation Process: An Overview, by Lorraine H. Tong.
³ See CRS Report RL31989, Supreme Court Appointment Process: Roles of the President,
Judiciary Committee, and Senate, by Denis Steven Rutkus; and CRS Report RS20986,
Senate Confirmation Process: An Overview, by Lorraine H. Tong.

simple majority vote. If the Senate votes in the negative on whether to confirm, a
resolution of disapproval is forwarded to the President.⁴
As with nominations in general, judicial nominations sometimes fail to advance
through each procedural step in the appointment process. After referral to
committee, a nomination might fail to receive a hearing, or, after receiving a hearing,
it might fail to receive a committee vote on whether it should be reported. Even if
reported by committee, it might fail to receive a vote by the Senate on whether to
confirm. If it fails to receive a Senate vote, the nomination ultimately will either be
withdrawn by the President or returned to the President by the Secretary of the Senate
upon a Senate adjournment or recess of more than 30 days.⁵
Methodology in Preparing Statistical Tables
In the following pages, eight tables provide statistics concerning procedural
actions that were taken on U.S. district court and U.S. court of appeals nominations
during the period January 3, 1945, through October 1, 1976. The time period begins
with the convening of the 79^th Congress and carries through the second session of the
94^th Congress. The period coincides with the terms in office of Presidents Harry S
Truman (79^th-82^nd Congresses), Dwight D. Eisenhower (83^rd-86^th Congresses), John
F. Kennedy (87^th-88^th Congresses), Lyndon B. Johnson (88^th-90^th Congresses),
Richard M. Nixon (91^st-93^rd Congresses), and Gerald R. Ford (93^rd-94^th Congresses).
Depending on the table, statistics are broken down by year, presidency, or Congress.
Statistical Considerations. The reader should be aware that certain tables
may use different statistical calculations. Table titles and footnotes should be closely
monitored in order to guide the reader through the data and calculations used for each
table. In particular, the footnotes will be invaluable when comparing similar data
from different tables because of the uniqueness of some of the calculations. For
example, Table 2 and Table 3 appear to calculate the same data; however, they do
it in different ways. Table 2 calculates the total number of nominations submitted
and confirmed by President, whereas Table 3 calculates the number of nominations
confirmed, withdrawn, returned, and rejected by groups of Congresses.
One result of ordering data by President or by Congress is the appearance of the
same information in different places. In Table 2, if a President nominates an
individual at the end of his term and during the first few days of a new Congress, that
information will go into the nominated column. In Table 3, however, the same
information will likely go into a different column because the data are arranged by
groups of Congresses and not by President. This anomaly results because a

⁴ For further reading regarding the Senate’s role in the consideration of judicial nominations,
see CRS Report RL31980, Senate Consideration of Presidential Nominations: Committee
and Floor Procedure, by Elizabeth Rybicki.
⁵ Rule XXXI, paragraph 6, Standing Rules of the Senate, provides, in part, that “if the
Senate shall adjourn or take a recess for more than thirty days, all nominations pending and
not finally acted upon at the time of taking such adjournment or recess shall be returned by
the Secretary to the President and shall not again be considered unless they shall again be
made to the Senate by the President.”

President’s term in office ends the January after the presidential election has
occurred. Since the Congress convenes in January, the outgoing President has time
to submit judicial nominations. These submitted nominations are therefore totaled
into the succeeding President’s first Congress. An example would be President
Truman. During his presidency, he submitted 156 district court nominations;
however, the Congresses that sat during his presidency (79^th-82^nd) considered only
154. Two were submitted to the 83^rd Congress just prior to the Eisenhower
inauguration.
Data Collected by CRS. The following tables, except Table 1,⁶ were
generated from a CRS database of nomination dates and actions created by the
author. The data for the CRS database were collected from the various volumes of
the Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate and final editions of the
Legislative and Executive Calendar of the Senate Judiciary Committee (which are
published at the close of each Congress, and include a calendar of actions taken on
every judicial nomination referred to the committee during that Congress).
Data collection focused on the dates and procedural actions taken on
nominations to judgeships in the U.S. district courts (including the territorial district
courts) and the U.S. courts of appeals. The U.S. court of appeals system, often called
the circuit court system, is currently composed of 12 geographic circuits and an
additional nationwide circuit having specialized subject matter jurisdiction. (Note:
from 1945 to 1976 there were only 11 geographic circuits and no specialized
nationwide circuit.) In the following pages and tables, nominations to court of
appeals judgeships are referred to as “circuit court nominations,” and the courts are
referred to as “circuit courts.”
The primary purpose in compiling these statistics was to provide a companion
report to CRS Report RL31635, Judicial Nomination Statistics: U.S. District and
Circuit Courts, 1977-2003, by Denis Steven Rutkus and Mitchel A. Sollenberger.
Although this report focuses on an earlier time period (1945-1976), it also takes a
comparative look — from presidency to presidency and from Congress to Congress
— at the number of district and circuit court nominations submitted to the Senate, the
number and percentage receiving committee and Senate action, and the average time
taken to hold hearings, conduct committee votes, and conduct Senate votes on the
nominations.
The primary focal points for data collection were the dates and actions taken on
nominations, not individuals nominated. In instances where an individual was
nominated more than once to a particular judgeship, each nomination was counted
and entered into the calculations for nomination totals, confirmation percentages, and
other statistics. Tables presenting the average number of days taken to act on
nominations (from nomination date to committee hearing, committee vote, or
confirmation vote) do not measure the overall time that a particular individual was

⁶ Table 1 was built on the research and data collection of CRS intern Oluwabusayo Folarin
and the website of the Federal Judicial Center, Washington, DC.

in nominee status over the course of two or more nominations; rather, they measure
separately the times (in days) that elapsed for each of the nominations involved.
Resubmitted Nominations. It should be recognized that data solely
concerned with nominations, as opposed to individuals nominated, can arguably
result in misleading calculations if individuals are nominated to the same judgeship
more than once, either during the same Congress or during successive Congresses.
A substantial number of “resubmitted” nominations, it may be argued, may create an
exaggerated statistical sense of how many individuals were nominated, and how
many nominees, or what percentage of nominees, failed to gain confirmation.
Conversely, resubmitted nominations may serve to skew downward calculations of
the average time taken on nominations in the appointment process: Resubmissions
of nominations within a Congress will cause, for time averaging purposes, the overall
time in which each individual in question was in nominee status to be divided by two
or more time segments, rather than by just one. Likewise, time averages are lowered
by taking separate measurements of a nomination made in one Congress and the
resubmitted nomination in the next Congress, rather than by measuring the overall
time that the nominee in question was in nominee status. During the time period of
this study (1945-1976), however, resubmissions of judicial nominations were rare.
Selecting Federal Judges. The tables below provide judicial nomination
and confirmation data that cover a time period (1945-1976) that is also examined in
a 1997 book by Sheldon Goldman, a professor of political science at the University
of Massachusetts at Amherst. In his book Picking Federal Judges,⁷ Goldman
describes and analyzes the selection process, looking at presidential decision making
from Franklin D. Roosevelt to Ronald Reagan (1933-1989). A principle purpose of
Goldman’s book is to understand the character of a President’s confirmed judicial
nominees, and how those nominees were received and processed by the Senate.
Hence, this report and Picking Federal Judges are similar in covering most of the
same Presidents (Truman to Ford) and also in showing, in varying ways, the outcome
of each President’s successful judicial selections.
Unlike this report, however, Picking Federal Judges presents specific
descriptive information (i.e., race, sex, education, occupation, political party, and
religion) concerning the overall makeup and character of the judicial nominees
confirmed during each presidency (FDR to Reagan). For its part, this report provides
more detailed information concerning the actual steps the Presidents’ judicial
selections (Truman to Ford) went through in the Senate. The nominations and steps
are measured in a variety of ways. For instance, this report counts hearings and
committee votes, as well as Senate votes and other final actions, on every district and
circuit court nomination a President submits, and determines time-lapse averages not
only between nomination and Senate confirmation, but also between nomination and
hearing, and nomination and committee vote.

