Peacekeeping and Conflict Transitions: Background and Congressional Action on the Civilian Response/Reserve Corps and other Civilian Stabilization and Reconstruction Capabilities

^Pr^ep^ar^{ed f}^o^r^M^e^m^b^ers^an^d^Com^mⁱ^t^t^ees^of^C^ong^r^e^ss

The State Department’s Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization (S/CRS)
was established in 2004 to address longstanding concerns, both within Congress and the broader
foreign policy community, over the perceived lack of the appropriate capabilities and processes to
deal with transitions from conflict to stability. These capabilities and procedures include adequate
planning mechanisms for stabilization and reconstruction operations, efficient interagency
coordination structures and procedures in carrying out such tasks, and appropriate civilian
personnel for many of the non-military tasks required. Effectively distributing resources among
the various executive branch actors, maintaining clear lines of authority and jurisdiction, and
balancing short- and long-term objectives are major challenges for designing, planning, and
conducting post-conflict operations, as is fielding the appropriate civilian personnel. In his
January 23, 2007, State of the Union address, President Bush called for Congress to work with his
Administration “to design and establish a volunteer Civilian Reserve Corps.” Included in the
Administration’s February 4, 2008, budget request for FY2009 is a $248.6 million Civilian
Stabilization Initiative that seeks to establish that corps.
Since July 2004, S/CRS has worked to establish the basic concepts, mechanisms, and capabilities
necessary to carry out such operations. Working with a staff of about 73 individuals from the
State Department, other executive branch agencies, and on contract as of early January 2007,
S/CRS has taken steps to monitor and plan for potential conflicts, to develop the first phase of a
rapid-response crisis management capability, to improve interagency and international
coordination, to develop interagency training exercises, and to help State Department regional
bureaus develop concepts and proposals for preventive action.
The issues for the second session of the 110^th Congress include whether to provide a permanent
authorization for that office, and whether to authorize and fund the Administration’s Civilian
Stabilization Initiative (CSI), presented with the annual budget request in February 2008. The CSI
would establish a three-part, 4,250-person civilian response corps (CRS) that would include (1)
an active force of 250 State Department employees, (2) a 2,000-member standby force, and (3) a

2,000-member civilian reserve of non-federal government personnel.

In 2008, Congress has made some progress on these matters. On March 5, the House passed the
Reconstruction and Stabilization Civilian Management Act of 2008, H.R. 1084, which would
codify the establishment of S/CRS and authorize the CRC. Provisions of this bill are included in
the FY2009 National Defense Authorization Bill, H.R. 5658, as passed by the House in June.
Also in June 2008, Congress appropriated $75 million for the CSI in the Supplemental
Appropriations Act, 2008 (H.R. 4642, P.L. 110-252). This legislation waives the need for the
program to be authorized in order for the money to be spent.

Introduc tion ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Backgr ound ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Evolving Perceptions of Post-Conflict Needs...........................................................................3
Calls for Change........................................................................................................................5
Proposals for New Civilian Forces.....................................................................................6
Critics Respond.........................................................................................................................8
Congressional and Bush Administration Action.......................................................................9 ^th
The Initial “Lugar-Biden” Legislation (S. 2127, 108 Congress)......................................9
S/CRS Start-Up, Mandate, and Endorsements..................................................................10
NSPD-44: President Bush’s Directive to Promote Interagency Coordination...................11
The 2008 Civilian Stabilization Initiative: The S/CRS’s Role and Congressional Funding
Action ......................................................................................................................................... 12
Status of FY2008 Supplemental and FY2009 Funding...........................................................12
S/CRS Accomplishments........................................................................................................13
Establishing and Deploying the First Two Response Corps Components........................13
Developing a Civilian Reserve Capability........................................................................14
Monitoring and Planning for Potential Conflicts..............................................................14
Developing Interagency Training Exercises.....................................................................14
Other Activities.................................................................................................................15
Congressional Action on Authorization Legislation in the 110^th Congress...................................15
Enhance the Status of S/CRS..................................................................................................15
Authorize and Fund a Civilian Readiness Response and Reserve Corps................................16
Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate.........................................................19
Establish a Conflict Response Fund........................................................................................20
Author Contact Information..........................................................................................................21

Members of the second session of the 110^th Congress have taken steps to advance the work of the
two previous Congresses regarding Bush Administration initiatives to improve the conduct of
“stabilization and reconstruction” (S&R) initiatives. In previous Congresses, Senate authorizers
took a lead role in promoting the reorganization of the U.S. government and the creation of
extensive civilian capabilities to conduct S&R operations, as well as the creation of a related ^th^th
discretionary conflict response fund. The 108 and 109 Congresses as a whole moved
cautiously, however, on authority and funding for such initiatives, requesting that the
Administration provide more information on its plans.
Thus far, the second session of the 110^th Congress has two issues under consideration.
• The first is whether to authorize and fund new mechanisms that would
“operationalize” the State Department, that is, transform it from an institution
devoted to diplomacy to one that would effect change through “on-the-ground”
personnel and programs dedicated to promoting security and stability in
transitions from conflict and post-conflict situations. One such mechanism is a
flexible, no-year, discretionary Conflict Response Fund. The other is a “readiness
response” corps consisting of various components, including a small unit of
active duty federal employees and a large civilian reserve corps, analogous to the
military reserve.
• The second is whether to put into permanent law the State Department Office of
the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization (S/CRS) and its operations.
Created in mid-2004, S/CRS was tasked with designing, and in some cases
establishing, the new structures within the State Department and elsewhere that
would allow civilian agencies to develop effective policies, processes, and
personnel to build stable and democratic states. According to the March 2006
National Security Strategy, the latest authoritative Administration document
mentioning these capabilities, S/CRS’s role is “to plan and execute” civilian S&R
efforts and to “integrate all relevant United States Government resources and ¹
assets” in conducting such operations.
In 2008, the Bush Administration kicked off discussion of these issues in February with its
announcement of the Civilian Stabilization Initiative (CSI), for which it requested almost $649
million in the FY2009 budget request. Through the CSI, the Administration seeks to develop “a
coordinated capacity across the15 United States Government civilian agencies and the
Department of Defense for a ‘Whole of Government’ response to emergent Reconstruction and ²
Stabilization crises.” In the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2008 (P.L. 110-252, signed into
law June 30), Congress appropriated some $50 million in FY2008 emergency supplemental funds
and $25 million in FY2009 “bridge” funds to support the CSI.
Congressional action to establish an S&R response corps and to codify S/CRS commenced with
the March 5 House passage by voice vote of H.R. 1084, the Reconstruction and Stabilization
Civilian Management Act of 2008 (introduced in 2007 with a similar companion measure of the

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same name, S. 613). When H.R. 1084 appeared stalled in the Senate, the House Armed Services
Committee reported on May 16, and passed on May 22, a defense authorization act (H.R. 5658)
that included the text of H.R. 1084. On September 10, Senator Lugar introduced, on behalf of
himself and Senators Biden, Durbin, and Warner, a new version of the Reconstruction and
Stabilization Civilian Management Act, which varied slightly from both H.R. 1084 and S. 613.
This report provides background on these issues. It also discusses proposals and tracks related
legislative action. It will be updated as warranted.

President Bush’s pledge, articulated in his February 2, 2005, State of the Union address, “to build
and preserve a community of free and independent nations, with governments that answer to their
citizens, and reflect their own cultures” cast the once-discredited concept of building or
rebuilding government institutions, economies, and civic cultures in a new light. During the
1990s, many policymakers considered the establishment of new institutions in troubled countries
to be an overly expensive, if not futile exercise. The use of U.S. military forces for such activities,
particularly in the first half of the decade, was troubling to many Members. In the past few years,
however, the Bush Administration, in response to concerns about the threats posed by weak and
fragile states, reframed both U.S. security and international development policy and undertaken
dramatic corresponding changes in U.S. governmental structures and practices. These changes, it
argued, would enable the United States to perform such tasks more efficiently and at a lesser cost,
particularly in transitions from conflict and in post-conflict situations.
A key component of these changes is the establishment and reinforcement of new civilian
structures and forces, in particular S/CRS and the civilian reserve corps. A year ago, the Bush
Administration made these new civilian entities a prominent feature in two initiatives: the
National Security Presidential Directive 44 (NSPD-44) of December 2005 on the management of
interagency reconstruction and stabilization operations and the “transformational diplomacy”
reorganization of State Department personnel and practices announced in January 2006.
These initiatives are intended to enhance the United States’ ability to function effectively on the
world scene in the post-9/11 environment. In that environment, according to Secretary of State
Condoleezza Rice’s remarks introducing transformational diplomacy, the greatest threats to U.S.
security often emerge within states that are either too weak to police their territory or lack the
political will or capacity to do so. To deal with that environment, Secretary Rice outlined a new
U.S. foreign policy strategy focusing on the “intersections of diplomacy, democracy promotion,
economic reconstruction and military security” and involving extensive changes in government to ³
carry that strategy out. State-building (or nation-building as it is often called) is at the center of
this strategy. Both initiatives reinforced the important role that the Bush Administration has given
the new State Department Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization (S/CRS)
in policymaking and implementation dealing with conflict transitions and weak and fragile states.

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In his January 23, 2007 State of the Union address, the President pointed to the need for a civilian
reserve corps as a tool in the generational struggle against terrorism. “Such a corps would
function much like our military reserve,” he said. “It would ease the burden on the armed forces
by allowing us to hire civilians with critical skills to serve on missions abroad when America
needs them. It would give people across America who do not wear the uniform a chance to serve ⁴
in the defining struggle of our time.”

The creation of S/CRS in July 2004 responded to increasing calls for the improvement of U.S.
civilian capabilities to plan and carry out post-conflict state-building operations. Several factors
have combined since 9/11 to lead many analysts to conclude that such operations are vital to U.S.
security and that the United States must reorganize itself to conduct them effectively, in particular
by creating new and improving existing civilian institutions to carry them out. Foremost among
these factors, for many analysts, is the widespread perception since 9/11 that global instability
directly threatens U.S. security and that it is a vital U.S. interest to transform weak and failing
states into stable, democratic ones. Related to this is the expectation that responding to the threat
of instability will require the United States and the international community to intervene ⁶
periodically in foreign conflicts with “peacekeeping” and “stabilization” forces at about the same
intensive pace as it has done since the early 1990s. Because that pace has stressed the U.S.
military, many policymakers believe that the United States must create and enhance civilian
capabilities to carry out the peacebuilding tasks that are widely viewed as necessary for stability
and reconstruction in fragile, conflict-prone, and post-conflict states. Finally, numerous analyses
distilling the past decade and a half of experience with multifaceted peacekeeeping and
peacebuilding operations have raised hopes that rapid, comprehensive, and improved
peacebuilding efforts can significantly raise the possibilities of achieving sustainable peace.
Post-conflict operations are complex undertakings, usually involving the participation of several
United Nations departments and U.N. system agencies, the international financial institutions and
a plethora of non-governmental humanitarian and development organizations, as well as the ⁷
military and other departments or ministries of the United States and other nations. The United

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States developed its contributions to the earliest international “peacekeeping” operations of the
1990s on an ad hoc basis, with little interagency planning and coordination, and often with the
U.S. military in the lead. The military was called upon to perform such missions not only for its
extensive resources but also because no other U.S. government agency could match the military’s
superior planning and organizational capabilities. In addition, because of its manpower, the
military carried out most of the U.S. humanitarian and nation-building contribution, even though
some believed that civilians might be better suited to carry out such tasks, especially those
involving cooperation with humanitarian NGOs.
During the 1990s, many analysts began to perceive the need to improve and increase civilian
contributions to peacekeeping operations, especially for those activities related to planning and
conducting operations and to establishing a secure environment. An important Clinton
Administration initiative was the May 1997 Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 56, entitled
The Clinton Administration’s Policy on Managing Complex Contingency Operations. According
to the white paper explaining it, PDD 56 sought to address interagency planning and coordination ⁸
problems through new planning and implementing mechanisms. Due to what some analysts
describe as internal bureaucratic resistance, PDD 56’s provisions were never formally
implemented, although some of its practices were informally adopted. (In December 2005,
President Bush issued National Security Presidential Directive (NSPD) 44, which replaced PDD-
56. For more information, see below.) The Clinton Administration also attempted to remedy the
shortage of one critical nation-building tool, international civilian police forces, through PDD 71,
which a white paper describes as outlining policy guidelines for strengthening criminal justice ⁹
systems in support of peace operations. While never implemented by the Clinton Administration, ¹⁰
PDD 71 has been partially put into force by the Bush Administration.
Improvements in the provision of social and economic assistance are also viewed as crucial to
successful outcomes. Post-conflict populations need “safety net” and poverty alleviation
programs, as well as technical assistance and advice on monetary and fiscal policy and debt
management in order to create an environment conducive to democratization and economic ¹¹
growth. While the popular image of U.S. post-conflict assistance is the post-World War II
Marshall Plan, through which the United States provided the foreign assistance needed for
Europe’s post-conflict reconstruction, the United States is no longer the sole, and often not the
dominant, donor in post-conflict situations. Multilateral institutions became increasingly

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¹⁰^Se^e^C^R^S^R^e^por^{t R}^L³²³²¹^,^P^o^licⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^Pe^a^cekeepⁱⁿ^g^aⁿ^d^Rela^ted^S^t^a^b^ility^O^p^era^tioⁿ^s^{: Pro}^b^{lems a}ⁿ^d^Pr^o^p^o^s^ed
^Sol^utio^ns^,^by^Nⁱ^na^{M. Se}^r^a^fⁱ^no.
¹¹^Collie^r,^P^a^{ul a}^{nd H}^o^e^f^f^l^e^r^{, A}^nke^“^A^{id, P}^o^lic^y^a^{nd G}^r^o^w^{th in}^Post-^C^onf^lic^{t Soc}ⁱ^e^tie^s,”^W^o^r^l^d^Ba^nk^W^o^r^k^{ing P}^ape^r^,
^Oct^o^b^e^r²⁰⁰²^.

important during the 1990s, when small, regional conflicts proliferated following the collapse of
the Soviet Union.
International organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund now
play crucial roles, working with the U.S. government to provide economic assistance and
technical advice on rebuilding post-conflict economies. (Nevertheless, although the United States
has provided some funding for economic reconstruction multilaterally for the recent Afghanistan
and Iraq operations, most U.S. funding for post-conflict operations is provided bilaterally.) Many
analysts now judge that multilateral assistance is more effective for the recipient country than ¹²
bilateral aid for two reasons. First, disbursing funds multilaterally through U.N. agencies or
international organizations gives greater assurance that it will reach recipients than providing aid
bilaterally with direct payments to individual governments or non-governmental organizations
(NGOs). In addition, analysts find that bilateral aid is more likely to be apportioned according to ¹³
the donor’s foreign policy priorities rather than the economic needs of the recipient country.
For many analysts and policymakers, the ongoing Iraq operation illustrates a U.S. government
need for new planning and coordination arrangements that would provide a leadership role for
civilians in post-conflict phases of military operations and new civilian capabilities to augment
and relieve the military as soon as possible, and greater international coordination. The perception
of a continued need for such operations, and the perceived inefficiencies of the still largely ad hoc
U.S. responses have reinvigorated calls for planning and coordination reform. The Bush
Administration’s reluctance to use military forces for nation-building tasks and the extreme
stresses placed on the military by combat roles in Iraq and Afghanistan have pushed those calls in
a new direction, to the development of adequate civilian capabilities to perform those tasks.
The perception that international terrorism can exploit weak, unstable states convinced many
policymakers and analysts of the need to strengthen U.S. and international capabilities to foster
security, good governance and economic development, especially in post-conflict situations. The

9/11 Commission and the Commission on Weak States and U.S. National Security judged weak ¹⁴

states, as well as unsuccessful post-conflict transitions, to pose a threat to U.S. security. These
groups argued that such states often experience economic strife and political instability that make
them vulnerable to drug trafficking, human trafficking and other criminal enterprises, and to
linkage with non-state terrorist groups (such as the links between the previous Taliban
government in Afghanistan and the Al Qaeda terrorist network). Weak states also are unprepared
to handle major public health issues, such as HIV/AIDS, that can generate political and economic ¹⁵
instability. These commissions, and other analysts, argued for assistance to the governments of

¹²^Milne^r^,^He^le^{n, “}^W^hy^Multila^te^ra^lism^?^Fore^ig^{n A}ⁱ^{d a}^{nd D}^o^m^e^stic^P^rⁱⁿ^cⁱ^pa^{l A}^g^eⁿ^t^P^r^o^b^le^m^s^,”^a^v^aⁱ^l^a^ble^a^t
^http:^//w^w^w^.^w^cf^ia^.ha^r^v^a^r^d^.e^du/s^e^mⁱ^na^r^s^/^p^e^g^r^oup/^m^ilne^r^.pdf^{, a}^nd^S^c^hia^v^o-^C^a^m^{po, S.}^{, “}^Fⁱⁿ^aⁿ^cⁱ^ng^aⁿ^{d A}ⁱ^d
^A^rra^nge^m^e^{nts In Post-Co}ⁿ^f^lic^{t Si}^tua^tio^ns,”^W^o^r^l^d^Ba^nk^W^o^r^k^ing^P^ape^r^{, Ma}^y²⁰⁰^3.
¹³^A^l^e^s^ina^,^A^l^be^r^t^{o a}ⁿ^d^D^o^lla^r^,^D^a^vⁱ^{d, “}^W^{ho G}ⁱ^v^e^s^For^e^ig^{n A}ⁱ^{d to W}^hom^a^{nd W}^h^y^?^”^{NBER W}^o^rk^ing^Pape^{r No}^.
^w⁶⁶¹²^{, J}^une¹⁹^98.
¹⁴^The⁹^/¹¹^C^o^m^mⁱ^s^sⁱ^oⁿ^Re^por^t:^Fi^nal^Re^por^t^of^the^N^a^tio^nal^C^o^m^mⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^on^Te^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^t^Att^a^c^k^s^up^{on t}^h^e^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^,
^N^e^w^Y^o^r^k^{: W}^.^W^.^N^o^r^t^{on a}ⁿ^d^C^o^m^p^aⁿ^y^,²⁰⁰⁴^{, a}ⁿ^d^Oⁿ^the^Brⁱⁿ^k^:^{A Re}^por^t^of^the^C^o^m^mⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^on^W^e^ak^State^s^an^{d U}^S
^Natio^nal^Se^c^u^rity^{, s}^p^oⁿ^s^o^r^e^d^by^the^C^e^nte^r^f^o^r^G^l^oba^{l D}^e^v^e^lopm^eⁿ^{t, Ma}^y²⁰⁰⁴^{. A}^l^s^o^s^e^e^C^R^S^R^e^por^{t R}^L³⁴²^53,^Wea^k
^and^Fa^ilin^g^State^s^{: Ev}^olvⁱⁿ^g^Se^c^u^rity^Thre^ats^an^{d U.S}^.^P^o^lic^y^,^b^y^Lⁱ^an^{a S}^uⁿ^W^y^l^e^r.
¹⁵^P^r^ins^,^G^w^y^{n, “A}^I^D^{S a}^{nd G}^l^oba^l^Se^c^u^r^ity^,”^Inte^rnatio^nal^Aff^a^irs^,^vo^l^.⁸⁰^,^I^ssu^{e 5}^,²⁰⁰⁴^.

weak states and of post-conflict transitions regimes to help them control their territories, meet
their citizens’ basic needs, and create legitimate governments based on effective, transparent
institutions.
These and other studies recognized a need to enhance U.S. government structures and capabilities ¹⁶
for conducting post-conflict operations. Although differing in several respects, the studies
largely agreed on five points: (1) the current ad hoc system needs to be replaced with a permanent
mechanism for developing contingency plans and procedures for joint civil-military operations
led by civilians; (2) mechanisms to rapidly deploy U.S. civilian government and government-
contracted personnel need to be put in place; (3) preventive action needs to be considered; (4) the
U.S. government needs to enhance multinational capabilities to carry out post-conflict security
tasks and to better coordinate international aid; and (5) flexible funding arrangements are needed
to deal with such situations. In addition, some urged substantial amounts of funding for flexible ¹⁷
U.S. and international accounts.
A prominent feature of several of the recent reports on stabilization and reconstruction operations
was a recommendation to develop rapidly-deployable civilian forces to undertake state-building
functions, particularly those related to rule of law, even before hostilities had ceased. Many
analysts view the early deployment of rule of law personnel as essential to providing security
from the outset of an operation, which they argue will enhance the possibilities for long-term
stability and democracy in an intervened or post-conflict country. Many view the development of
civilian groups to do so as permitting the earlier withdrawal of military personnel than would
otherwise be possible.
Six studies between 2003 and 2005 endorsed the creation of cohesive, rapidly-deployable units of ¹⁸
civilian experts for stabilization and reconstruction operations.

¹⁶^T^h^{e rep}^o^r^t^s^{are (1}⁾^Play^t^o^Wⁱ^n:^The^Fi^nal^Re^port^of^the^Bi-^par^tⁱ^{san C}^o^mmission^oⁿ^Post-C^on^flic^t^Re^c^onstruc^tio^n,
^C^e^nte^r^f^o^r^Str^a^te^gⁱ^c^a^{nd I}ⁿ^te^rⁿ^a^tⁱ^ona^{l S}^t^u^d^ie^s⁽^C^SI^S)^a^{nd t}^h^e^A^s^s^o^cⁱ^a^tion^of^the^U^.^{S. A}^r^m^y⁽^A^U^S^A⁾^{, 20}⁰³⁽^a^b^ook^-
^le^ng^{th v}^e^r^s^{ion w}^a^s^publ^is^he^dⁱⁿ^mⁱ^d-²⁰⁰⁴^,^Wⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^{g t}^h^e^Pe^ac^e^:^An^Am^e^r^ic^{an S}^t^r^a^te^gy^f^o^r^P^o^s^t^-^C^oⁿ^f^lic^{t Re}^c^ons^tr^uc^ti^on^,
^Robe^{rt C.}^{Orr, e}^d^.)^{; (2)}^Cla^r^k^A^.^Murd^oc^k^,^Mic^h^è^l^e^A^.^Flo^u^rn^oy^{, Christo}^phe^{r A}^.^W^illia^m^s^{, a}^{nd Kur}^t^{M. Ca}^m^pbe^ll,
^pr^incⁱ^pa^{l a}^u^t^hor^s^.^Be^y^ond^G^o^l^d^w^a^te^r^-^Nⁱ^c^hols^:^D^e^fe^ns^e^Re^f^o^r^m^for^{a N}^e^w^S^t^r^a^te^gic^Er^{a P}^has^e^I^Re^p^o^r^t^{, CSI}^S^{, Ma}^rc^h
²⁰⁰^{4; (}³⁾^H^a^ns^Bⁱ^nne^ndijk^aⁿ^{d S}^t^ua^r^t^J^o^hⁿ^s^o^{n, e}^d^s^.^Tr^aⁿ^s^f^or^mⁱ^ng^f^o^r^St^abi^liz^ati^oⁿ^a^{nd Re}^c^o^ns^tr^uc^ti^{on O}^p^e^r^atio^ns^,
^N^a^tiona^{l D}^e^f^e^ns^e^Uⁿ^iv^e^r^sⁱ^t^y^C^e^nt^e^r^f^o^r^T^e^c^hnol^og^y^a^{nd N}^a^tio^na^{l S}^e^c^u^r^ity^P^o^lic^y^,^A^p^r^{il 200}^{4, (}⁴⁾^{On t}^h^{e B}^rⁱⁿ^{k: Wea}^k
^State^s^an^{d U}^S^N^a^ti^on^al^Se^c^u^r^ity^,^C^e^nte^r^f^o^r^G^l^oba^{l D}^e^v^e^lopm^eⁿ^t,^Ma^y^{2004; O}^f^fⁱ^c^e^o^f^the^U^nde^r^S^e^c^r^e^t^a^r^y^o^f^D^e^f^e^ns^e
^f^o^{r Ac}^quisitio^{n, T}^e^c^hno^log^y^{, a}^{nd L}^o^gⁱ^stic^s.^D^e^fe^ns^e^Sc^ie^nc^e^Boar^d²⁰⁰⁴^Sum^m^e^r^S^t^u^d^y^oⁿ^Tr^aⁿ^s^iti^oⁿ^to^a^nd^Fr^om
^Hostilitie^s^,^Decem^b^e^r^2004;^aⁿ^d^Iⁿ^the^W^a^k^e^{of W}^a^{r: Impr}^ovⁱⁿ^{g U.}^{S. P}^o^st-Coⁿ^flic^{t C}^a^p^abi^litie^s,^Washⁱⁿ^gt^on^,^D.^C^.^:
^C^ounc^il^oⁿ^F^o^r^e^ig^{n R}^e^la^tio^ns^{, R}^e^por^t^of^aⁿ^Iⁿ^de^peⁿ^d^eⁿ^{t T}^a^s^k^For^c^e^,^J^u^ly²⁰⁰⁵^.
¹⁷^T^h^e^J^u^ly^{2005 C}^o^uⁿ^c^il^on^For^e^ig^{n R}^e^la^tio^ns^r^e^por^{t r}^e^c^o^m^m^e^nds^th^e^e^s^ta^blis^hm^eⁿ^{t of}^a^c^onf^lic^{t r}^e^s^pons^e^f^und^of
^$50^{0 m}^illio^{n, a}^fⁱ^v^e^-^f^{old inc}^r^e^a^s^e^ov^e^r^the^a^m^{ount re}^q^u^e^s^te^{d by}^the^Bus^h^A^d^mⁱ^nis^t^ra^{tion f}^o^{r FY}²⁰^06.^{In a}^d^diti^on,^the
^re^{port re}^c^o^m^m^e^{nds e}^s^ta^blishing^a^ne^w^{$1 bi}^llio^{n sta}ⁿ^ding^m^u^ltila^te^ra^{l re}^c^onstr^uc^ti^on^{trust f}^uⁿ^d^u^nde^{r the}^a^u^sp^ic^e^s^of
^the^G^r^oup^of^Eig^h^{t in}^dus^tr^ia^liz^e^d^na^tio^ns^{. T}^h^is^tr^us^t^f^{und w}^oul^d^be^m^ode^le^{d on e}^x^is^ting^p^o^s^t^-^c^oⁿ^f^lic^{t tr}^us^{t f}^uⁿ^d^s^loc^a^t^e^d
^a^t^the^Unite^{d Na}^tio^{ns a}ⁿ^d^the^W^o^{rld Ba}^nk^.
¹⁸^Aⁿ^e^a^r^lie^r^r^e^c^o^m^m^e^nda^{tion w}^a^s^c^ontaⁱ^ne^dⁱⁿ^the^C^l^int^{on A}^d^mⁱ^nis^t^r^a^tion’^s²⁰⁰⁰^P^D^D^-⁷¹^oⁿ^s^t^r^e^ng^th^eⁿ^ing^c^r^im^ina^l
^ju^{stice sy}^st^e^m^{s in}^p^{eace o}^p^e^ratioⁿ^s^{, w}^h^ich^id^en^tif^ied^su^c^h^anⁱⁿ^itiati^v^e^{as a h}ⁱ^g^h^p^r^io^ri^ty^ac^co^rdⁱⁿ^g^t^o^th^e^P^{DD 7}¹
^W^hⁱ^t^e^P^a^p^e^r.^T^h^at^w^hⁱ^t^e^p^a^p^e^{r st}^at^{es t}^h^at^P^{DD 71}ⁱⁿ^st^ru^ct^{ed t}^h^at^“^p^ro^gra^m^s^m^u^st^b^e^d^e^vel^o^p^e^d^t^h^at^eⁿ^ab^l^e^t^h^{e U}^.^S^.^t^o
^resp^oⁿ^d^quⁱ^c^kl^y^t^o^h^e^l^p^est^a^b^lⁱ^s^h^ru^dⁱ^m^eⁿ^t^ar^y^j^u^dⁱ^ci^al^and^p^eⁿ^a^l^cap^aci^t^y^d^u^rⁱⁿ^{g p}^{eace o}^p^e^ratⁱ^oⁿ^s^and^co^m^p^l^e^x
^c^ontiⁿ^g^e^nc^ie^s^.^”^PD^D^-^{71 W}^h^ite^P^ape^r^,^op.cⁱ^t^{., p. 6.}