⁷ Sheldon Goldman, Picking Federal Judges (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997).

Overview of the Statistical Tables
Table 1 identifies the annual number of full-time district and circuit court
judgeships authorized by law and the number and percentage of these judgeships that
were vacant at a specified time each year. Also, the notes to Table 1 indicate when
legislation was enacted, or when other developments occurred that changed the
number of judgeships authorized by law.
Tables 2 and 3 provide a presidency-by-presidency breakdown of judicial
nomination and confirmation statistics for the1945-1976 period. Table 2 presents
the number of district and circuit court nominations submitted by each President and
the number and percentage of these nominations confirmed by the Senate. The table
reveals that, over the course of six successive presidencies, the confirmation
percentage for district and circuit court nominations combined never went below
75%. Table 2 also shows that Presidents Johnson and Nixon were the only two
Presidents to have a confirmation percentage of 90% or better for both district and
circuit court nominations during their presidencies.
Table 3 breaks down each President’s district and circuit court nomination
totals by the type of final action taken on them, with every nomination categorized
according to one of four possible types of final action: (1) confirmation by the
Senate; (2) withdrawal by the President; (3) Senate return of the nomination to the
President upon a Senate adjournment or recess of more than 30 days; or (4) Senate
rejection by a vote disapproving a nomination. The table shows that the great
majority of nominations during the 1945-1976 period were either confirmed or
returned, that there was an average of two withdrawals per presidency, and that the
Senate voted its disapproval of a nomination four times per presidency.
Table 4 presents, by Congress, the number of district and circuit court
nominations received by the Senate, and the number and percent of those
nominations confirmed. Table 4 indicates that during six Congresses (the 81^st, 83^rd,
87^th, 89^th, 91^st, and 92^nd), significantly more nominations were received by the Senate
than during other Congresses studied. In five of these six Congresses, a statute
creating new judgeships had been enacted. (The precise number of judgeships
created by each statute is given in source notes to Table 1.) Table 4 also shows for^th
the 1945-1976 period that only the 80 Congress had a confirmation percentage
below 70% for either district or circuit nominations combined.
Table 5 breaks down, for each Congress, the total number of district and circuit
court nominations by the final action taken on them. Final action, as in Table 3,
covers one of four mutually exclusive outcomes: confirmation by the Senate;
withdrawal by the President; Senate return of the nomination to the President upon
a Senate adjournment or recess of more than 30 days; and Senate rejection by a vote
disapproving a nomination. The table shows that during Congresses coinciding with
the presidencies of Harry S Truman and John F. Kennedy (81^st and 87^th Congresses,
respectively), the Senate returned substantially more judicial nominations (27 during
the 81^st Congress and 19 during the 87^th Congress) than during any other Congress
in the 1945-1976 period.

Tables 6 and 7 provide statistics for committee action, as well as for Senate or
other final action, in the judicial appointment process. Table 6 shows, for each
Congress, how many district court and circuit court nominations were referred to the
Senate Judiciary Committee, received a committee hearing, were voted on by the
committee, and were voted on by the Senate.
Table 7 presents for each Congress the average number of days between the
President’s submission of judicial nominations to the Senate and the dates on which
the nominations received a hearing, a committee vote, or confirmation vote. The^th^th^th
table shows, among other things, that the 84, 85, and 86 Congresses were the only
Congresses in the time period of this study during which an average of 58 days or
more elapsed between nomination dates and confirmation votes on district and circuit
court nominations combined.
Table 8 presents Senate Judiciary Committee votes on lower court nominations
other than those approving motions to report favorably. Specifically, this table lists
every vote by the committee during the 1945-1976 period on motions made to report
a circuit or district court nomination adversely or without recommendation, as well
as motions to report favorably that were defeated. Arranged chronologically by the
date each nomination was received in the Senate, the table lists, for each nomination,
the motion and vote of the Judiciary Committee and the final outcome in the Senate.
Table 8 shows that of the six nominations not receiving a favorable committee vote,
the Judiciary Committee reported four of the nominations to the Senate adversely,
had a tie vote to report favorably on one nomination, and voted to table the other.

Table 1. U.S. District and Circuit Court Judgeships:
Number Authorized, Number of Courts, by Year, 1945-1976
District Courts^a Circuit CourtsDistrict and Circuit
YearCombined
AuthorizedNumber Authorized Number AuthorizedNumber
Judgeshipsof CourtsJudgeshipsof CourtsJudgeships of Courts
1945 194 89 59 11 253 100
1946^b 197 89 59 11 256 100
1947^c 196 89 59 11 255 100
1948 196 89 59 11 255 100
1949^d 217 89 65 11 282 100
1950^e 221 90 65 11 286 101
1951 221 90 65 11 286 101
1952 221 90 65 11 286 101
1953 221 90 65 11 286 101
1954^f 244 90 68 11 312 101
1955 244 90 68 11 312 101
1956 244 90 68 11 312 101
1957^g 245 90 68 11 313 101
1958^h 246 91 68 11 314 102
1959ⁱ 247 92 68 11 315 103

1960 247 92 68 11 315 103^j

1961 311 92 78 11 389 103^k

1962 311 93 78 11 389 104
1963 311 93 78 11 389 104

1964 311 93 78 11 389 104^l

1965 311 92 78 11 389 103^m

1966 341 94 88 11 429 105

1967 341 94 88 11 429 105ⁿ

1968 341 94 97 11 438 105
1969 341 94 97 11 438 105
1970^o 401 94 97 11 498 105
1971^p 398 95 97 11 495 106
1972 398 95 97 11 495 106
1973 398 95 97 11 495 106
1974 398 95 97 11 495 106
1975 398 95 97 11 495 106
1976 398 95 97 11 495 106
^Sources^:^A^u^th^orⁱ^z^e^d^j^u^d^g^es^hⁱ^ps^f^o^{r each}^y^{ear w}^e^{re obtain}^e^{d f}^r^om^th^{e “}^H^is^tory^of^th^{e Federal}
^J^u^dⁱ^cⁱ^a^r^y^”^we^b^sⁱ^t^e^o^f^t^h^e^F^e^d^e^r^a^l^J^u^dⁱ^cⁱ^a^l^C^eⁿ^t^e^r^,^W^a^s^hⁱⁿ^g^t^oⁿ^,^D^C^,^a^t^[^h^t^t^p^:^/^/^www.^f^j^c^.^g^o^v^]^,^vⁱ^sⁱ^t^e^d
^Juⁿ^e^{25, 2003. T}^a^bl^{e n}^o^t^e^ci^t^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^t^o^s^t^at^u^t^es^creatⁱⁿ^gⁿ^e^w^j^u^dg^es^hⁱ^ps^,^as^w^e^l^l^as^com^p^u^t^atⁱ^oⁿ^of^t^h^e
ⁿ^u^m^{ber of}^cou^r^ts^{, are bas}^e^{d on}^res^earch^by^C^R^{S in}^tern^Olu^w^abu^s^ay^{o Folarin}^.
^{a. U.S. dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^tsⁱⁿ^clu^d^{e th}^{e territorial cou}^r^ts^.
^{b. P.L}^.^79-^{415 (Ju}ⁿ^e^{15, 1946), 60 S}^t^at^{. 260, an}^{d P.L}^.^79-^{530 (Ju}^l^y^{24, 1946), 60 S}^t^at^{. 654,}
^{created tw}^{o perm}^an^en^{t an}^{d on}^{e tem}^porary^dis^t^{rict cou}^r^{t j}^u^dg^es^hⁱ^ps^.^th
^{c. P.L}^.^79-^{530, creat}ⁱⁿ^g^t^h^{e t}^e^m^porary^di^s^t^ri^ct^j^u^dg^es^hⁱ^{p, ex}^pi^{red at}^t^h^{e cl}^os^{e of}^t^h^{e 79}^Co^ngr^e^ss.
^{d. P.L}^.^81-^{27 (March}^{29, 1949), 63 S}^t^at^{. 16, an}^{d P.L}^.^81-^{205 (A}^u^g^.^{3, 1949), 63 S}^t^at^{. 493, creat}^ed
^{21 dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t an}^{d s}ⁱ^x^circu^{it cou}^r^{t j}^u^dg^es^hⁱ^ps^.
^{e. P.L}^.^81-^{632 (A}^u^g^.^{1, 1950), 64 S}^t^at^{. 389, an}^{d P.L}^.^81-^{691 (A}^u^g^.^{14, 1950), 63 S}^t^at^{. 443, creat}^ed
^th^r^{ee d}ⁱ^strⁱ^{ct co}^u^r^{t j}^u^d^g^eshⁱ^p^s^an^d^an^ad^d^itioⁿ^a^{l d}ⁱ^strⁱ^{ct co}^u^r^{t f}^o^r^th^{e state o}^f^Or^eg^oⁿ^.