• The November 2003 report of the National Defense University (NDU)
recommended the concurrent deployment of civilian “stabilization and
reconstruction” personnel with combat forces, in order to expedite the transfer of
nation-building responsibilities to civilians. The report recommends the creation
of a standing interagency stabilization and reconstruction team within the
government, and the development of an “on-call” civilian crisis management
corps of medical, legal, language, and law enforcement personnel from state and ¹⁹
local governments and the private sector.
• The March 2004 report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies
(CSIS) recommended the establishment of an Agency for Stability Operations
reporting directly to the Secretary of State. The agency would be responsible for
preparing for such operations, as well as the management and deployment of
Civilian Stability Operations Corps of 200-300 U.S. government civilians, who
are organized, trained and equipped for conducting such operations, and of a
Civilian Stability Operations Reserve of an unspecified number of non-
government civilians with related expertise who would be on-call for rapid ²⁰
deployment.
• The April 2004 report of the U.S. Institute of Peace on the rule of law component
of building civilian capacity recommended the creation of a reserve corps as well
as of a separate office in the Office of the Secretary of State that would have
authority to recruit, deploy, and manage constabulary police units, judges, ²¹
attorneys, and other legal professionals.
• A U.S. Institute of Peace analyst recommended the creation of a “U.S. Stability
Force” comprised of (1) robust military forces, (2) civilian constabulary units, (3)
civilian police, and (4) rule of law professionals (lawyers, judges, and corrections
experts) that would deploy concurrently in order to provide the needed security ²²
from the outset.
• The Defense Science Board 2004 Summer Study on transitions from hostilities
recommended that the Department of State “develop and maintain a portfolio of
detailed and adaptable plans and capabilities for the civilian roles in
reconstruction operations” and that it “prepare, deploy, and lead the civil
components of the reconstruction missions....” The study finds that the civilian
police, judges, civil administrators, and technical advisors are needed to help ²³
build new institutions after a military intervention.
The establishment of such a corps would be a substantial change from current practices. The
United States deploys Civilian Police (contracted separately for each operation) to international
peacekeeping and stabilization operations through the State Department’s CivPol program, run by

¹⁹^Tr^ans^f^o^r^mⁱⁿ^{g f}^o^r^St^abi^liz^ati^oⁿ^a^{nd Re}^c^o^ns^tr^uc^ti^{on O}^p^e^r^ati^ons^,^op^.c^it.
²⁰^Be^y^ond^G^o^l^d^w^a^te^r^-^Nⁱ^c^h^ols^:^D^e^fe^ns^e^Re^for^m^for^{a N}^e^w^Str^a^te^gⁱ^c^E^r^{a, Ph}^as^e¹^Re^por^t^,^op^.^cⁱ^t^.^S^{ee pp.}⁶⁴^-⁶⁵^.
²¹^Robe^rt^M.^P^e^rit^o^,^Mic^h^a^e^l^D^z^ie^d^z^ic^a^{nd Be}^{th C}^.^D^e^G^r^a^s^s^e^,^Buildi^{ng Civ}ⁱ^lⁱ^aⁿ^Ca^pac^ity^f^o^{r U.}^S.^Sta^b^ility^Ope^r^a^tio^ns^.
^W^a^shⁱⁿ^g^t^oⁿ^,^{DC: U}ⁿ^ited^{States In}^stitu^te^o^f^P^{eace, S}^p^{ecial Re}^p^o^r^t¹¹⁸^{, A}^p^{ril 2}⁰⁰⁴^.
²²^Ro^b^e^{rt M. P}^e^rit^o^,^W^h^{ere i}^s^t^h^{e L}^oⁿ^e^R^a^ng^{er Wh}^en^{We Need}^Hi^{m? A}^m^eri^c^a^’^{s S}^e^a^r^ch^f^o^{r a P}^o^st^c^oⁿ^f^lⁱ^ct^S^t^abⁱ^lⁱ^t^y
^Forc^e^{. W}^a^shⁱⁿ^g^t^oⁿ^,^DC:^Un^ite^d^{States In}^stitu^{te o}^f^P^{eace P}^r^{ess, 2}⁰⁰⁴^.^{See p}^p³²³^-³³⁷^f^o^{r an}^ex^ten^sⁱ^v^{e d}ⁱ^scu^ssioⁿ^o^f
^this^pr^op^os^a^l^.
²³^Transit^io^{n t}^o^aⁿ^d^{From Host}^ilitie^s^,^op^.c^{it., p 58.}

the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement (INL). The United States currently
deploys other rule of law personnel, with experience in justice and corrections systems, through
Department of Justice contracts, funded by INL. (The State Department’s civilian police program
requests contractors to identify such personnel in an effort to create a capability within the CivPol
to deploy them.)
To many analysts, even these recommendations do not provide for the full range of personnel
needed in a timely manner. According to some experts, if the role of the military is to shift at the
end of major combat operations from combat to providing perimeter security, then the United
States must create constabulary units—either military or civilian—which would take
responsibility for internal security. Some also argue the need for improvements in the U.S. ²⁴
Civilian Police system, regardless of whether a civilian reserve is established.
Some analysts have questioned the utility of S/CRS and of the rationale that underlines its
creation and the adoption of the transformational diplomacy strategy more broadly. Two think-
tank studies published in January 2006 dispute the concept that weak and failed states are per se
among the most significant threats to the United States. They point out that weak states are not
the only locations where terrorists have found recruits or sought safe-haven as they have
exploited discontent and operated in developed countries as well. A report of the Center for
Global Development states that many factors beyond the weakness or lack of government
institutions—demographic, political, religious, cultural, and geographic—contribute to the ²⁵
development of terrorism. As a result, an emphasis on weak and failed states can lead the United
States to give short shrift to more tangible threats and to areas of greater U.S. interest. The CATO
Institute study worries that Secretary Rice’s focus on promoting “responsible sovereignty” as an
underpinning of transformational diplomacy may provide potential justification for eroding the
current international norm of respect for national sovereignty, leading the United States into ²⁶
fruitless interventions.
In addition, some analysts are skeptical that the problems of weak and failed states can be most
dealt with through military and political interventions aimed at creating viable government
institutions. The effectiveness of past efforts is a subject of debate, with differing views on the
criteria for and the number of successes, draws, and failures, as is the best means to achieve
success.

²⁴^For^m^o^r^e^dis^c^us^sⁱ^oⁿ^on^is^s^u^e^s^r^e^g^a^r^d^ing^Cⁱ^v^P^ols^,^c^o^ns^ta^bu^la^r^y^polic^e^,^a^{nd r}^u^le^of^la^w^pe^r^s^onne^{l, s}^e^e^C^R^S^R^e^por^t
^R^L³²³²^1,^P^o^liciⁿ^gⁱⁿ^Pe^a^cekeepⁱⁿ^g^aⁿ^d^Rel^a^ted^S^t^a^b^{ility O}^p^era^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^{: Pro}^b^{lems a}ⁿ^d^Pr^o^p^o^s^ed^S^o^lu^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^,^by^Nⁱ^na^M.
^Se^r^a^fⁱ^no.
²⁵^P^a^tric^k^Ste^w^a^r^t.^W^e^ak^State^s^an^d^Glob^{al T}^h^re^{ats: Asse}^ssing^Ev^ideⁿ^c^e^{of “}^S^p^illov^e^rs.”^Wo^r^kⁱⁿ^g^P^a^per^No^.⁷³^,^C^e^nt^er
^f^o^r^G^l^oba^{l D}^e^v^e^lop^m^eⁿ^{t, J}^a^nua^r^y²⁰⁰^6.
²⁶^J^u^s^{tin L}^o^g^a^{n a}ⁿ^{d C}^h^rⁱ^s^t^o^phe^r^P^r^e^b^le^.^F^a^ile^d^Sta^t^e^s^an^{d Fl}^aw^e^d^Lo^gic^:^The^C^a^s^e^a^gai^ns^{t a}^St^an^di^ng^N^a^tio^n-^Bu^ildiⁿ^g
^Offic^e^.^C^A^T^O^P^o^lic^y^Aⁿ^a^l^y^s^is^P^a^pe^r^N^o^.⁵⁶^{0, C}^a^t^o^Iⁿ^s^t^itute^,^J^a^nua^r^y^{11, 20}^06.^T^h^e^a^u^th^or^s^m^a^ke^s^ubs^ta^ntia^{l r}^e^f^e^r^e^nc^e
^{to a}^Fa^ll²⁰⁰⁴^pa^pe^r^by^Ste^pheⁿ^K^r^a^s^ne^r^,^Sta^t^e^D^e^pa^r^t^m^e^{nt D}ⁱ^r^e^c^t^or^of^P^o^lⁱ^c^y^P^l^aⁿⁿⁱ^ng^{, t}^h^a^t^c^h^a^lle^ng^e^d^the
^coⁿ^v^en^tⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^so^verei^gⁿ^t^yⁿ^o^r^m^s^.^Krasn^e^{r argu}^{es t}^h^at^t^h^{ese n}^o^r^m^s^{are o}^u^t^m^o^d^e^d^and^{an ob}^st^acl^{e t}^o^dealⁱⁿ^{g w}ⁱ^t^h^t^h^e
ⁱⁿ^t^e^rn^atⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^t^h^reat^{s cau}^sed^b^y^we^{ak an}^d^uⁿ^s^t^a^b^l^{e st}^at^es.^{He argu}^{es f}^o^{r gran}^tⁱⁿ^{g i}ⁿ^t^e^rn^atⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^accep^t^aⁿ^{ce t}^oⁿ^e^wⁿ^o^r^m^s
^o^f^sh^ared^-so^v^erei^gn^t^y⁽^m^o^r^{e t}^h^an^oⁿ^e^couⁿ^t^ry^{) o}^rⁱⁿ^t^e^rn^atⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^t^r^u^s^t^eeshⁱ^p^s^f^o^l^l^o^wⁱⁿ^g^su^ccess^f^u^lⁱⁿ^t^e^r^v^en^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^,^S^t^ep^h^eⁿ
^K^r^a^s^ne^r^,^“^S^ha^rⁱ^ng^S^o^v^e^r^e^ig^nt^y^,^”^Iⁿ^te^rnati^oⁿ^a^{l Se}^c^u^rity^,^Vo^l.^28,^N^o^{. 4}^,^S^p^rⁱ^ng²⁰^04,^p^p^.^5-⁴³^.

Skepticism is also growing that state-building efforts will result in success in most instances. In
the words of one scholar, “barring exceptional circumstances (the war against the Taliban after
9/11), we had best steer clear of missions that deploy forces (of whatever kind) into countries to
remake them anew.... The success stories (Germany, Japan) are the exceptions and were possible ²⁷
because of several helpful conditions that will not be replicated elsewhere.” Others, however,
point to cases such as Mozambique and El Salvador as examples that state building efforts can
promote peace after civil strife.

On February 25, 2004, Senators Lugar and Biden introduced the Stabilization and Reconstruction
Civilian Management Act of 2004 “to build operational readiness in civilian agencies....” (At the
time, these senators were respectively the Chairman and Ranking Member of the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee [SFRC].) The bill provided concrete proposals for establishing and funding
the two new “operational” entities that had been recommended in think tank reports. This
legislation contained three main proposals: (1) establish in law and fund a State Department
Office for Stabilization and Reconstruction, (2) create an Emergency Response Readiness Force,
and (3) create and fund an annually replenishable emergency response fund similar to that used ²⁸
for refugee and migration funds.

The SFRC reported S. 2127 on March 18, 2004, but it was not considered by the full Senate; its ^th
companion bill (H.R. 3996, 108 Congress, introduced by Representative Schiff) was not
considered by the House International Relations Committee. In subsequent years, similar ²⁹
legislation has been introduced, but until 2008 the only bill to pass either chamber was a

²⁷^R^a^ja^{n Me}ⁿ^on,^“^L^ow^Iⁿ^te^ns^ity^C^o^nf^lic^{t in t}^h^e^Em^e^r^gⁱ^ng^Str^a^tegⁱ^c^Envⁱ^r^onm^eⁿ^t,”^a^s^r^e^pr^od^uc^e^dⁱⁿ^U^.^{S. A}^r^m^y
^P^eacek^eepⁱⁿ^g^an^d^Sta^b^ility^Op^eratioⁿ^s^Iⁿ^stit^u^t^e.^Strate^gⁱ^c^Re^qu^ire^m^eⁿ^{ts for S}^t^a^b^ility^O^p^e^r^atio^{ns a}ⁿ^d^Re^c^onstr^uc^tio^n:
^Final^Re^p^o^rt^.^p^p^.⁸⁰^-81^.^T^hⁱ^s^repo^rt^su^m^m^ari^{zes t}^h^{e resu}^l^t^o^f^{a co}^nf^er^en^{ce h}^e^l^d^A^p^ri^l¹⁹^-20^,²⁰⁰⁶^,^an^d^t^h^{ree p}^r^ecedⁱⁿ^g
^w^o^r^k^s^hops^{, c}^oⁿ^duc^te^d^un^de^r^t^h^e^a^e^g^is^of^the^Dw^ig^{ht D}^.^Eis^e^nh^ow^e^r^N^a^tiona^l^Se^c^u^r^ity^Se^rⁱ^e^s^{. I}^t^a^l^s^o^r^e^pr^od^uc^e^s^s^e^v^e^r^a^l
^pa^pe^r^s^pr^e^s^eⁿ^te^{d a}^t^one^w^o^r^k^s^h^o^p^.^T^h^e^fⁱ^na^{l r}^e^por^{t w}^a^s^dis^t^rⁱ^bu^te^d^by^e^-^m^a^{il in la}^te²⁰⁰⁶^,^but^a^s^of^J^a^nua^r^y^{18, 2}⁰⁰⁷^,
^d^o^e^{s no}^t^app^{ear on}^ei^t^h^{er t}^h^e^P^K^S^O^{I o}^r^Eⁱ^senh^o^w^{er S}^e^ri^{es w}^e^b^sⁱ^t^e^.
²⁸^T^h^e^em^e^r^g^e^ncy^r^e^s^pons^e^f^{und w}^oul^{d ha}^v^e^be^eⁿ^s^ubje^c^t^t^o^lim^ite^d^c^ondi^tio^ns^{, b}^u^{t r}^e^quirⁱ^ng^e^x^te^ns^iv^e^c^ons^ulta^ti^on
^w^{ith C}^ong^r^e^s^s^,^sⁱ^m^ila^r^{to s}^p^e^ndiⁿ^g^a^u^thor^ity^pr^ov^is^io^ns^of^Se^c^tioⁿ⁶¹⁴^of^the^F^o^r^e^ig^{n A}^s^sⁱ^s^t^aⁿ^c^e^A^c^t^of¹⁹^61,^a^s
^a^m^e^nde^{d. FA}^A^Se^c^{tion 61}^4(a⁾⁽³⁾^re^quire^{s the}^Pre^s^ideⁿ^t^{to c}^onsul^t^w^{ith a}^{nd pr}^ov^ide^a^w^r^itte^{n p}^o^lic^y^justif^ic^a^{tion t}^o^t^h^e
^House^Com^m^itte^e^{on F}^o^re^ig^{n A}^ffa^{irs (now}^Inte^rna^tio^na^{l Re}^la^tio^ns)^,^the^Se^na^te^Com^m^itte^e^{on Fore}^ig^{n Re}^la^tio^{ns, a}ⁿ^d
^t^h^{e A}^p^p^r^o^p^rⁱ^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^co^mmⁱ^t^t^{ee o}^f^each^ch^a^m^b^e^r.^{CBO est}ⁱ^m^at^ed^t^h^atⁱ^m^p^l^e^m^en^tⁱⁿ^{g t}^h^{e b}ⁱ^l^l^w^o^u^l^{d co}^s^t^so^m^e^{$50 m}^illion
^{in 2}⁰⁰⁵^aⁿ^d^$5^{50 m}^illio^{n f}^r^om^{2005 t}^h^ro^ug^h²⁰^09.
²⁹^T^h^e^s^e^inc^l^ude^tw^{o sim}^ila^{r v}^e^rsio^{ns of}^the^or^ig^ina^l^L^u^g^a^r-Bideⁿ^bⁱ^l^l^w^{ith sa}^m^e^na^m^e^{: the}^Sta^b^iliz^a^tio^{n a}ⁿ^d
^Re^c^ons^truc^tio^{n Civ}^iliaⁿ^Ma^na^g^e^m^e^{nt A}^c^{t of}^{2005 (}^S^.²⁰^9/1⁰⁹^th^C^ong^r^e^s^s^,^by^Se^na^tor^s^L^u^g^a^r^,^Bⁱ^de^{n, a}ⁿ^{d H}^a^g^e^l)^{, a}^nd^th^th
^of²⁰⁰^{6 (}^S^{. 3}³²²^/1⁰⁹^C^o^ng^r^e^s^s^by^Se^na^tor^s^L^u^g^a^r^,^Bⁱ^de^{n, H}^a^g^e^{l, A}^l^ex^a^nde^r^a^{nd W}^a^rⁿ^e^r^{, a}^{nd H}^.^R^.⁶¹⁰^4/¹⁰⁹
^C^ong^r^e^s^s^by^R^e^pr^e^s^eⁿ^ta^tiv^es^Fa^r^r^,^B^l^um^eⁿ^a^u^r^e^r^a^{nd Sa}^x^t^oⁿ⁾^.^Sim^ila^r^pr^ov^is^io^ns^w^e^r^e^inc^l^ude^{d i}ⁿ^Tⁱ^t^l^e^VI^I^of^the^th
^Se^na^te^v^e^r^s^{ion of}^the^F^o^r^e^ig^{n R}^e^l^a^tions^A^u^th^or^iz^a^tion^A^c^{t f}^o^r^FY²⁰⁰⁶^aⁿ^d^FY²⁰⁰⁷⁽^S^{. 6}⁰⁰^/¹⁰⁹^Coⁿ^g^{ress). A}^relat^e^d^th
^{bill w}^a^s^the^Inte^rna^tⁱ^ona^l^Se^c^u^rity^Enha^nc^e^m^eⁿ^{t A}^c^{t of}^{2005 (H}^.R^.¹³⁶^1/¹⁰⁹^C^ong^r^e^s^s^,^intr^od^uc^e^d^by^R^e^pr^e^s^eⁿ^ta^tiv^e
^D^r^eⁱ^e^r⁾^,^w^h^ic^{h a}^l^s^o^w^ould^pr^ov^id^e^a^u^thor^ity^f^o^r^pr^e^v^eⁿ^tiv^e^a^c^{tion n}^o^{t i}ⁿ^c^l^ude^{d i}ⁿ^the^ot^he^r^bil^l^s^.⁽^H^.^R^{. 13}⁶¹^w^ould
^ha^v^e^a^llow^e^{d the}^pre^s^ideⁿ^t,^a^c^ting^thro^ug^{h S}^/^{CRS, t}^o^a^u^th^ori^z^e^the^de^ploy^m^e^{nt to a}^c^o^untry^lik^e^l^y^{to e}ⁿ^te^{r int}^o^c^o^nf^lic^t
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

subsequent Lugar-Biden measure, the Reconstruction and Stabilization Civilian Management Act ^th
of 2006 (S. 3322/109 Congress). S. 3322 was introduced in the Senate May 26, 2006, and
approved without amendment by unanimous consent the same day. It was received by the House
on June 6, 2006, and referred to the House International Relations Committee. No further action ^th
occurred until the 110 Congress.
S/CRS began operations in July 2004 on a somewhat more tentative status than that envisioned
by the Lugar-Biden bill, as the office was created by then Secretary of State Colin Powell without
statutory authority and the Coordinator, appointed by the Secretary, was not given the rank of
“Ambassador-at-Large.” By the beginning of 2005, S/CRS had a staff of 37 individuals from the
State Department, USAID, and several other U.S. government agencies, including the
Departments of Defense, Commerce, and the Treasury.
Congress first endorsed the creation of S/CRS in 2004 as part of the Consolidated Appropriations
Act for FY2005 (H.R. 4818, P.L. 108-447), signed into law December 8, 2004. Section 408,
Division D defined six responsibilities for the office, the first five of which respond to the first
need—to create a readily-deployable crisis response mechanism—stated above. As legislated by
P.L. 108-447, S/CRS’ functions are (1) to catalogue and monitor the non-military resources and
capabilities of executive branch agencies, state and local governments, and private and non-profit
organizations “that are available to address crises in countries or regions that are in, or are in
transition from, conflict or civil strife”; (2) to determine the appropriate non-military U.S.
response to those crises, “including but not limited to demobilization, policy, human rights
monitoring, and public information efforts”; (3) to plan that response; (4) to coordinate the
development of interagency contingency plans for that response; (5) to coordinate the training of
civilian personnel to perform stabilization and reconstruction activities in response to crises in
such countries or regions”; and (6) to monitor political and economic instability worldwide to
anticipate the need for U.S. and international assistance.
The U.S. military supported S/CRS’ creation and its mission. In prepared statement for testimony
before the Armed Services committees in February 2005, General Richard B. Myers, Chairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff, cited the creation of S/CRS as “an important step” in helping “post-
conflict nations achieve peace, democracy, and a sustainable market economy.” “In the future,
provided this office is given appropriate resources, it will synchronize military and civilian efforts
and ensure an integrated national approach is applied to post-combat peacekeeping, ³⁰
reconstruction and stability operations,” according to General Myers.
Despite some Congressional reservations concerning funding for the office and its activities,
S/CRS has also received an endorsement from a task force headed by two former Members. The

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^o^r^civ^{il strif}^eⁱⁿ^ad^d^itioⁿ^t^o^co^uⁿ^t^rⁱ^{es e}^m^ergⁱⁿ^g^f^r^o^m^coⁿ^f^{lict.) Related}^b^{ills w}^e^{re: T}^h^{e W}ⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^g^th^e^Peace^A^c^{t o}^f²⁰⁰³^th
^(H^{.R. 2}⁶¹⁶^/1⁰⁸^Coⁿ^g^{ress, in}^tro^d^u^ced^b^y^Rep^r^esen^tativ^{e Farr); th}^e^In^tern^atioⁿ^a^{l Secu}^ri^ty^En^h^aⁿ^cem^eⁿ^{t A}^c^{t o}^f²⁰⁰⁴^th
^(H^{.R. 4}¹⁸⁵^/1⁰⁸^Co^ng^re^{ss, intro}^d^u^c^e^d^by^Re^pre^s^eⁿ^ta^tiv^e^Dreⁱ^e^{r); a}^{nd t}^h^e^Uni^t^e^d^Sta^t^e^s^A^ssistaⁿ^c^e^{for Civ}^ilia^ns^th
^A^f^f^e^c^t^e^d^by^C^onf^lic^t^A^c^{t of}²⁰⁰⁴⁽^H^.R^{. 4}⁰⁵⁸^/1⁰⁸^Co^ng^re^{ss, intro}^d^u^c^e^d^by^Re^pre^s^eⁿ^ta^tiv^e^H^y^de^).
³⁰^P^o^st^{ure S}^t^at^em^en^t^o^f^G^eⁿ^e^ral^Ri^c^h^ard^B.^M^y^ers,^US^A^F^,^Ch^ai^rm^an^o^f^t^h^{e Jo}ⁱⁿ^t^Chⁱ^e^f^s^o^f^S^t^aff^,^b^e^f^o^r^e^t^h^{e 10}⁹^th
^C^ong^r^e^s^s^.^Se^na^te^A^r^m^e^{d Se}^r^v^ic^e^s^C^o^m^m^itte^e^,^Fe^br^ua^r^y^{17, 20}⁰⁵^{, p}^.³¹^{, a}^s^p^o^s^t^e^d^on^the^Se^na^te^A^r^m^e^{d Se}^r^v^ic^e^s
^Com^m^itte^e^we^bsite^.

June 2005 report of the Congressionally-mandated Task Force on the United Nations, chaired by
former Speaker of the House of Representatives Newt Gingrich and former Senate Majority
Leader George Mitchell, recommended that the United States strengthen S/CRS and that ³¹
Congress provide it with the necessary resources to coordinate with the United Nations.
In response to proposals to clarify and institutionalize the responsibilities for conflict response
and related for stabilization and reconstruction activities, on December 7, 2005, President Bush
issued a presidential directive intended to improve conflict-response coordination among
executive branch agencies. This document, National Security Presidential Directive (NSPD) 44,
is entitled “Management of Interagency Efforts Concerning Reconstruction and Stabilization.”
NSPD-44 supersedes PDD-56 (referred to above).
At a speech given to the International Republican Institute on May 18, 2005, President Bush
stressed the importance of S/CRS and said that the needs perceived during the start-up of U.S. ³²
operations in Afghanistan and Iraq influenced the office’s development. His national security
policy directive on the management of interagency reconstruction and stabilization operations
(NSPD-44), enacted several months later, underscored the important role conferred on S/CRS but
somewhat expanded its activities beyond those conferred by the Congressional mandate. As
mentioned in the discussion of NSPD-44, above, the Secretary of State may delegate to S/CRS
her responsibilities in the identification of conflict areas and coordination of conflict prevention
and mitigation planning, but also in identifying issues for action through the National Security
Council and in developing a civilian response capability.
Under NSPD-44, the Secretary of State has the lead responsibility for, “and may direct the
Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization to assist the Secretary” in developing a civilian
response for conflict situations and related reconstruction and stabilization activities, including
the development of “a strong civilian response capability.” The Secretary of State is also
responsible for, and may delegate to the Coordinator, coordination of the interagency processes to
identify states at risk, to lead interagency planning to prevent or mitigate conflict, and to develop
detailed contingency plans for stabilization and reconstruction operations, as well as for
identifying appropriate issues for resolution or action through the National Security Council
interagency process as outlined in President Bush’s first National Security Policy Directive
(NSPD-1, “Organization of the National Security Council System,” signed February 1, 2001). In
addition, NSPD-44 establishes a Policy Coordination Committee (NSC/PPC) for Reconstruction ³³
and Stabilization Operations.