^f^.^{P. L}^.^83-^{294 (F}^{eb. 10, 1954), 68 S}^t^at^{. 8, creat}^{ed 23 di}^s^t^ri^ct^cou^r^t^an^{d t}^h^{ree ci}^rcuⁱ^t^cou^r^t
^j^u^dg^es^hⁱ^ps^.
^g^.^P.L^.^85-^{310 (1957), creat}^{ed on}^{e di}^s^t^ri^ct^cou^r^t^j^u^dg^es^hⁱ^p.
^h^.^P.L^.^85-^{508 (Ju}^l^y^{7, 1958), 72 S}^t^at^{. 348, creat}^{ed a di}^s^t^ri^ct^cou^r^t^j^u^dg^es^hⁱ^{p i}ⁿ^t^h^{e n}^e^w^di^s^t^ri^ct
^cou^r^t^creat^{ed at}^t^h^{e t}ⁱ^m^{e of}^A^l^as^k^a^s^t^at^eh^ood.
^{i. P}^.^L^.^86-^{3 (March}^{18, 1959), created an}^addition^a^{l dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t j}^u^dg^es^hⁱ^{p in}^th^{e n}^e^w^dis^t^rict
^cou^r^t^creat^{ed at}^t^h^{e t}ⁱ^m^{e of}^H^a^w^aⁱⁱ^s^t^at^eh^ood.
^j^.^P.L^.^87-^{36 (May}^{19, 1961), 75 S}^t^at^{. 80, creat}^{ed 64 di}^s^t^ri^ct^cou^r^t^an^{d 10 ci}^rcuⁱ^t^cou^r^t^j^u^dg^es^hⁱ^ps^.
^k^.^P^.^L^.^87-^{562 (1962), created an}^addition^a^{l dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t f}^o^{r Florida by}^addin^g^th^{e Middle}
^District.
^l^.^P.L^.^89-^{242 (1965), com}^bⁱⁿ^{ed t}^h^{e Eas}^t^ern^an^{d Wes}^t^ern^Dⁱ^s^t^ri^ct^s^of^S^o^u^t^h^C^a^rolⁱⁿ^{a i}ⁿ^t^o^t^h^e
^So^ut^{h Ca}^r^o^lⁱⁿ^a^Dⁱ^st^rⁱ^c^t^.
^m^.^P.L^.^89-^{372 (March}^{18, 1966), 80 S}^t^at^{. 75, creat}^{ed 30 di}^s^t^ri^ct^cou^r^t^an^{d 10 ci}^rcuⁱ^t^cou^r^t
^j^u^dg^es^hⁱ^ps^{. In}^addition^,^P^.^L^.^89-^{372 created tw}^{o addition}^a^{l dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^ts^f^o^{r C}^a^lif^ornⁱ^{a by}
^addin^g^th^{e Eas}^t^ern^an^{d C}^eⁿ^t^{ral Dis}^t^ricts^.
ⁿ^.^P^.^L^.^90-^{347 (J}^uⁿ^e^{18, 1968), 82 Stat. 184, created}ⁿⁱⁿ^e^addition^a^{l circu}^{it cou}^r^{t j}^u^dg^es^hⁱ^ps^.
^{o. P}^.^L^.^91-^{272 (J}^uⁿ^e^{2, 1970), 84 Stat. 294, creat}^{ed 59 addition}^a^{l dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t j}^u^dg^es^hⁱ^ps^.
^{p. T}^h^{ree t}^e^m^porary^j^u^dg^es^hⁱ^ps^creat^{ed by}^P.L^.^91-^{272 w}^a^sⁿ^e^v^e^{r con}^v^e^rt^{ed t}^o^{a perm}^an^en^t
^pos^ition^.^P^.^L^.^92-^{208 (1971) created an}^addition^a^{l dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t f}^o^{r L}^o^uⁱ^sⁱ^an^{a by}^addin^g^th^e
^{Middle Dis}^t^rict.

Table 2. U.S. District and Circuit Court Nominations from
Presidents Truman to Ford (1945-1976): Number Submitted,
Number Confirmed, and Percent Confirmed
^Pres^ident^Dis^t^{rict Court}^a^{Circuit Co}^urt^Dis^t^{rict and Circuit}
⁽^C^ongr^es^s^,^year^s⁾^No^mⁱ^na^tioⁿ^s^No^mⁱ^na^tioⁿ^s^Co^m^b^ined
^Harry^S^T^r^u^m^an^th^nd^N¹⁵⁵^b³³¹⁸⁸
⁽⁷⁹^{— 82}^,
^1945-1952)^C¹¹⁴²⁷¹⁴¹
^%^73.5%^81.8%^75.0%
^D^wⁱ^ght^D^.^Eⁱ^se^nho^w^e^r^rd^th^N¹⁶²^c⁵¹²¹³
⁽⁸³^{— 86}^,^d
^1953-1960)^C¹³⁷⁴⁶¹⁸³
^%^84.6%^90.2%^85.9%
^J^o^{hn F.}^K^e^nne^d^y^th^th^N¹²⁶²⁶¹⁵²
⁽⁸⁷^{— 88}^,
^1961-1963)^C¹⁰⁸²¹¹²⁹
^%^85.7%^80.8%^84.9%
^L^yⁿ^don^{B. Joh}ⁿ^s^on^th^th^N¹³⁴⁴³^f¹⁷⁷
⁽⁸⁸^{— 90}^,
^1963-1968)^C¹²²⁴⁰¹⁶²
^%^91.0%^93.0%^91.5%
^Rⁱ^ch^{ard M. Nix}^oⁿ^st^rd^N¹⁸⁶⁴⁹²³⁵
⁽⁹¹^{— 93}^,
^1969-1974)^C¹⁸⁴⁴⁶²³⁰
^%^98.9%^93.9%^97.9%
^Geral^d^R^.^F^o^rd^rd^th^N5⁹¹⁵⁷⁴
⁽⁹³^{— 94}^,
^1974-1976)^C5⁰¹⁶¹
^%^84.7%^73.3%^82.4%
^Note:^T^h^{e f}ⁱ^v^e^dis^t^{rict cou}^r^{t j}^u^dg^es^s^e^{lected by}^P^r^es^id^eⁿ^t^Ro^o^s^e^v^e^l^t^b^e^fo^r^e^hi^{s d}^e^a^t^{h a}^t^b^e^giⁿⁿⁱ^{ng o}^f^t^h^e⁷⁹^th
^Co^ngr^e^{ss a}^r^e^no^t^use^dⁱⁿ^t^h^e^c^a^l^c^u^l^a^tⁱ^o^{n o}^f^t^h^e^num^b^e^r^o^f^no^mⁱ^na^t^e^d^o^r^c^o^nfi^r^m^e^d^j^u^d^g^e^s^d^u^rⁱ^{ng H}^a^r^r^y^S
^T^r^u^m^an^’^s^pres^iden^cy^.
^Leg^e^nd:^{N = n}^u^m^b^e^r^su^b^m^itted^b^y^th^{e P}^r^esid^en^{t to}^th^{e Sen}^a^{te; C = n}^u^m^b^e^r^coⁿ^f^ir^m^e^d^;^{% = p}^e^r^cen^{t co}ⁿ^f^ir^m^e^d^.
^{a. I}ⁿ^clu^d^{es n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tioⁿ^s^to^th^{e ter}^r^ito^rⁱ^{al d}ⁱ^strⁱ^{ct co}^u^r^{ts in}^th^{e U.S. Vir}^gⁱⁿ^I^s^lan^d^{s, Gu}^am^{, an}^d^th^{e No}^r^t^h^e^rⁿ
^Marian^{a Is}^lan^d^s^.^rd
^{b. In}^clu^d^es^tw^{o dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t T}^r^u^m^an^on^J^aⁿ^.^{9, 1953, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 83}
^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^an^{d w}ⁱ^t^h^drawⁿ^by^Presⁱ^d^en^t^Ei^s^eⁿ^h^o^w^e^{r on}^Ju^l^y^{24 an}^{d A}^u^g^.^{3, 1953.}
^{c. In}^clu^d^es^th^{ree dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t Eis}^eⁿ^h^o^w^e^{r on}^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1961, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th
^th^{e 8}⁷^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^.^T^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^ret^u^rn^{ed on}^{e n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^on^S^e^pt^{. 27, 1961, an}^{d con}^fⁱ^r^m^e^{d t}^h^{e ot}^h^e^{r t}^w^{o on}
^A^u^g^.^{9 an}^{d S}^e^pt^{. 21, 1961.}
^{d. In}^clu^d^es^tw^{o dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t Eis}^eⁿ^h^o^w^e^{r on}^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1961, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^e^th
⁸⁷^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^an^{d con}^fⁱ^r^m^e^{d by}^t^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^on^A^u^g^.^{9 an}^{d S}^e^pt^{. 21, 1961.}
^{e. In}^clu^d^es^f^o^u^r^dis^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t J}^o^hⁿ^s^on^on^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1969, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^e^st
⁹¹^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^an^{d w}ⁱ^t^h^drawⁿ^by^Presⁱ^d^en^t^Nⁱ^x^oⁿ^on^Jan^.^{23, 1969.}^st
^f^.^In^clu^d^es^on^{e circu}^{it cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t J}^o^hⁿ^s^on^on^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1969, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 91}
^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^an^{d w}ⁱ^t^h^drawⁿ^by^Presⁱ^d^en^t^Nⁱ^x^oⁿ^on^Jan^.^{23, 1969.}