³¹^Am^e^r^ic^aⁿ^Inte^re^{sts a}^{nd U.N. Re}^f^o^rm^{: Re}^{port of}^the^T^a^sk^Forc^e^on^the^Unite^d^Na^tio^{ns. W}^a^shing^t^on^,^{DC: Unite}^d
^{States In}^stitu^{te o}^f^P^{eace, Ju}ⁿ^e²⁰⁰⁵^,^p^.²⁵^.
³²^“^M^aⁿ^y^fⁱ^ne^cⁱ^v^ilia^{n w}^o^rk^e^r^s^f^r^o^m^a^l^m^o^{st e}^v^e^r^y^de^pa^rt^m^e^{nt of}^the^g^o^v^e^rnm^e^{nt v}^o^lun^t^e^e^r^e^d^{to se}^rv^e^{in Ira}^q,”^no^te^d
^the^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^t^.^“^B^ut^the^proc^e^{ss of}^re^c^r^uiting^aⁿ^d^sta^f^fⁱ^ng^the^Coa^liti^on^Prov^isio^na^{l A}^u^thori^t^y^w^a^{s le}ⁿ^g^thy^a^{nd dif}^fⁱ^c^u^lt.”
^Re^m^a^rk^{s b}^y^t^h^{e P}^r^esi^d^en^t^at^In^t^e^rⁿ^atⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^Rep^u^b^lⁱ^can^Iⁿ^stⁱ^t^u^t^{e Di}ⁿⁿ^er,^Of^fⁱ^{ce o}^f^t^h^{e W}^hⁱ^t^e^Ho^u^s^e,^M^a^y¹⁸^,²⁰⁰⁵^.
³³^N^S^P^D^-¹^e^s^ta^blis^he^d^{17 N}^S^C^/^PPC^s^{to “}^b^e^t^h^e^m^a^{in da}^y^-^to-^d^ay^f^o^r^a^f^o^r^inte^r^a^g^e^ncy^c^oor^dina^ti^on^of^na^tio^na^{l s}^e^c^u^r^ity
^polic^y^,^”^prov^idiⁿ^g^pol^ic^y^aⁿ^a^l^y^s^is^f^o^{r m}^o^re^se^{nior c}^o^m^m^itte^e^s^(the^NSC^P^r^incⁱ^pa^{ls Com}^m^itte^e^a^{nd th}^e^{NSC De}^putie^s
^C^o^m^m^itte^e⁾^a^{nd e}ⁿ^s^u^rⁱ^ng^tim^e^l^y^r^e^s^pons^e^s^to^pr^e^s^ideⁿ^tia^{l de}^cⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s^.^Me^m^b^e^r^s^h^{ip o}ⁿ^t^h^e^N^S^C^/^P^C^C^is^{to c}^o^ns^is^t^of
^rep^r^esen^t^a^tⁱ^v^es^f^r^o^m^t^h^{e d}^e^p^a^rt^meⁿ^t^{s o}^f^S^t^at^e,^Def^eⁿ^s^e,^Ju^stⁱ^{ce an}^d^t^h^{e T}^r^easu^r^y^,^an^d^t^h^{e Of}^fⁱ^{ce o}^f^M^aⁿ^a^ge^men^t^an^d
^Budg^e^t^{, the}^of^fⁱ^c^e^{s of}^the^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^{t a}ⁿ^d^Vⁱ^c^e^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^t^,^t^h^e^Ce^ntra^l^Inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^A^g^eⁿ^c^y^{, the}^Joint^C^h^ie^f^s^of^Sta^f^f^,^a^nd
^t^h^{e NS}^C.^Rep^r^esen^t^a^tⁱ^v^{es f}^r^o^m^t^h^{e Dep}^a^rt^men^t^{s o}^f^Agri^cu^l^t^u^{re an}^{d Co}^mm^er^ce,^an^d^t^h^{e Of}^fⁱ^{ce o}^f^t^h^{e U.}^S^.^T^r^ad^e
^Rep^r^esen^t^a^tⁱ^v^e,^{are t}^o^p^a^rtⁱ^cⁱ^p^at^e^w^h^enⁱ^ssue^s^pe^rtaⁱ^{n to}^theⁱ^r^re^spoⁿ^sibili^tie^s.

Under NSPD-44, the Secretary of State is also responsible for coordinating stabilization and
reconstruction efforts with the Secretary of Defense “to ensure harmonization with any planned
or ongoing U.S. military operations across the spectrum of conflict” and to integrate stabilization
and reconstruction contingency plans with military contingency plans. NSPD-44 leaves it up to
those secretaries to develop a framework for coordinating S&R activities and military operations
as appropriate. It specifies that lead and supporting responsibilities for individual operations will
be established using the NSC mechanism outlined in NSPD-1.

In February 2008, the Bush Administration requested $248.6 million for its “Civilian Stabilization
Initiative” (CSI), which rolled into one its request for funds for continued operations of S/CRS,
funds for a 250-member interagency Active Response Corps and a 2,000-member Standby
Response Corps, and a 2,000-member Civilian Reserve Corps, and money for deployment of
experts.
As of early September 2008, the 110^th Congress has not provided full funding for the CSI. Thus
far, the only funding provided has been in the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2008 (H.R.

4642, P.L. 110-252).

In June 2008, Congress appropriated $75 million for the CSI in H.R. 4642. Of that amount, $30
million was a FY2008 supplemental appropriation for the State Department and $25 million was
a FY2008 supplemental appropriation for USAID. The remaining $20 million was part of ³⁵
FY2009 supplemental bridge fund appropriations for the State Department. This legislation
waives the need for the program to be authorized in order for the money to be spent.
In legislation still under consideration, the Senate Appropriations Committee, in its version of the
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations bill for FY2009
(S. 3288, reported July 18, 2008), recommends a total of $115 million for the CSI under a
heading of that name. The accompanying committee report (S.Rept. 110-425) states that these
funds are in addition to the funding provided in P.L. 110-252 to establish and implement a

³⁴^Iⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^{tion in t}^h^is^s^e^c^tio^{n w}^a^s^pr^ov^ide^d^by^v^a^rⁱ^ous^of^fⁱ^cⁱ^a^l^s^of^S/C^R^Sⁱⁿ^pe^rⁱ^o^d^icⁱⁿ^te^r^v^ie^w^s^a^{nd c}^ons^ul^ta^tio^ns^{. T}^h^e
^m^a^te^ria^l^{in this se}^c^tio^{n re}^pre^s^eⁿ^ts^the^la^te^{st inf}^o^rm^a^{tion m}^a^de^a^v^a^ila^ble^to^{CRS a}^s^of^the^da^te^of^{this r}^e^{port, a}^{nd is}
^c^u^r^r^e^{nt a}^s^of^mⁱ^d-²⁰⁰^8.
³⁵^More^s^p^e^cⁱ^fⁱ^c^a^l^l^y^{, this}^s^u^m^inc^l^u^d^e^d^u^p^t^o^$3^{0 m}^illionⁱⁿ^FY²⁰⁰⁸^s^upple^m^eⁿ^ta^{l a}^ppr^opria^ti^ons^“^t^{o e}^s^ta^blis^{h a}ⁿ^d
^im^plem^eⁿ^{t a}^c^oordina^te^d^cⁱ^v^iliaⁿ^re^s^pons^e^c^a^p^a^c^ity^the^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^D^e^pa^rt^m^e^{nt of}^Sta^t^e^”^unde^{r S}^t^a^t^e^D^e^pa^rtm^e^nt
^Dⁱ^plom^a^tic^a^{nd Co}^ns^ula^r^P^r^og^ra^m^s^{, up t}^o^$2^{5 m}^{illion “}^t^{o e}^s^ta^blis^{h a}ⁿ^d^im^ple^m^eⁿ^{t a}^c^oordi^na^te^{d c}ⁱ^v^ilia^{n re}^s^pons^e
^cap^aci^t^y^at^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es A}^g^eⁿ^cy^f^o^{r In}^t^e^rn^atⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^Devel^o^p^m^en^t^”^uⁿ^d^e^{r Op}^eratⁱⁿ^{g E}^x^p^eⁿ^s^{es o}^f^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^es
^A^g^eⁿ^cy^f^o^{r Inte}^rna^tio^na^{l D}^e^v^e^lop^m^eⁿ^{t. (1}²²^Sta^t^.2³²^8-2³²⁹^{.) T}^h^e^$20^m^{illion i}ⁿ^FY²⁰⁰⁹^bri^d^g^e^f^{und s}^u^pple^m^eⁿ^ta^l
^a^ppr^o^p^rⁱ^a^tio^ns^f^o^r^the^Sta^t^e^D^e^pa^r^t^m^e^nt^w^a^s^pr^ov^ide^d^a^s^pa^r^t^of^a^lum^p^s^u^m^f^o^r^Sta^t^e^D^e^pa^r^t^m^e^{nt dipl}^om^a^tic^a^nd
^c^onsula^r^prog^ra^m^s^{. T}^h^e^c^onfe^r^eⁿ^c^e^re^{port o}ⁿ^t^h^e^a^m^e^nde^{d bill}^to^p^r^ov^ide^sup^p^le^m^e^nta^l^a^ppro^p^ria^tio^{ns f}^o^{r FY20}⁰⁸^aⁿ^d
^FY²⁰^{09 s}^p^e^cⁱ^fⁱ^e^s^tha^t^$40^m^illio^{n of}^th^os^e^f^unds^is^f^o^r^ne^w^pos^itio^nsⁱⁿ^the^dipl^om^a^tic^c^o^rps^a^{nd f}^o^r^“^cⁱ^v^ilia^{n pos}^t-
^c^onf^lic^{t sta}^b^iliz^a^tio^{n in}^itia^tiv^e^s^.”^A^c^c^o^rding^to^S/CRS^{, the}^f^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^{is inte}ⁿ^d^e^d^t^o^be^split^e^v^eⁿ^ly^be^t^w^e^e^{n the}^tw^o
^pur^pos^e^s^.

coordinated civilian response capacity at the Department of State and USAID, and that even
though funding is provided in this act under a unified heading, “the Committee intends that funds
will support a proportional number of additional positions at the Department of State and ³⁶
USAID.” The committee report also states that the bill “provides authority to transfer up to $50
million from funds made available by titles I - IV of this act and prior acts only to support a ³⁷
civilian response corps if such a corps is actively deployed overseas responding to a crisis.”
Funds provided by Congress in 2007 to create the civilian reserve may expire at the end of
FY2008 unless Congress passes an authorization measure. The FY2007 supplemental
appropriations bill provided $50 million through FY2008 to establish and maintain a civilian
reserve corps, on the condition that the reserve was subsequently authorized. (Section 3810, [U.S.
Troop Readiness, Veterans’ Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act,
2007], H.R. 2206, P.L. 110-28, signed into law May 25, 2007.) H.R. 1084, the Reconstruction and
Stabilization Civilian Management Act of 2008 (see below), would authorize these funds.
S/CRS has worked to develop the capacity, procedures, and knowledge to deploy civilian
government workers and reserve personnel to crises situations.
In 2006, S/CRS took the first steps in the lengthy process of creating integrated and coherent
groups of crisis-response personnel by creating a small nucleus of active and retired government
employees to deploy to operations. The Active Response Corps (ARC) is comprised of currently
employed federal employees, all of them foreign service officers or State Department civilian
employees. As of the summer of 2008, there were 13 slots Active Response Corps slots in S/CRS,
with two temporarily vacant. S/CRS began establishing the ARC in late 2005 with volunteers
from the State Department. These volunteers are able to leave their jobs immediately in order to
deploy with military forces at the beginning of an intervention and assume stabilization
responsibilities, freeing up military personnel for other tasks. S/CRS began deploying members of
the Active Response Corps during the last half of 2006, with the first members deploying to ³⁸
Darfur in July 2006, and subsequent deployments to Lebanon, Chad, Iraq, and Kosovo).

³⁶^In^S^.^Rep^t^.¹¹⁰^-⁴²^5,^t^h^{e Co}^mmⁱ^t^t^{ee al}^so^“dⁱ^r^ect^{s t}^h^{e S}^ecret^ary^o^f^S^t^at^{e t}^o^sub^mⁱ^t^t^o^t^h^{e C}^o^mmⁱ^t^t^{ee a}^fⁱⁿ^aⁿ^cⁱ^a^l^p^l^an
^f^o^r^fⁱ^sc^a^l^y^e^a^r²⁰⁰⁹^{no la}^te^r^t^h^aⁿ⁴⁵^da^y^s^af^te^r^eⁿ^a^c^t^m^e^{nt of}^this^a^c^t^de^sⁱ^gⁿ^a^ting^t^h^e^a^m^{ount f}^o^r^each^f^uⁿ^c^tⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^t^h^e
^CSI”.
³⁷^S^.^Rep^t^.¹¹⁰^-⁴²⁵^st^at^{es t}^h^at^t^h^{e “}^C^o^m^mⁱ^t^t^{ee e}^x^p^ect^{s t}^h^{e S}^ecret^ar^y^o^f^S^t^at^{e t}^o^j^u^dⁱ^ci^o^u^s^l^y^exer^ci^{se t}^hⁱ^s^au^t^h^o^rⁱ^t^y^,^a^f^t^e^r
^c^ons^ulti^ng^w^{ith the}^C^o^m^m^itte^e^,^and^dir^e^c^t^s^the^Se^c^r^e^t^a^r^y^to^r^e^que^s^t^s^u^p^p^le^m^e^nta^l^f^unds^f^o^r^una^nticⁱ^p^a^t^e^d^e^m^e^r^g^e^ncy
^re^quire^m^e^nts^{to s}^u^p^por^{t a}^cⁱ^v^iliaⁿ^re^s^pons^e^c^o^r^p^s^,^if^ne^e^d^e^d^.
³⁸^Oⁿ^e^A^R^C^m^e^m^b^e^r^w^a^s^de^ploy^e^d^{to L}^e^ba^no^{n, t}^o^a^s^sⁱ^s^t^w^{ith e}^f^f^o^r^t^s^{to tr}^aⁱⁿ^aⁿ^d^e^q^uⁱ^{p a}^d^diti^ona^l^L^e^ba^ne^s^e^Iⁿ^te^rⁿ^a^l
^Secu^rity⁽^L^{IS) f}^o^{rces. (T}^h^e^p^u^r^p^o^{se o}^f^th^{is eff}^o^{rt is to}^en^h^aⁿ^{ce L}^I^S^ab^ility^to^rep^l^{ace th}^{e L}^e^b^aⁿ^e^{se A}^r^my^Fo^{rces w}^h^ich
^ha^{d be}^eⁿ^m^a^inta^ining^la^w^a^{nd ord}^e^{r in c}^o^nf^lic^tiv^e^a^r^e^a^{s suc}^h^a^s^the^B^e^k^a^a^Va^lley^bef^o^r^e^be^ing^de^pl^o^y^e^{d to s}^o^uthe^rⁿ
^L^e^ba^non.)^Se^v^e^r^a^{l SR}^C^m^e^m^b^e^r^s^a^l^s^o^de^pl^oy^e^d^{to p}^o^s^t^-^c^onf^lic^{t s}^itu^a^tionsⁱⁿ²⁰⁰⁶^{. T}^h^e^fⁱ^r^s^{t pe}^r^s^oⁿ^f^r^om^this^g^r^oup^w^a^s
^de^ploy^e^d^{to Ea}^ste^rⁿ^Cha^d^a^nd^{two m}^o^re^be^g^a^{n w}^o^rk^ingⁱⁿ^Ne^pa^{l o}ⁿ^de^m^obiliz^ing^aⁿ^{d re}ⁱⁿ^te^g^r^a^ting^Ma^{oist re}^be^{ls. I}ⁿ
^the^c^ours^e^of^e^a^r^l^y^2007,^s^e^v^e^ra^{l A}^RC^m^e^m^b^e^r^s^de^ploy^e^d^{to K}^o^s^o^v^o^to^he^lp^pre^p^a^r^e^f^o^{r the}^s^t^a^t^us^s^e^ttle^m^e^{nt proc}^e^s^s^,
^one^de^ploy^e^d^{to Be}^ir^{ut t}^o^he^l^p^c^o^ordi^na^te^re^c^onstruc^ti^on^a^ssistaⁿ^c^e^,^a^nd^one^{to C}^h^a^d^t^o^m^onit^o^{r a}^c^tⁱ^v^itie^{s on t}^h^e^Cha^d
^sⁱ^de^of^the^b^o^r^d^e^r^w^{ith S}^uda^n.