Table 3. Total Number of U.S. District and Circuit Court Nominations,

79^th Congress - 94^th Congress (1945-1976), Broken Down by Final Action^a

District Court Nominations^bCircuit Court Nominations
Congresses
(President)^c^c
Con-With-ReturnedRejected &TotalCon-With-ReturnedRejected &Total
f i rmed draw n Re t u r n e d firmed draw n Re t u r n e d
79^th - 82^nd114035^d4^e153 ^f2715033
(Truman)
83^rd - 86^th1355^g22^h01624605051
(Eisenhower)
87^th - 88^th10801801262105026
(Kennedy)
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL32122}^th^thⁱ^j
^g/w88 - 901220801304002042
^s^.or(J ohnson)
^le^ak^st^rd^k^l^mⁿ
91 - 931844201904622050
^://wiki(Nixon)
^h^ttp^rd^th^o
93 - 9450180591104015
(Ford)
Totals 79^th - 94^th713109348201913230217
^No^te:^T^h^{is tab}^l^{e d}^o^e^{s n}^o^{t in}^clu^d^{e P}^r^esid^en^{t Ro}^o^s^ev^elt’^{s f}ⁱ^v^e^dⁱ^strⁱ^{ct cou}^r^{t j}^u^dg^es^hⁱ^{p s}^e^lection^s^bef^o^{re h}ⁱ^s^deathⁱⁿ^th^{e 79}^th^Co^ngr^e^ss.
^{a. Fin}^a^{l actio}ⁿ^co^v^e^r^s^oⁿ^{e o}^f^f^o^u^r^m^u^tu^ally^ex^clu^s^iv^{e o}^u^tco^m^{es: (}¹⁾^coⁿ^f^ir^m^a^tioⁿ^b^y^th^{e Sen}^a^{te; (}²⁾^w^ith^d^r^aw^{al o}^f^{a n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tioⁿ^b^y^th^{e P}^r^esid^en^{t; (}³⁾^Sen^a^{te r}^e^tu^rⁿ
^o^f^th^{e n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tioⁿ^to^P^r^esid^en^{t (}^u^p^oⁿ^{a Sen}^a^{te ad}^j^o^u^rⁿ^m^en^{t o}^r^r^{ecess o}^f^m^o^r^e^th^an³⁰^d^a^y^s⁾^;^an^d⁽⁴⁾^Sen^a^{te r}^e^j^ectioⁿ^b^y^{a v}^o^{te d}ⁱ^s^a^p^p^r^o^vⁱ^{ng a}^no^mⁱ^na^tⁱ^o^n.
^b^.^Iⁿ^clu^d^{es n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tioⁿ^s^to^th^{e ter}^r^ito^rⁱ^{al d}ⁱ^strⁱ^{ct co}^u^r^{ts in}^th^{e U.S. Vir}^gⁱⁿ^I^s^lan^d^{s, Gu}^am^{, an}^d^th^{e No}^r^t^h^e^rⁿ^Marⁱ^an^{a I}^s^lan^d^s.
^{c. Co}^uⁿ^t^{s o}ⁿ^ly^r^e^j^ectioⁿ^s^v^o^ted^b^y^th^{e f}^u^{ll Sen}^a^te.
^{d. T}^h^{e f}^o^u^rⁿ^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^th^{at w}^e^{re rej}^{ected by}^th^{e Se}ⁿ^a^{te are in}^clu^d^{ed in}^th^{e R}^e^j^{ected &}^R^e^tu^rn^{ed colu}^mⁿ^.
^e^.^A^l^l^fo^ur^no^mⁱ^na^tⁱ^o^{ns r}^e^j^e^c^t^e^d^b^y^t^h^e^Se^na^t^e^ha^d^b^een^{reported u}ⁿ^f^av^orably^by^th^{e Sen}^a^{te J}^u^diciary^C^o^m^m^ittee.^rd
^f^.^Doesⁿ^o^{t in}^clu^d^{e tw}^{o dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t T}^r^u^m^an^on^J^aⁿ^.^{9, 1953, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 83}^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^an^{d w}^ith^drawⁿ^by^P^r^es^iden^t
^Ei^s^eⁿ^h^o^w^e^{r on}^Ju^l^y^{24 an}^{d A}^u^g^.^{3, 1953. T}^h^u^s^{, i}ⁿ^t^hⁱ^sⁱⁿ^s^t^an^{ce, t}^h^{ere i}^s^{a di}^f^f^e^ren^{ce of}^t^w^{o i}ⁿ^t^h^{e t}^o^t^a^lⁿ^u^m^{ber of}^di^s^t^ri^ct^c^ou^rt^j^u^dg^esⁿ^o^mⁱⁿ^a^t^e^{d i}ⁿ^T^a^bl^e
²^an^d^th^{e n}^u^m^b^e^rⁱⁿ^th^{e to}^{tal co}^lu^mⁿⁱⁿ^th^{is tab}^l^e.^rd
^g^.^In^clu^d^es^tw^{o dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t T}^r^u^m^an^on^J^aⁿ^.^{9, 1953, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 83}^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^an^{d w}^ith^drawⁿ^by^P^r^es^iden^t
^Ei^s^eⁿ^h^o^w^e^{r on}^Ju^l^y^{24 an}^{d A}^u^g^.^{3, 1953.}

^h^.^In^clu^d^es^on^{e dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t Eis}^eⁿ^h^o^w^e^{r on}^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1961, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 87}^th^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^an^{d ret}^u^rn^{ed by}^t^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^on^S^e^pt^.
^{27, 1961.}^st
^{i. Does}ⁿ^o^{t in}^clu^d^{e th}^{e f}^o^u^r^dis^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t J}^o^hⁿ^s^on^on^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1969, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 91}^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^an^{d w}ⁱ^t^h^drawⁿ^by
^Presⁱ^d^en^t^Nⁱ^x^oⁿ^on^Jan^.^{23, 1969. T}^h^eref^{ore, t}^h^{ere i}^s^{a di}^f^f^e^ren^{ce of}^f^o^u^rⁱⁿ^t^h^{e t}^o^t^a^lⁿ^u^m^{ber of}^di^s^t^ri^ct^cou^r^t^j^u^dg^esⁿ^o^mⁱⁿ^a^t^e^{d i}ⁿ^T^a^bl^{e 2 an}^{d t}^h^{e n}^u^m^ber
ⁱⁿ^th^{e to}^{tal co}^lu^mⁿⁱⁿ^th^{is tab}^l^e.^st
^j^.^Doesⁿ^o^{t in}^clu^d^{e th}^{e on}^{e circu}^{it cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t J}^o^hⁿ^s^on^on^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1969, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 91}^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^an^{d w}^ith^drawⁿ^by^P^r^es^iden^t
^Nⁱ^x^oⁿ^on^Jan^.^{23, 1969.}^st
^k^.^In^clu^d^es^f^o^u^r^dis^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t J}^o^hⁿ^s^on^on^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1969, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 91}^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^an^{d w}^ith^drawⁿ^by^P^r^es^iden^{t Nix}^oⁿ
^on^Jan^.^{23, 1969.}^st
^{l. T}^h^{e in}^clu^s^ion^of^th^{e f}^o^u^r^dis^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t J}^o^hⁿ^s^on^on^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1969, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 91}^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^an^{d w}ⁱ^t^h^drawⁿ^by
^Presⁱ^d^en^t^Nⁱ^x^oⁿ^on^Jan^.^{23, 1969, h}^a^sⁱⁿ^creas^{ed t}^h^{e t}^o^t^a^lⁿ^u^m^{ber by}^f^o^u^r^{. T}^h^eref^{ore, t}^h^{ere i}^s^{a di}^f^f^e^ren^{ce of}^f^o^u^rⁱⁿ^t^h^{e t}^o^t^a^lⁿ^u^m^{ber of}^di^s^t^ri^ct^cou^r^t^j^u^dg^es
ⁿ^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tedⁱⁿ^T^a^b^l^{e 2}^an^d^th^{e n}^u^m^b^e^rⁱⁿ^th^{e to}^{tal co}^lu^mⁿⁱⁿ^th^{is tab}^l^e.^st
^m^.^In^clu^d^es^on^{e circu}^{it cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t J}^o^hⁿ^s^on^on^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1969, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 91}^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^an^{d w}^ith^drawⁿ^by^P^r^es^iden^{t Nix}^oⁿ^on
^Jan^.^{23, 1969.}^st
ⁿ^.^T^h^{e in}^clu^s^ion^of^th^{e on}^{e circu}^{it cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t J}^o^hⁿ^s^on^on^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1969, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 91}^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^an^{d w}^ith^drawⁿ^by^P^r^es^iden^t
^Nⁱ^x^oⁿ^on^Jan^.^{23, 1969, h}^a^sⁱⁿ^creas^{ed t}^h^{e t}^o^t^a^lⁿ^u^m^{ber by}^on^{e. T}^h^eref^{ore, t}^h^{ere i}^s^{a di}^f^f^e^ren^{ce of}^on^{e i}ⁿ^t^h^{e t}^o^t^a^lⁿ^u^m^{ber of}^dis^t^{rict cou}^r^{t j}^u^dg^esⁿ^o^mⁱⁿ^a^ted
ⁱⁿ^T^a^b^l^{e 2}^an^d^th^{e n}^u^m^b^e^rⁱⁿ^th^{e to}^{tal co}^lu^mⁿⁱⁿ^th^{is tab}^l^e.
^{o. In}^cl^u^d^es^on^{e n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^t^a^bl^{ed by}^t^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^Ju^di^ci^ary^C^o^m^mⁱ^t^t^{ee on}^May^{5, 1976, an}^{d w}ⁱ^t^h^drawⁿ^by^Presⁱ^d^en^t^F^o^{rd on}^Juⁿ^e^7,^1976.

ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL32122}
^g/w
^s^.or
^le^ak
^://wiki
^h^ttp

Table 4. U.S. District and Circuit Court Nominations for Each Congress: Number Received, Number Confirmed,
and Percent Confirmed, 79^th Congress - 94^th Congress (1945-1976)
District Court^aCircuit Court District and Circuit Combined
CongressYearsPresident Nominations ReceivedNominationsConfirmedNominationsReceivedNominationsConfirmedNominationsReceivedNominationsConfirmed
No. %No. %No.%

79^th1945-46Harry S Truman2424100.0%8787.5%323196.9%

80^th 1947-48 25 16 64.0% 3 3 100.0% 28 19 67.9%

81^st 1949-50 78 54 69.2% 20 15 75.0% 98 69 70.4%

82^nd 1951-52 26 20 76.9% 2 2 100.0% 28 22 78.6%

ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL32122}83^rd1953-54Dwight D.52^b4484.6%131292.3%65 ^b5686.2%
^g/wEisenhower^th
^s^.or84 1955-56 36 31 86.1% 13 11 84.6% 49 42 85.7%
^le^ak^th

85 1957-58 31 26 83.9% 12 11 91.7% 43 37 86.0%

^://wiki86^th 1959-60 42 34 81.0% 13 12 92.3% 55 46 83.6%
^h^ttp

87^th1961-62John F.109^c95 ^d87.2%221777.3%131^c112^d85.5%

Kennedy

88^th1963-64John F.312683.9%77100.0%383386.8%

Kennedy/
Lyndon B.
Johnson

89^th1965-66Lyndon B.686494.1%262596.2%948994.7%

J ohnson^th

90 1967-68 51 47 92.2% 13 12 92.3% 64 59 92.2%

91^st1969-70Richard M.75^e7093.3%23^f2087.0%98^e,^f9091.8%

Nixon^nd

92 1971-72 80 80 100.0% 18 18 100.0% 98 98 100.0%

District Court^aCircuit Court District and Circuit Combined
CongressYearsPresident Nominations ReceivedNominationsConfirmedNominationsReceivedNominationsConfirmedNominationsReceivedNominationsConfirmed
No. %No. %No.%

93^rd1973-74Richard M.474697.9%131076.9%605693.3%

Nixon/
Gerald R. Ford

94^th1975-76Gerald R. Ford473880.9%11981.8%584781.0%

Totals 79^th - 94^th822715 — 217191 — 1039906 —
^No^te:^T^h^{is tab}^l^{e d}^o^e^{s n}^o^{t in}^clu^d^{e P}^r^esid^en^{t Ro}^o^s^ev^elt’^{s f}ⁱ^v^e^dⁱ^st^{rict cou}^r^{t j}^u^dg^es^hⁱ^{p s}^e^lection^s^bef^o^{re h}ⁱ^s^deathⁱⁿ^th^{e 79}^th^Co^ngr^e^ss.
^{a. I}ⁿ^clu^d^{es n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tioⁿ^s^to^th^{e ter}^r^ito^rⁱ^{al d}ⁱ^strⁱ^{ct co}^u^r^{ts in}^th^{e U.S. Virg}ⁱⁿ^Is^lan^d^s^,^Gu^am^{, an}^{d th}^{e North}^e^rn^Marian^{a Is}^lan^d^s^.^rd
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL32122}^{b. In}^clu^d^es^tw^{o dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t T}^r^u^m^an^on^J^aⁿ^.^{9, 1953, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 83}^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^an^{d w}^ith^drawⁿ^by^P^r^es^iden^{t Eis}^eⁿ^h^o^w^e^{r on}^J^u^ly
^g/w^{24 an}^{d A}^u^g^.^{3, 1953.}^th
^s^.or^{c. In}^clu^d^es^th^{ree dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t Eis}^eⁿ^h^o^w^e^{r on}^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1961, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 87}^Co^ngr^e^ss.^T^h^e^Se^na^t^e^r^e^t^u^rⁿ^e^d^oⁿ^e^no^mⁱ^na^tⁱ^o^{n o}ⁿ
^le^ak^S^e^pt^{. 27, 1961, an}^{d con}^fⁱ^r^m^e^{d t}^h^{e ot}^h^e^{r t}^w^{o on}^A^u^g^.^{9 an}^{d S}^e^pt^{. 21, 1961.}^th
^{d. In}^clu^d^es^tw^{o dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t Eis}^eⁿ^h^o^w^e^{r on}^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1961, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 87}^Co^ngr^e^ss,^aⁿ^d^c^o^nfi^r^m^e^d^b^y^t^h^e^Se^na^t^e^oⁿ^A^ug.⁹^aⁿ^d
^://wiki^S^e^pt^{. 21, 1961.}^st
^h^ttp^{e. In}^clu^d^es^f^o^u^r^dis^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t J}^o^hⁿ^s^on^on^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1969, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 91}^Co^ngr^e^ss,^aⁿ^d^wⁱ^t^h^d^r^a^w^{n b}^y^P^r^e^sⁱ^d^eⁿ^t^Nⁱ^xo^{n o}ⁿ^J^a^n.²³^,^1969.
^f^.^In^clu^d^es^on^{e circu}^{it cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t J}^o^hⁿ^s^on^on^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1969, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 91}^st^Co^ngr^e^ss,^aⁿ^d^wⁱ^t^h^d^r^a^w^{n b}^y^P^r^e^sⁱ^d^eⁿ^t^Nⁱ^xo^{n o}ⁿ^J^a^n.²³^,
^1969.