The CSI contemplated building a 250-million Active Response Corps with requested funding.
The new funding provided in the FY2008 supplemental appropriations and FY2009 bridge ³⁹
funding will pay for new 100 slots, according to S/CRS.
Currently, the Stand-by Response Corp (SRC) of active and retired foreign service officers
numbers some 500. Funding provided through the 2008 supplemental appropriations act will
maintain that number, but the CSI funding request contemplated expanding the SRC to 2,000.
S/CRS developed the CSI proposal for an S&R civilian reserve corps component of retired
government personnel, personnel from state and local governments, private for-profit companies
and non-profit NGOSs, to carry out rule of law, civil administration, and reconstruction activities. ⁴⁰
Two outside studies forming the basis for planning for the reserve were completed in 2006.
Current plans call for a Civilian Reserve Corps of 2,000. In the CSI budget request, the
Administration requested $86.768 million for S/CRS to support recruiting, hiring, and training, as
well as to acquire and preposition vehicles and equipment needed to support the deployment of
up to 500 reservists per year. The Civilian Reserve Corps would include personnel capable of
performing the full spectrum of activities needed for stabilization and reconstruction operations,
including policing, other rule of law (judicial and prison) functions, public administration, and
infrastructure assistance. S/CRS anticipates beginning recruitment soon. Each civilian agency will
conduct its own recruitment for reservists in its area of expertise.
To monitor potential crises, S/CRS asked the National Intelligence Council (NIC) to provide it
twice a year with a list of weak states most susceptible to crisis, from which S/CRS chooses one
or more as test cases to prepare contingency plans for possible interventions. S/CRS also has
worked with the USAID Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation, which develops
techniques for preparing highly detailed assessments of current and impending conflicts. In
addition, S/CRS worked with the U.S. military’s Joint Forces Command (JFCOM) to develop a
common civilian-military planning model for stabilization and reconstruction operations.
To address the need for greater interagency, particularly civil-military, planning and coordination,
S/CRS has worked with the military to develop, among other things, civilian-military training
exercises for stabilization and reconstruction operations. For instance, S/CRS was a sponsor of a
civilian-military exercise by the Center for Stabilization and Reconstruction Studies (CSRS) at
the Naval Post-Graduate School and worked with SOUTHCOM to develop its March 2006
exercise.

³⁹^O^r^ig^ina^l^plaⁿ^s^ha^{d c}^a^lle^d^f^o^r^the^A^R^C^{to num}^be^r³⁰^by^the^e^nd^of²⁰⁰^{6. U}^.^{S. D}^e^pa^r^t^m^e^{nt of}^Sta^t^e^.^F^a^ct^Sh^eet^{: S}^t^a^t^e
^D^e^par^tm^eⁿ^{t S}^t^a^nds^U^p^Ac^tiv^e^Re^s^pons^e^C^o^r^p^s^.^A^u^g^u^{st 2}³^,²⁰⁰⁶^{. h}^t^tp://w^ww^.sta^t^e^.g^ov^/^s^/c^rs/rls/71⁰³⁸^.htm^.
⁴⁰^Beariⁿ^gP^oⁱⁿ^t^,^In^c.^M^aⁿ^age^me^{nt Stu}^d^y^{for Estab}^lishi^ng^a^{nd M}^a^na^gin^g^a^Civ^ilia^{n Re}^se^rv^e^.^P^r^ep^{ared f}^o^{r t}^h^{e U.}^S^.
^D^e^pa^r^t^m^e^{nt of}^Sta^t^e^,^O^f^fⁱ^c^e^of^the^C^oor^dⁱ^na^tor^f^o^r^R^e^c^ons^tr^uc^ti^on^a^{nd Sta}^b^iliz^a^tio^n.^Ma^y^{30, 2}⁰⁰⁶^.

In other areas necessary to carrying out Congress’s mandates, S/CRS has also taken a role. It has
developed ties with other international participants to coordinate and enhance civilian capabilities
for stabilization and reconstruction activities. To better plan and carry out response efforts, S/CRS
has developed a system to collect, analyze, and transmit “lessons learned.”

Two free-standing bills have been introduced in the 110^th Congress dealing with S/CRS, a civilian
response corps, and a conflict response fund; H.R. 1084 and S. 613 are both titled the
“Reconstruction and Stabilization Civilian Management Act,” although they are not identical. The
text of H.R. 1084 also has been incorporated into the House version of the FY2009 defense
authorization act (H.R. 5658). Senator Lugar submitted a third version of the bill as an
amendment (S.Amdt. 5340, which was not acted upon) to the Senate version of the defense
authorization bill (S. 3001).
On March 5, 2008, the House passed H.R. 1084 by voice vote. (The bill had been introduced
February 16, 2007, by Representative Farr for himself and Representative Saxton; an amended
version was reported by the House Foreign Affairs Committee on March 4, 2008, H.Rept. 110-
537). When no action was taken on that bill by the Senate, the House Armed Services Committee
incorporated the bill text as Title XVI of the Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act
for Fiscal Year 2009 (H.R. 5658, passed May 22, 2008).
S. 613 was introduced February 15, 2007, by Senator Lugar for himself and Senator Biden. (H.R.
1084 was introduced the same day by Representative Farr for himself and Representative
Saxton.) The Senate Foreign Relations Committee reported S. 613 (S.Rept. 110-050) without
amendment on March 28, 2007. It was placed on the Senate calendar on April 10, 2007. No
further action was taken.
On September 10, 2008, Senator Lugar submitted an amendment (#5340) to S. 3001 for himself
and Senators Biden, Durbin, and Warner that contains a version of the Reconstruction and
Stabilization Civilian Management Act that differs slightly from both H.R. 1084 and S. 613. The
Senate passed S. 3001 on September 17, 2008, but this amendment, like many others, was not
offered for a vote.
Provisions of H.R. 1084, S. 613, and S.Amdt. 5340 are discussed below under the appropriate
issue.
A major objective on proponents of improving the civilian capacity to perform stabilization and
reconstruction operations is to provide S/CRS with a permanent authorization and specified
function mandated by law. All current legislative proposals—H.R. 1084, S. 613, and S.
Amendment 5340—contain such a provision, as did all previous Luger-Biden legislation.

Codifying the existence of S/CRS would be accomplished by amending Title 1 of the State
Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (22 U.S.C. 2651 et seq.), which, among other
functions, provides for the establishment of the higher level positions within the Department of
State. The codification would also prevent the dismantling of the office without the legislative
consent of Congress.
Section 5 of H.R. 1084 and Section 6 of S. 613 would assign specific functions to S/CRS, largely
mirroring the functions assigned by Congress in its original legislation on S/CRS, as cited above.
S. 613 enumerates 10 functions, H.R. 1084 lists 9; S.Amdt. 5340 also lists 9 functions, although
they differ from the list of H.R. 1084. In general, these functions convey on the Coordinator for
Reconstruction and Stabilization an overall responsibility for monitoring and assessing political
and economic instability, and planning an appropriate U.S. response, but some of these functions
are to be undertaken in coordination or conjunction with USAID and other relevant executive ⁴¹
branch agencies.
Civilian personnel available through the U.S. government to perform S&R activities are scarce,
decentralized in organization, and difficult to call up. Many analysts view the remedy to this
situation as the creation of a corps of “on-the-ground” civilian personnel which could develop and
implement nation-building activities and interact with U.S. military personnel at all levels in ⁴²
order to foster security and stability in troubled situations. From the beginning, Luger\Biden
legislation has sought to authorize the establishment of such a corps. The Bush Administration