Table 5. Number of U.S. District and Circuit Court Nominations, Congress by Congress,

79^th Congress - 94^th Congress (1945-1976), Broken Down by Final Action^a

District Court Nominations^bCircuit Court Nominations
Congress P resident^c^c
Con-With-ReturnedRejected &TotalCon-With-ReturnedRejected &Total
f i rmed draw n Re turned f i rmed draw n Re turned
79^th (1945-46) Harry S Truman240002471008
80^th (1947-48)160902530003
81^st (1949-50)540222781505020
82^nd (1951-52)200422620002
83^rd (1953-54)Dwight D.442^d60521201013
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL32122}Eisenhower^th
^g/w84 (1955-56)31050361102013
^s^.or^th
^le^ak85 (1957-58)26140311101012
^th (1959-60)34260421201013
^://wiki86
^h^ttp87^th (1961-62)John F. Kennedy95^e014^f01091705022
88^th (1963-64)John F.260503170007
Kennedy/
Lyndon B.
Johnson
89^th (1965-66)Lyndon B.64040682501026
J ohnson^th

90 (1967-68)47040511201013

District Court Nominations^bCircuit Court Nominations
Congress P resident^c^c
Con-With-ReturnedRejected &TotalCon-With-ReturnedRejected &Total
f i rmed draw n Re turned f i rmed draw n Re turned
91^st (1969-70)Richard M.704^g1075202^h1023
Nixon^nd
92 (1971-72)80000801800018
93^rd (1973-74)Richard M.46010471003013
Nixon/
Gerald R. Ford
94^th (1975-76)Gerald R. Ford3818047902011
Totals 79^th - 94^th715109348221913230217
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL32122}^T^h^{is tab}^l^{e d}^o^e^{s n}^o^{t in}^clu^d^{e P}^r^esid^en^{t Ro}^o^s^ev^elt’^{s f}ⁱ^v^e^dⁱ^strⁱ^{ct cou}^r^{t j}^u^dg^es^hⁱ^{p s}^e^lection^s^bef^o^{re h}ⁱ^s^deathⁱⁿ^th^{e 79}^th^Co^ngr^e^ss.
^g/w
^s^.or^a^{l actio}ⁿ^co^v^e^r^s^oⁿ^{e o}^f^f^o^u^r^m^u^tu^ally^ex^clu^s^iv^{e o}^u^tco^m^{es: (}¹⁾^coⁿ^f^ir^m^a^tioⁿ^b^y^th^{e Sen}^a^{te; (}²⁾^w^ith^d^r^aw^{al o}^f^{a n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tioⁿ^b^y^th^{e P}^r^esid^en^{t; (}³⁾^Sen^a^{te r}^e^tu^rⁿ^o^f^th^e
^le^akⁿ^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tioⁿ^to^th^{e P}^r^esid^en^{t (}^u^p^oⁿ^{a Sen}^a^{te ad}^j^o^u^rⁿ^m^en^{t o}^r^r^{ecess o}^f^m^o^r^e^th^an³⁰^d^a^y^s⁾^;^an^d⁽⁴⁾^Sen^a^{te r}^e^j^ectioⁿ^b^y^{a v}^o^{te d}ⁱ^sa^p^p^r^o^vⁱ^{ng a}^no^mⁱ^na^tⁱ^o^n.
^.^Iⁿ^clu^d^{es n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tioⁿ^s^to^th^{e ter}^r^ito^rⁱ^{al d}ⁱ^strⁱ^{ct co}^u^r^{ts in}^th^{e U.S. Vir}^gⁱⁿ^I^s^lan^d^{s, Gu}^am^{, an}^d^th^{e No}^r^t^h^e^rⁿ^Marⁱ^an^{a I}^s^lan^d^s.
^://wiki^o^uⁿ^t^s^on^ly^rej^ection^s^v^o^{ted by}^th^{e f}^u^{ll Sen}^a^{te. T}^w^{o n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^th^{at, ov}^{er th}^{e 1945-}^{1976 period, w}^e^{re def}^{eated in}^com^m^itte^{e (by}^Sen^a^{te J}^u^diciary^C^o^m^m^{ittee v}^o^tes
^h^ttp^ag^ain^s^{t r}^e^p^o^r^tin^g^th^{e n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tioⁿ^s^to^th^{e Sen}^a^te)^ar^{e co}^uⁿ^t^edⁱⁿ^e^ith^{er th}^{e “}^W^ith^drawⁿ^”^{or th}^{e “}^R^etu^rⁿ^e^{d” colu}^mⁿ^s^,^asⁱⁿ^dicatedⁱⁿ^th^{e tab}^l^{e n}^o^tes.^rd
^clu^d^es^tw^{o dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t T}^r^u^m^an^on^J^aⁿ^.^{9, 1953, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 83}^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^an^{d w}^ith^drawⁿ^by^P^r^es^iden^{t Eis}^eⁿ^h^o^w^e^{r on}^J^u^ly
^{24 an}^{d A}^u^g^.^{3, 1953.}^th
^clu^d^es^tw^{o dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t Eis}^eⁿ^h^o^w^e^{r on}^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1961, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 87}^Co^ngr^e^ss,^aⁿ^d^c^o^nfi^r^m^e^d^b^y^t^h^e^Se^na^t^e^oⁿ^A^ug.⁹^aⁿ^d
^S^e^pt^{. 21, 1961.}^th
^.^In^clu^d^es^on^{e dis}^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t Eis}^eⁿ^h^o^w^e^{r on}^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1961, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 87}^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^an^{d ret}^u^rn^{ed by}^t^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^on^S^e^pt^{. 27, 1961.}^st
^.^In^clu^d^es^f^o^u^r^dis^t^{rict cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t J}^o^hⁿ^s^on^on^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1969, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 91}^Co^ngr^e^ss,^aⁿ^d^wⁱ^t^h^d^r^a^w^{n b}^y^P^r^e^sⁱ^d^eⁿ^t^Nⁱ^xo^{n o}ⁿ^J^a^n.²³^,
^1969.^st
^.^In^clu^d^es^on^{e circu}^{it cou}^r^{t n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^s^u^bm^{itted by}^P^r^es^iden^{t J}^o^hⁿ^s^on^on^J^aⁿ^.^{10, 1969, at th}^{e s}^t^{art of}^th^{e 91}^Co^ngr^e^ss,^aⁿ^d^wⁱ^t^h^d^r^a^w^{n b}^y^P^r^e^sⁱ^d^eⁿ^t^Nⁱ^xo^{n o}ⁿ^J^a^n.²³^,
^1969.

Table 6. Number of U.S. District and Circuit Court Nominations Referred to Senate Judiciary Committee,
Receiving Committee Hearings, Committee Vote, and Senate Vote, by Congress,

79^th Congress - 94^th Congress (1945-1976)

District Court Nominations^aCircuit Court Nominations
CongressPresidentReferredReceivedVoted on byVoted onReferred toReceivedVoted on byVoted on
toHearing^bCommittee^bby SenateCommitteeHearing^bCommittee^bby Senate
Committee
79^th (1945-46) Harry S Truman24^c2028^d248877
80^th (1947-48)252116163333
81^st (1949-50)7852565620121515
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL32122}82^nd (1951-52)261922222222
^g/w^rd^e
^s^.or83 (1953-54)Dwight D.5239444413101212
^le^akEisenhower^th
84 (1955-56)3628313113111111
^://wiki85^th (1957-58)312426261171010
^h^ttp
86^th (1959-60)4233343413121212
87^th (1961-62)John F. Kennedy109^f949595^g22171717
88^th (1963-64)John F.312526267777
Kennedy/
Lyndon B.
Johnson
89^th (1965-66)Lyndon B.6863646526232425
J ohnson^th

90 (1967-68)5148474713131312

District Court Nominations^aCircuit Court Nominations
CongressPresidentReferredReceivedVoted on byVoted onReferred toReceivedVoted on byVoted on
toHearing^bCommittee^bby SenateCommitteeHearing^bCommittee^bby Senate
Committee
91^st (1969-70)Richard M.75^h68707023ⁱ192020
Nixon^nd
92 (1971-72)8076808018171818
93^rd (1973-1974)Richard M.4746464613111010
Nixon/
Gerald R. Ford
94^th (1975-1976)Gerald R. Ford474038381111109
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL32122}Note: In some of the Congresses above, one or more nominees received a hearing on their nominations in one Congress, only to be re-nominated in the next
^g/wCongress and have a committee vote and Senate vote on their resubmitted nomination. Usually, in these cases, the Judiciary Committee did not hold a
^s^.orhearing on the resubmitted nomination if a hearing had already been held on the nominee in the preceding Congress. This carryover of actions on
^le^akparticular nominees (with a hearing held in one Congress, and votes by the Judiciary Committee and/or the Senate in the next Congress) explains why, in
some of the Congresses, the number of nominations receiving a hearing is smaller than the number of nominations voted on by committee and by the Senate.
^://wiki
^h^ttpa. Includes nominations to the territorial district courts in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
b. A nomination receiving more than one hearing is counted just once in its particular “received hearing” column. Similarly, a nomination receiving more
than one committee vote, either on the same day or on different days, is counted just once in its “voted on by committee” column.
c. Does not include the five district court nominations submitted by President Roosevelt on Jan. 3 and 22, and March 12 and 30, 1945, before his death on
April 12, 1945.
d. Does not include the one President Roosevelt nomination defeated in the Senate Judiciary Committee.
e. Includes two district court nominations submitted by President Truman on Jan. 9, 1953, at the start of the 83^rd Congress, and withdrawn by President
Eisenhower on July 24 and Aug. 3, 1953.
f. Includes three district court nominations submitted by President Eisenhower on Jan. 10, 1961, at the start of the 87^th Congress. The Senate returned one
nomination on Sept. 27, 1961 and confirmed the other two on Aug. 9 and Sept. 21, 1961.^th
g. Includes two district court nominations submitted by President Eisenhower on Jan. 10, 1961, at the start of the 87 Congress, and confirmed by the Senate
on Aug. 9, and Sept. 21, 1961.^st
h. Includes four district court nominations submitted by President Johnson on Jan. 10, 1969, at the start of the 91 Congress, and withdrawn by President
Nixon on Jan. 23, 1969.^st
i. Includes one circuit court nomination submitted by President Johnson on Jan. 10, 1969, at the start of the 91 Congress, and withdrawn by President Nixon
on Jan. 23, 1969.

CRS-18
Table 7. U.S. District and Circuit Court Nominations: Average Number of Days Elapsing from Nomination Date to
Hearing, Committee Action, and Confirmation,79^th Congress - 94^th Congress (1945-1976)
^aCircuit Court Nominations
CongressDistrict Court Nominations
(Years)Hearing^bCommittee Vote^bConfirmation^bHearing^bCommittee Vote^bConfirmation^b
79^th (1945-46) 112217171720
80^th (1947-48)184148133242
81^st (1949-50)354951424244
82^nd (1951-52)313236131415
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL32122}83^rd (1953-54)162426152223
^g/w^th
^s^.or84 (1955-56)344142375458
^le^ak^th
85 (1957-58)202226374142
^://wiki^th
^h^ttp86 (1959-60)599698598586
87^th (1961-62)263233172832
88^th (1963-64)424446273840
89^th (1965-66)162426162525
90^th (1967-68)293941183342
91^st (1969-70)283132213540
92^nd (1971-72)182323272828
93^rd (1973-1974)202627171819
94^th (1975-1976)303638223436
^T^h^{is tab}^l^{e d}^o^e^{s n}^o^{t in}^clu^d^{e P}^r^esid^en^{t Ro}^o^s^ev^elt’^{s f}ⁱ^v^e^dⁱ^strⁱ^{ct cou}^r^{t j}^u^dg^es^hⁱ^{p s}^e^lection^s^bef^o^{re h}ⁱ^s^deathⁱⁿ^th^{e 79}^th^Co^ngr^e^ss.
^clu^d^{es n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tioⁿ^s^to^th^{e ter}^r^ito^rⁱ^{al d}ⁱ^strⁱ^{ct co}^u^r^{ts in}^th^{e U.S. Virg}ⁱⁿ^Is^lan^d^s^,^Gu^am^{, an}^{d th}^{e North}^e^rn^Marian^{a Is}^lan^d^s^.
^v^erag^{e n}^u^m^{ber of}^day^s^{, rou}ⁿ^d^{ed to n}^eares^{t w}^h^{ole n}^u^m^{ber, elap}^sin^g^f^r^o^mⁿ^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tioⁿ^d^a^{te to}^th^{e p}^r^o^ced^u^r^{al actio}ⁿⁱⁿ^th^{is co}^lu^mⁿ^(h^earin^g^,^com^m^{ittee ac}^tioⁿ^,^o^r^coⁿ^f^ir^m^a^tioⁿ⁾^.

CRS-19
Table 8. Votes by Senate Judiciary Committee on U.S. District and Circuit Court Nominations
Other than Those Agreeing to Report Favorably, 79^th Congress - 94^th Congress (1945-1976)
NomineeCourtMotion/VoteFinal Outcome
TableReportReport WithoutReport
F avorably Recommendation Unf avorably
79^thNathan RossU.S. District Court — 6-6,^a — — Nomination
Margoldfor the District of07/30/45returned,
Columbia 08/01/45
81^stM. Neil AndrewsU.S. District Court, — 07/31/50^b — 07/31/50^cRejected by
Northern GeorgiaSenate,
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL32122}voice vote,
^g/w 08/09/50
^s^.or81^stCarroll D. SwitzerU.S. District Court, — 07/31/50^d — 07/31/50^eRejected by
^le^akSouthern IowaSenate,
^://wikivoice vote,
^h^ttp 08/09/50
82^ndJoseph DruckerU.S. District Court, — 09/17/51^f — 10/08/51^fRejected by
Northern IllinoisSenate,
voice vote,
10/09/51
82^ndCornelius J.U.S. District Court, — 09/17/51^g — 10/08/51^gRejected by
HarringtonNorthern IllinoisSenate,
voice vote,
10/09/51
94^thWilliam B. PoffU.S. District Court,9-0, 05/05/76^h — — — Nomination
Western Virginiawithdrawn,
06/07/76
^{: A}^v^o^{te by}^th^{e J}^u^diciary^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^{a n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^is^{treated as}^o^t^h^e^r^th^an^f^a^v^o^r^a^b^l^{e if}^{: (}¹⁾^{a m}^a^j^o^r^ity^o^f^th^{e co}^m^m^{ittee v}^o^t^ed^ag^ain^s^{t a m}^o^tioⁿ^to^r^e^p^o^r^{t th}^{e n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tioⁿ
^r^a^b^l^y^;⁽²⁾^{a m}^o^tioⁿ^to^r^e^p^o^r^{t f}^a^v^o^r^a^b^l^y^f^a^iled^oⁿ^{a tie v}^o^{te; (}³⁾^th^{e v}^o^{te w}^a^{s o}ⁿ^{a m}^o^tioⁿ^to^r^e^p^o^r^{t th}^{e n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tioⁿ^w^ith^o^u^t^r^eco^m^m^eⁿ^d^atioⁿ^;^o^r⁽⁴⁾^th^{e v}^o^{te w}^a^{s o}ⁿ^{a m}^o^tioⁿ^to
^r^{t th}^{e n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tioⁿ^uⁿ^f^av^o^r^ab^ly⁽ⁱ^{.e., w}^ith^{a r}^eco^m^m^eⁿ^d^atioⁿ^th^{at th}^{e Sen}^a^{te n}^o^{t co}ⁿ^f^ir^m^th^{e n}^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tioⁿ⁾^.