⁴¹^H^.^R^.¹⁰⁸⁴^,^S.⁶¹^{3, a}ⁿ^{d S}^.^A^m^{dt. 534}^{0 c}^o^ntaⁱⁿ^the^f^o^ll^ow^ing^nine^f^unc^ti^ons^{: (}¹⁾^“^M^onit^o^rⁱ^ng^{, in c}^oor^dina^ti^{on w}^ith
^r^e^le^v^a^{nt bur}^e^a^u^s^w^{ithin t}^h^e^D^e^pa^r^t^m^e^{nt of}^Sta^t^e^a^{nd the}^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^A^g^eⁿ^cy^f^o^r^Iⁿ^te^rⁿ^a^tiona^l^D^e^v^e^lopm^eⁿ^{t (}^U^SA^I^D⁾^,
^polit^ic^a^l^a^{nd e}^c^o^nom^ic^insta^b^ili^ty^w^o^rldw^ide^{to a}ⁿ^tic^ipa^t^e^t^h^e^ne^e^d^f^o^{r m}^obiliz^ing^Un^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^a^{nd i}ⁿ^te^rna^tio^na^l
^a^ssistaⁿ^c^e^f^o^{r the}^sta^b^iliz^a^tⁱ^{on a}ⁿ^{d re}^c^onstr^uc^tio^{n of}^a^c^o^uⁿ^try^{or r}^e^gⁱ^{on tha}^t^{is a}^t^risk^of^{, in,}^or.^..i^{n t}^r^aⁿ^sitio^{n f}^r^om^,
^c^onf^lic^{t or}^cⁱ^v^{il s}^t^rⁱ^f^e^”^;⁽²⁾^“^A^s^s^e^ss^ing^the^v^a^rⁱ^ous^ty^pe^s^of^s^t^a^b^iliz^a^{tion a}^{nd r}^e^c^o^ns^tr^uc^ti^on^c^r^is^e^s^tha^t^c^ould^oc^c^u^r^aⁿ^d
^c^a^t^a^l^og^ing^a^{nd m}^onitori^ng^the^no^n-m^ilita^r^y^re^sourc^e^s^a^{nd c}^a^p^a^b^ilit^ie^{s of}^a^g^eⁿ^cⁱ^e^s^...tha^{t a}^r^e^a^v^a^ila^ble^{to a}^d^dre^{ss suc}^h
^c^r^ise^s^”^;^{(3) “}^P^laⁿⁿⁱⁿ^g^,ⁱⁿ^c^onj^unc^tⁱ^{on w}^{ith USA}^I^{D, to}^a^ddre^{ss re}^q^uⁱ^r^e^m^eⁿ^{ts, suc}^h^a^s^de^m^obiliz^a^tio^n,^re^buil^d^ing^of^cⁱ^v^il
^s^o^cⁱ^e^t^y^,^polic^ing^,^h^u^m^a^{n r}ⁱ^g^h^ts^m^onit^o^rⁱ^ng^{, a}^nd^pu^blicⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^{tion, tha}^t^c^o^m^m^onl^y^a^r^is^e^{in s}^t^a^b^iliz^a^{tion a}ⁿ^d
^r^e^c^ons^tr^uc^tio^{n c}^r^is^e^s^”^;⁽⁴⁾^“^C^oor^dⁱ^na^ting^w^{ith r}^e^le^v^a^{nt a}^g^eⁿ^cⁱ^e^s^to^de^v^e^{lop in}^te^r^a^g^e^ncy^c^onting^e^nc^y^plaⁿ^s^t^o^m^obiliz^e
^a^{nd de}^ploy^cⁱ^v^ilia^{n pe}^rson^ne^{l t}^o^a^ddre^{ss the}^v^a^rio^u^{s ty}^pe^{s of}^suc^h^c^r^ise^s^”^;^{(5) “}^E^nte^r^ingⁱⁿ^to^a^ppr^oprⁱ^a^te^a^rra^ng^e^m^eⁿ^ts
^w^{ith a}^g^eⁿ^cⁱ^e^s^{to c}^a^r^r^y^{out a}^c^tiv^itie^s^unde^{r t}^h^is^s^e^c^tio^{n a}ⁿ^{d t}^h^e^Re^c^ons^truc^ti^{on a}ⁿ^{d S}^t^a^b^iliz^a^tⁱ^{on Civ}^ili^aⁿ^Ma^na^g^e^m^e^nt
^A^c^{t o}^f²⁰⁰^8”^{; (}⁶⁾^“^I^de^ntif^yⁱ^ng^pe^r^s^onne^lⁱⁿ^Sta^t^e^aⁿ^d^loc^a^l^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^nts^a^nd^{in t}^h^e^pr^iv^a^t^e^s^e^c^t^or^w^{ho a}^r^e^a^v^a^ila^ble^to
^pa^rtic^ipa^t^eⁱⁿ^the^Civ^ilia^{n Re}^se^rv^e^Corps..^.^{or t}^o^othe^rw^ise^pa^rtic^ipa^t^eⁱⁿ^{or c}^oⁿ^t^rib^u^te^t^o^re^c^onstr^uc^tio^{n a}ⁿ^d^sta^b^iliz^a^tⁱ^on
^a^c^tiv^itie^s^”^{; (7) “}^T^ak^ing^s^t^e^p^s^{to e}ⁿ^s^u^re^tha^t^traⁱⁿⁱ^ng^of^cⁱ^v^ilia^{n pe}^rs^onne^l^to^pe^rf^orm^s^u^c^h^re^c^ons^truc^tⁱ^{on a}^nd
^sta^b^iliz^a^tion^a^c^tiv^itie^{s is a}^d^e^qua^te^a^nd,^{is c}^a^rrie^d^o^u^{t, a}^s^a^p^pro^p^ria^t^e^,^w^{ith ot}^he^{r a}^g^eⁿ^cⁱ^e^s^inv^o^lv^e^d^w^{ith sta}^b^iliz^a^tⁱ^on
^o^p^e^ratⁱ^oⁿ^s^”;⁽⁸^{) “T}^akiⁿ^{g st}^ep^{s t}^o^en^su^{re t}^h^at^p^l^an^{s f}^o^{r Un}ⁱ^t^ed^S^t^at^{es reco}ⁿ^s^t^r^u^c^tⁱ^oⁿ^and^st^abi^lⁱ^zatⁱ^oⁿ^o^p^e^ratⁱ^oⁿ^s^are
^c^oordi^na^te^{d w}^{ith a}ⁿ^{d c}^o^m^p^le^m^e^nt^a^r^y^{to re}^c^onstruc^ti^on^aⁿ^d^sta^b^iliz^a^tion^a^c^tiv^itie^{s of}^othe^{r g}^o^v^e^rnm^e^{nts a}^nd
^inte^rⁿ^a^tⁱ^ona^{l a}ⁿ^d^no^ng^ov^e^r^nm^eⁿ^t^a^{l or}^g^a^niz^a^tions^,^to^im^pr^ov^e^ef^f^e^ctiv^eⁿ^e^s^s^a^{nd a}^v^oid^du^plic^a^tio^n”^{; a}^{nd (}⁹⁾
^“^M^aⁱ^ntaⁱⁿⁱ^ng^the^c^a^p^a^c^ity^{to f}ⁱ^e^l^{d on s}^hor^tⁿ^o^tic^e^aⁿ^e^v^a^l^ua^tio^{n te}^a^m^{to unde}^r^t^a^k^e^on-^sⁱ^te^ne^e^d^s^a^s^s^e^s^s^m^e^nt.”^T^h^e^lis^{t of}
^{S. 6}¹³^c^ontaⁱ^{ns the}^sa^m^e^ite^m^s^{, s}^o^m^e^w^{ith slig}^htly^diff^e^r^eⁿ^{t w}^o^rding^,^{, m}^o^{st im}^porta^ntly^t^h^{e l}^{ack o}^f^referen^{ce t}^o
^USA^I^{D, a}^s^w^e^{ll a}^s^one^a^dditi^ona^l^ite^m^:^“^C^oordina^ting^plaⁿ^{s a}ⁿ^d^pr^oc^e^dure^s^f^o^{r joi}ⁿ^{t c}ⁱ^v^ilia^n-m^ilita^ry^ope^ra^{tions w}^ith
^re^spe^c^t^{to sta}^b^iliz^a^tⁱ^{on a}^{nd re}^c^o^ns^truc^tio^{n a}^c^tiv^itie^s.”
⁴²^A^t^{a sp}^eech^gi^v^eⁿ^t^o^t^h^{e In}^t^e^rⁿ^atⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^Repu^b^lⁱ^can^In^stⁱ^t^u^t^{e i}ⁿ²⁰⁰⁵^,^P^r^esi^d^en^t^B^u^sh^st^at^{ed t}^h^at^t^h^eⁿ^eed^{s p}^e^rcei^ved
^duriⁿ^g^the^sta^r^t-u^p^of^{U.S. o}^p^e^r^a^tⁱ^{ons i}ⁿ^A^f^g^h^aⁿ^ista^{n a}ⁿ^d^Ira^{q i}ⁿ^f^l^ue^nc^e^d^the^c^r^e^a^tion^of^S/CRS.^“^M^aⁿ^y^fⁱ^ne^cⁱ^v^iliaⁿ
^w^o^rker^{s f}^r^o^m^al^m^o^st^ev^er^y^d^e^p^a^rt^men^t^o^f^t^h^{e go}^vern^m^eⁿ^t^vo^l^uⁿ^t^eered^t^o^{serve i}ⁿ^Ira^q^,^{” no}^t^e^d^t^h^e^P^r^e^sⁱ^d^en^t^.^“B^u^t^t^h^e
^proc^e^{ss of}^re^c^r^uiting^aⁿ^d^sta^f^fⁱ^ng^the^Coa^liti^on^P^r^ov^isi^ona^{l A}^u^th^orit^y^wa^{s le}^ng^th^y^a^{nd dif}^fⁱ^c^u^lt.”^Re^m^a^rk^{s b}^y^the
^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^{t a}^t^Iⁿ^te^rna^tⁱ^ona^{l Re}^p^u^b^lⁱ^c^aⁿ^Institu^te^Diⁿⁿ^e^r^{, Of}^fⁱ^c^e^of^the^W^h^ite^House^,^Ma^y^18,²⁰⁰⁵^.

requested funding for the creation of a small response cadre of government employees in its ⁴³
FY2006 and FY2007 budget submissions, but its first elaboration of a full-scale corps was the
February 2008 the Civilian Stabilization Initiative, discussed above.
H.R. 1084, S. 613, and S.Amdt. 5340 propose differing versions of a three part (active, standby,
and reserve) S&R civilian response corps. All versions specifically state that the purpose of the
Response Readiness Corps would be “to provide assistance in support of stabilization and
reconstruction activities in foreign countries or regions that are at risk of, in, or are in transition
from, conflict or civil strife.” All versions would codify the establishment of a civilian
reconstruction and stabilization capability by amending the State Department Basic Authorities
Act of 1956.
All three versions would also codify, as Section 618 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, a
requirement for the President to submit to Congress a Presidential determination invoking an
important U.S. national interest before furnishing assistance to stabilize and reconstruct a country
or region that is at risk of, in, or in transition from conflict or civil strife. S. 613 also states that a
Section 618 determination would be necessary to deploy members of the standby and reserve
components of the Corps. H.R. 1084 and S.Amdt. 5340 state that such a determination would be
necessary to deploy the reserve component.
S. 613, (the latest version of which is the Senate Foreign Relations Committee version reported in
2007) contains specific details regarding the composition of a three-part Response Readiness
Corps. The Secretary of State would establish and maintain the all components of the Corps in
consultation with the USAID Administrator and the heads of other appropriate U.S. government
departments and agencies.
• The first two components consist of federal employees. The active duty federal
component would be comprised of up to 250 personnel “recruited, employed, and
trained” specifically for the job. (This number is “in addition to any other full-
time personnel of the Department of State or USAID authorized to be employed
under any other provision of law.”) A federal standby component would consist
of up to 2,000 federal personnel who have volunteered for deployment on S&R
missions and have the necessary training and skills to perform them. These may
include employees of the Department of State (including foreign service
nationals), of USAID, or of any other executive branch agency, as well as of
legislative and judicial branch employees.
• The third component, a Civilian Reserve of non-U.S. government personnel
“trained and available as needed” would include at least 500 members within a
year after enactment. These could include retired employees of the U.S.
government, contractor personnel, nongovernmental organization personnel,
State and local government employees, and individuals from the private sector

⁴³^Iⁿ^its^FY²⁰⁰⁶^aⁿ^d^FY²⁰⁰⁷^bu^dg^e^t^r^e^que^s^t^s^,^the^B^u^s^h^A^d^mⁱ^nis^t^r^a^tion’^s^bu^dg^e^t^pr^o^pos^e^d^f^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^f^o^r^S/C^R^S^t^o
^e^s^ta^blis^{h a}¹^00-^pe^r^s^on^r^e^a^d^y^-^r^e^s^p^ons^e^c^a^d^r^e^of^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt em}^plo^y^e^e^s^{. C}^ong^r^e^s^s^ha^s^{not y}^e^{t pr}^ov^ide^d^f^unds^f^o^r
^e^s^ta^blishing^suc^h^a^c^a^d^re^{or a}^cⁱ^vⁱ^lia^{n re}^se^rv^e^c^o^{rps: a}^ltho^u^g^hⁱⁿ²⁰^{07, C}^ong^re^{ss a}^ppr^ov^e^d^$^{50 m}^illio^{n in}^sup^p^le^m^e^nta^l
^f^unds^(a^v^a^ila^ble^thro^ug^{h FY}²⁰⁰⁸⁾^{to e}^s^ta^blis^{h a}ⁿ^{d m}^a^intaⁱⁿ^a^cⁱ^v^ilia^{n re}^s^e^rv^e^c^o^rps^,^the^re^le^a^s^e^of^the^s^e^f^unds^w^a^s
^m^a^de^c^onting^e^nt^on^a^s^ubs^e^q^ue^nt^a^u^thor^iz^a^tion^of^the^c^o^r^p^s^.⁽^S^e^c^tio^{n 3}⁸¹⁰^,^[^U^.^S^{. T}^r^oo^{p R}^e^a^dⁱⁿ^e^s^s^,^V^e^te^r^a^ns^’^C^a^r^e^,
^K^a^trina^Re^c^o^v^e^r^y^{, a}^{nd Ira}^{q A}^c^c^ounta^b^ility^A^ppropria^tio^ns^A^c^t,²⁰^{07, H}^.^R.²²^06,^P^.^L^.¹^10-^28,^sⁱ^gⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^{to la}^w^Ma^y^25,
²⁰⁰^7.)

who have volunteered for, have the necessary training and skills to perform, and
are available for training and deployment to S&R missions.
The two versions of a civilian capability authorization bill developed in 2008, H.R. 1084, as
passed by the House, and the version contained in S.Amdt. 5340, were proposed after the
Administration’s announcement of the CSI. Their provisions regarding Corps’ personnel are
nearly identical. Like S. 613, these measures also provide for a three-part corps, but in less detail.
Recruitment and training would be carried out by the Secretary of State, the USAID
Administrator, and the heads of other participating departments and agencies.
• A Response Readiness Corps (SRC) of federal employees would be composed of
active and standby components consisting of U.S. government personnel,
including employees of the Department of State, USAID, and other agencies who
are recruited and trained to provide reconstruction and stabilization assistance
when deployed to do so by the Secretary of State. No specific number is provided
for members of these components. The legislation notes that members of the
active component would be specifically employed to serve in the Corps. (Note
the use of the term Response Readiness Corps applies only to the two federal
employee components, unlike S. 613, which also uses the term to include the
Civilian Reserve Corps.) The Secretary of State is authorized to establish and
maintain the SRC, in consultation with the Administrator of USAID and the
heads of other appropriate U.S. government agencies. The Secretary of State
alone is authorized to deploy its members.
• A Civilian Reserve Corps (CRC) would consist of individuals with “the skills
necessary for carrying out reconstruction and stabilization activities, and who
have volunteered for that purpose.” The Secretary is authorized to establish the
Corps in consultation with the Administrator of USAID, and is authorized to
employ and train its members, as well as to deploy them subject to a presidential
determination under the proposed Section 618 of the Foreign Assistance Act of

1961, as amended. No size was specified for the Civilian Reserve Corp.

• H.R. 1084 (but not S.Amdt. 5340) contains a provision to authorize “to be
appropriated to the Secretary of State such sums as may be necessary for fiscal
years 2007 through 2010 for the Office and to support, educate, train, maintain,
and deploy a Response Readiness Corps and a Civilian Reserve Corps.”
Proponents of the creation of a civilian reserve corps foresee a variety of advantages from the
creation of such a corps. DOD has promoted the concept on the grounds that it would free
military personnel from state-building tasks during military operations, thus increasing the ⁴⁴
personnel available for combat and other more strictly military tasks. Proponents also view such