CRS-20
^e^gis^l^{ative and Executive C}^a^lendar^,^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^th^{e J}^u^diciary^,⁷⁹^th^C^oⁿ^g^{., 1}^st^s^e^s^s^{., p. 86.}
^er^th^e^L^e^gis^l^{ative and Executive C}^a^lendar^on^th^{e J}^u^diciary^C^o^m^m^{ittee n}^o^{r th}^e^C^ongr^es^sⁱ^onal^Recor^d^r^e^p^o^r^{ts a v}^o^{te to}^{tal f}^o^r^Aⁿ^d^r^ew^{s. See}^L^e^gis^l^{ative and Executive}^st^nd
^C^a^l^e^ndar^,^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^th^{e J}^u^diciary^,⁸¹^C^oⁿ^g^{., 2}^s^e^s^s^{., p. 454.}
^h^e^L^e^gis^l^{ative and Executive C}^a^lendarⁱⁿ^dicates^th^{at C}^h^airm^an^P^a^{t McC}^a^rran^{reported A}ⁿ^drew^s^ou^{t of}^com^m^{ittee adv}^e^rs^ely^.^A^u^th^{or as}^s^u^m^e^s^th^{at th}^{e f}ⁱⁿ^a^{l com}^m^{ittee v}^o^t^{e w}^a^s^st^nd
^f^o^r^{a m}^o^tioⁿ^to^r^e^p^o^r^{t u}ⁿ^f^av^o^r^ab^ly^{. See}^L^e^gis^l^{ative and Executive C}^a^lendar^,^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^th^{e J}^u^diciary^,⁸¹^C^oⁿ^g^{., 2}^s^e^s^s^{., p. 454.}
^er^th^e^L^e^gis^l^{ative and Executive C}^a^lendar^on^th^{e J}^u^diciary^C^o^m^m^{ittee n}^o^{r th}^e^C^ongr^es^sⁱ^onal^Recor^d^r^e^p^o^r^{ts a v}^o^{te to}^{tal f}^o^r^Sw^itzer^{. See}^L^e^gis^l^{ative and Executive}^st^nd
^C^a^l^e^ndar^,^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^th^{e J}^u^diciary^,⁸¹^C^oⁿ^g^{., 2}^s^e^s^s^{., p. 454.}
^h^e^L^e^gis^l^{ative and Executive C}^a^lendarⁱⁿ^dicates^th^{at C}^h^airm^an^P^a^{t McC}^a^rran^{reported A}ⁿ^drew^s^ou^{t of}^co^m^m^{ittee adv}^e^rs^ely^.^W^e^as^s^u^m^e^th^{at th}^{e f}ⁱⁿ^a^{l com}^m^{ittee v}^o^{te w}^a^s^fo^r^a^st^nd
^m^o^tioⁿ^to^r^e^p^o^r^{t u}ⁿ^f^av^o^r^ab^ly^{. See}^L^e^gis^l^{ative and Executive C}^a^lendar^,^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^th^{e J}^u^diciary^,⁸¹^C^oⁿ^g^{., 2}^s^e^s^s^{., p. 454.}
^h^e^L^e^gis^l^{ative and Executive C}^a^lendarⁱⁿ^di^cat^es^t^h^at^on^S^e^pt^{. 17, 1951, a m}^o^tⁱ^oⁿ^t^o^report^f^a^v^o^rabl^y^w^a^s^def^eat^{ed an}^{d t}^h^at^{a s}^econ^d^m^o^tⁱ^oⁿ^t^o^report^uⁿ^f^av^orabl^y^w^a^s^als^o
^def^{eated; h}^o^w^e^v^e^{r, on}^{Oct. 8, 1951, th}^{e calen}^{dar reports}^th^at^th^{e com}^m^{ittee dis}^a^pprov^{ed Dru}^c^k^e^r’^sⁿ^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^bu^{t th}^en^reported^hⁱ^m^o^u^{t o}ⁿ^th^{e sam}^e^d^a^y^.^T^h^{is th}^ir^d^v^o^te,
^a^ltho^{ugh no}^{t sta}^t^e^d^{in the}^c^a^l^eⁿ^d^a^r^,^te^nd^{s to}^sugge^{st tha}^t^the^c^o^m^m^itte^e^he^ld^a^se^c^o^nd^m^o^tio^{n to}^r^e^p^o^r^{t unfa}^v^o^r^a^b^ly^.^Se^e^L^e^gis^l^{ative and Executive C}^a^lendar^,^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^th^e^nd^st
^J^u^diciary^,⁸²^C^oⁿ^g^{., 1}^s^e^s^s^{., p. 553.}
^h^e^L^e^gis^l^{ative and Executive C}^a^lendarⁱⁿ^di^cat^es^t^h^at^on^S^e^pt^{. 17, 1951, a m}^o^tⁱ^oⁿ^t^o^report^f^a^v^o^rabl^y^w^a^s^def^eat^{ed an}^{d t}^h^at^{a s}^econ^d^m^o^tⁱ^oⁿ^t^o^report^uⁿ^f^av^orabl^y^w^a^s^als^o
^def^{eated; h}^o^w^e^v^e^{r, on}^{Oct. 8, 1951, th}^{e calen}^{dar reports}^th^at^th^{e com}^m^{ittee dis}^a^pprov^{ed Harrin}^g^t^on^’^sⁿ^o^mⁱⁿ^a^tion^bu^{t th}^en^report^ed^hⁱ^m^o^u^{t o}ⁿ^th^{e sam}^e^d^a^y^.^T^h^{is th}^ir^d^v^o^te,
^a^ltho^{ugh no}^{t sta}^t^e^d^{in the}^c^a^l^eⁿ^d^a^r^,^te^nd^{s to}^sugge^{st tha}^t^the^c^o^m^m^itte^e^he^ld^a^se^c^o^nd^m^o^tio^{n to}^r^e^p^o^r^{t unfa}^v^o^r^a^b^ly^.^Se^e^L^e^gis^l^{ative and Executive C}^a^lendar^,^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^th^e^nd^st
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL32122}^J^u^diciary^,⁸²^C^oⁿ^g^{., 1}^s^e^s^s^{., p. 553.}
^g/w^e^gis^l^{ative and Executive C}^a^lendar^,^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^th^{e J}^u^diciary^,⁹⁴^th^C^oⁿ^g^{., 2}^nd^s^e^s^s^{., p. 247. For m}^o^{re in}^f^o^rm^ation^con^cernⁱⁿ^g^th^{e com}^m^{ittee v}^o^{te, s}^{ee C}^Q^In^sⁱ^{de C}^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,
^s^.or^“^‘^Sen^a^to^rⁱ^{al Co}^u^r^tesy^’^Der^a^{ils Fo}^r^d^J^u^d^g^eshⁱ^p^No^mⁱⁿ^a^tioⁿ^,^”^C^ongr^es^sⁱ^{onal Quar}^ter^l^{y W}^{eekly Repor}^t^{, v}^o^l^.^{34, n}^o^{. 18, May}^{8, 1976, p. 1124.}

^le^ak
^://wiki
^h^ttp