⁴⁴^How^e^v^e^{r, DOD Di}^re^c^tiv^e^3000.⁰⁵^,^M^ilit^ary^Su^pp^{ort f}^o^{r S}^t^ab^ility^,^Se^c^u^rity^{, Tra}ⁿ^siti^on^an^{d R}^e^c^o^nstruc^tio^{n (}^SSR)
^Ope^r^atio^ns^{, issue}^d^Nov^e^m^b^e^r^28,²⁰^05,^sta^t^e^s^tha^t^m^aⁿ^y^sta^b^ility^ope^ra^{tions ta}^sk^{s “}^a^r^e^be^{st pe}^rf^orm^e^{d by}^indig^eⁿ^ous,
^f^o^re^ig^{n, or U.S.}^cⁱ^v^ilia^{n pr}^of^e^ssiona^ls,”^bu^{t n}^one^t^h^e^l^e^{ss “}^U^{.S. m}^ilita^r^y^f^o^rc^e^s^sha^{ll be}^pre^p^a^r^e^d^to^pe^r^f^o^r^m^a^{ll ta}^sk^s
^ne^c^e^ssa^r^y^{to e}^s^ta^{blish or m}^a^intaⁱⁿ^orde^{r w}^h^eⁿ^cⁱ^v^ilia^ns^c^aⁿ^not^do^s^o^.”^Am^ong^the^ta^sk^{s liste}^{d a}^r^e^the^re^buil^d^ing^of
^v^a^{rious ty}^pe^{s of}^se^c^u^rity^f^o^rc^e^s^{, c}^o^rre^c^tiona^{l f}^a^c^ilitie^{s, a}ⁿ^d^ju^di^cⁱ^a^l^s^y^ste^m^{s, the}^re^vⁱ^v^a^{l or bui}^ldiⁿ^g^o^f^the^priv^a^t^e^se^c^t^or,
^an^d^t^h^{e d}^e^v^e^lo^p^m^en^{t o}^f^rep^r^esen^tativ^{e g}^o^v^e^rn^m^eⁿ^t^{al in}^stitu^ti^oⁿ^s^{. (}^P^oⁱⁿ^t^{s 4}^.³^,⁴^.³^.¹^-⁴^.³^.³^.^A^cces^{s th}^ro^u^g^h
^http:^//www^.dtic^.m^il/^w^h^s/dire^c^tiv^e^s^/c^orre^s/htm^l/300⁰⁰^5.htm^.⁾
^Som^e^m^ilita^r^y^aⁿ^a^l^y^s^ts^a^r^g^u^e^tha^t^a^t^the^be^gⁱⁿⁿ^ing^of^aⁿ^ope^ra^tioⁿ^o^r^{in e}^x^tre^m^e^l^y^v^o^la^tile^situa^tio^{ns t}^h^e^use^of^U.S.
^troo^{ps to}^pe^rf^orm^na^tion-b^u^il^ding^e^f^f^o^rt^s^m^a^y^be^c^onside^r^e^d^hig^h^ly^de^sira^ble^a^s^the^y^c^aⁿ^“^m^ulti-ta^sk^,”^pe^rf^or^mⁱ^ng
^c^o^m^b^a^t^mⁱ^s^sⁱ^onsⁱⁿ^one^a^r^e^a^w^h^ile^s^w^itc^hing^quic^k^ly^{to s}^t^a^t^e^-^buildiⁿ^g^e^f^f^o^r^t^s^{in a}ⁿ^o^t^he^r^.^Iⁿ^a^d^diti^on,^s^o^m^e^be^lie^ve^tha^t
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

a corps as a means to enhance prospects for success in S&R operations as the personnel who
would be sent to perform such tasks would in general have a much higher level of expertise and
depth of experience than soldiers and could, unlike many military personnel assigned to such
tasks, perform at peak efficiency from the outset. Many view this as particularly true at the
national level, where extensive experience with developing national-level structures is desirable
over the long run. (Although military Civil Affairs officers are largely reservists whose civilian
jobs are relevant to state-building tasks, many analysts state that there are too few civil affairs
personnel to provide the depth needed to deploy the appropriate person in most circumstances.)
Many argue that civilian personnel are also preferable for symbolic reasons, as they may signal a
greater commitment to the construction of a democratic state.
Skeptics look at the concept of a civilian reserve as untested and potentially not feasible. Some
wonder whether qualified experts will sign up in sufficient quantities to make the corps an ⁴⁵
effective replacement for military troops in S&R operations. Some question whether the
existence of such a corps would provide an incentive to interventions of various types that the
United States otherwise would not have undertaken or that it might be used for purposes other
than post-conflict S&R operations. Some proponents have argued that such a corps would be
useful for preventive deployments. Some proposals for enhancing U.S. counterinsurgency
capabilities have argued for the creation of a civilian reserve for such operations. (This CBO cost
estimate is included in H.Rept. 110-537.)
While some may view the potential cost of the civilian Corps as high, some proponents argue that
the costs of deploying civilian personnel would result in a net savings to the military. (It is likely,
however, that any possible savings would depend on the circumstances in which such civilian
personnel were deployed and the effect of their deployment on the number of military personnel
needed.) Proponents also maintain that even if high, the monetary cost to maintain and deploy
civilian reservists would still be relatively inexpensive when compared to the multiple costs, both
tangible (such as money and lives) and intangible (such as domestic and international political
support and loss of strategic leverage) of prolonged or failed military interventions.
Skeptics also view the model as potentially costly. The Congressional Budget Office estimated ⁴⁶
that the cost of implementing H.R. 1084, if “employed in a manner consistent with the
[President’s] Civilian Stabilization Initiative” at $620 million over the 2009-2013 period. Of this,
the CBO estimates that the establishment of a 250-member Response Readiness Corps would
require appropriations of $76 million in 2009 and $67 million in 2010. The CBO also estimates
that training and equipping a 2,000-member standby component would require $39 million in
appropriations in 2009 and $31 million in 2010. For the Civilian Reserve Corps, the CBO

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^{it w}^{ill a}^l^w^a^y^s^be^de^sira^ble^{to ha}^v^e^traⁱ^ne^{d m}^ilita^ry^cⁱ^v^{il a}^ffa^{irs off}ⁱ^c^e^{rs w}^{ho c}^aⁿ^de^a^l^w^{ith c}ⁱ^v^ilia^{n le}^a^d^e^r^{s a}^nd
^pop^ula^tⁱ^onsⁱⁿ^v^o^lv^e^dⁱⁿ^s^t^a^t^e^-^bu^il^ding^e^f^f^o^rts^a^t^the^loc^a^l^le^v^e^{l, a}^s^a^m^e^aⁿ^s^of^de^m^ons^tra^ting^g^oodw^{ill tow}^a^{rd s}^u^c^h
^p^o^p^u^l^atⁱ^oⁿ^s^and^enh^aⁿ^cⁱⁿ^{g t}^h^{e i}^m^{age o}^f^so^l^dⁱ^e^rs,^esp^eci^al^l^yⁱⁿ^co^unt^eriⁿ^su^rgen^cy^o^p^e^ratⁱ^oⁿ^s^.
⁴⁵^{For i}ⁿ^f^o^rm^a^{tion on}^the^e^x^pe^rieⁿ^c^e^s^of^the^G^e^r^m^aⁿ^y^,^Ca^na^da^{, a}^{nd t}^h^e^Uⁿ^ite^d^N^a^tions^{in re}^c^r^u^iting^pe^rs^onne^{l f}^o^{r s}^t^a^t^e^-
^buil^d^ing^r^o^s^t^e^r^s^a^nd^de^pl^oy^m^e^nts^{to o}^t^he^r^c^o^untrⁱ^e^s^s^e^e^C^R^S^R^e^por^t^R^L³³⁶⁴^7,^{A Civ}^ili^an^Re^se^rv^e^{for Sta}^b^iliz^ati^on^an^d
^Re^c^ons^tr^uc^tio^{n A}^b^r^o^ad:^Sum^m^a^r^y^{of a}^W^o^r^k^s^hop^oⁿ^U^.^{S. Pr}^op^os^a^l^s^an^{d I}ⁿ^te^r^nati^oⁿ^a^l^Ex^pe^rⁱ^eⁿ^c^e^s^and^Re^late^{d I}^s^s^u^e^s
^for^C^o^ngr^e^s^s^{, by}^Nⁱ^na^M.^Se^r^a^fⁱ^no.
⁴⁶⁽^T^his^C^B^O^c^o^s^t^e^s^tim^a^t^e^is^inc^l^ude^{d i}ⁿ^H^.^R^e^pt^{. 1}^10-⁵³^7.)

estimates the costs for recruiting, screening, enrolling, training and equipping member at $87
million in 2009 and $47 million in 2010. Thus, total non-deployment appropriations to be spent
through FY2013, for the combined civilian Corps for FY2009-FY2010, would total $347 million
for FY2009-FY2010, according to CBO estimates.
The CBO estimated that the deployment of the active duty members of the Corps would require
$37 million in 2009 and $36 million in 2010 for numerous small deployments to relatively benign
areas. It estimated that mobilizing a small force of standby and civilian reserve corps members to
deploy would require annual appropriations of about $65 million, that security costs would be
about $22 million, and that contracts for experts in various fields would be about $13 million.
Noting that CBO could not predict the extent or cost of contingency operations, it pointed out the
H.R. 1084 would authorize the President to provide up to $100 million a year over the 2009-2010
period for CSI reconstruction and stabilization. (See below.) CBO noted that it “expects that those
funds would be used for an initial response to an international crisis and not for major
reconstruction efforts.....”
For many policymakers and analysts, a key change necessary to make the State Department
“operational” for S&R operations is the provision of a conflict response fund. The provision for a
flexible, replenishable fund was included in early versions of the Lugar-Biden legislation. The
current version of S. 613 (like the version of H.R. 1084 as introduced) contains provisions for a
$75 million replenishable fund that could be used by the President to respond to crises in
countries or regions at risk of, in, or in transition from conflict or civil strife. Of that, some $25
million could be used for expenses related to the development, training, and operations of the
Response Readiness Corps.
Neither of the two 2008 versions of the Reconstruction and Stabilization Civilian Management
Act (i.e., H.R. 1084 and S.Amdt. 5340) provides for such a replenishable account. H.R. 1084 and
S.Amdt. 5340 would both provide permanent authority, codified as Section 618 of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, for the President to furnish up to $100 million annually to
respond to a reconstruction and stabilization crisis. Such assistance would be furnished to assist in
reconstructing and stabilizing a country or region that is at risk of, in, or is in transition from
conflict or civil strife. The President would be required to consult with and provide a written
policy justification to Congress’s foreign affairs and appropriations committees before exercising
this authority (per section 613(a)(3) of the 1961 FAA). H.R. 1084 would limit the exercise of that
authority to three fiscal years (i.e., FY2008, FY2009, and FY2010).
Congress has long resisted the provision of “blank check” pots of money as an abdication of
constitutional appropriation and oversight powers, and has thus far refused to provide it for S&R
purposes through the State Department or Foreign Operations budget. On the other hand,
proponents of a replenishable conflict response fund argue that it is needed because many crises
that demand a U.S. rapid response cannot be foreseen and thus planned for in annual budget
submissions (such as Lebanon in 2006.) In addition, they argue, the existing mechanisms for
transferring funds to an emergency situation are too time-consuming to provide an immediate
response. Proponents have argued for a mechanism like the automatically replenishable
Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance (ERMA) emergency relief account, funded
through foreign operations appropriations. Many proponents suggest that ERMA provides a
model for a conflict response fund. Several bills were introduced that would, among other
provisions, permanently establish a conflict response fund, but none passed Congress.

In 2006, Congress made funding available through the DOD budget for conflict response fund
purposes after turning down several Administration requests for more flexible funding ⁴⁷
mechanisms. Section 1207 of the conference version of the National Defense Authorization Act
for Fiscal Year 2006 (P.L. 109-163, H.R. 1815/S. 1042; signed into law January 6, 2006)
authorized the Secretary of Defense to provide the Secretary of State with up to $100 million in
services, defense articles and funding for reconstruction, security, or stabilization assistance to a
foreign country per fiscal year for each FY2006 and FY2007; the NDAA for FY2007 extended ⁴⁸
the authority through FY2008 (Section 1210, P.L. 110-181).
^Niⁿ^a^{M. S}^e^rafiⁿ^o ^Mar^tin^A^.^W^e^iss
^Sp^{ecialist i}ⁿ^Iⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^{l Sec}^u^rⁱ^t^y^Af^f^a^ir^s^An^al^y^s^{t i}ⁿ^In^terⁿ^ation^a^{l T}^r^ade^an^{d Fin}^aⁿ^ce
ⁿ^s^era^fⁱⁿ^o^@^crs^.^l^o^c.g^o^v^,^7-⁷⁶⁶⁷^mw^ei^s^s^@^c^rs^.l^oc.g^ov^{, 7}^-⁵⁴⁰⁷

⁴⁷^T^h^e^s^e^r^e^que^s^t^s^w^e^r^e^c^ontaⁱ^ne^{d i}ⁿ^bot^{h a}ⁿ^nua^{l a}^{nd s}^u^p^p^le^m^e^nta^l^a^ppr^o^p^rⁱ^a^tio^ns^m^e^a^s^ur^e^s⁾^f^o^r^no-^y^e^ar^f^unds^t^o^be
^us^e^d^f^o^r^c^onf^lic^{t e}^m^e^r^g^e^nc^ie^s^{in f}^o^r^e^ig^{n c}^o^uⁿ^tr^ie^s^or^r^e^gⁱ^ons^{, a}^nd^p^r^op^os^a^l^sⁱⁿ^pr^e^v^ious^ite^r^a^ti^ons^of^the^L^u^g^a^r^/^Bⁱ^deⁿ
^le^gⁱ^s^l^a^{tion to}^e^s^ta^blis^{h a}^r^e^pleⁿ^is^h^a^ble^c^onf^lic^{t r}^e^s^p^oⁿ^s^e^f^o^r^a^c^onf^lic^{t r}^e^s^pons^e^f^und^.
⁴⁸^T^h^{e assi}^st^an^{ce i}^s^su^b^j^ect^t^o^t^h^{e p}^r^o^vⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s^o^f^F^o^rei^gⁿ^A^ssi^st^an^ce^Act^,^t^h^{e A}^r^m^s^E^x^p^o^r^t^Con^t^ro^l^A^c^t^,^an^d^an^y^l^a^w
^m^a^kⁱ^ng^a^ppr^opr^ia^ti^ons^t^o^c^a^r^r^y^{out s}^u^c^h^a^c^t^s^.^T^h^e^pr^ov^is^ion^r^e^quir^e^s^tha^t^the^Se^c^r^e^t^a^r^y^of^D^e^f^e^ns^e^notif^y^a^r^m^e^d
^se^rv^ic^e^s^{, f}^o^re^ig^{n a}^f^f^a^{irs, a}^{nd a}^ppr^opria^ti^{ons c}^o^m^m^itte^e^s^of^bot^{h c}^h^a^m^be^{rs a}^t^the^tim^e^the^a^u^th^ority^{is e}^x^e^r^cⁱ^s^e^{d. (For}
^m^o^r^e^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion on}^Se^c^tio^{n 1}²⁰⁷^a^u^t^hor^ity^a^{nd its}^us^e^s^{, s}^e^e^C^R^S^R^e^por^{t R}^S²²⁸⁷^1,^D^e^p^a^r^t^m^e^{nt of D}^e^fe^ns^e^“Se^c^tion
¹²⁰^7”^Se^c^u^rity^an^{d St}^ab^ilizat^ioⁿ^Assistanc^e^:^{A F}^a^c^t^S^h^e^e^t^{, by}^Nⁱ^na^{M. Se}^r^a^fⁱ^no.)