Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act: A Legal Analysis

^Pr^ep^ar^{ed f}^o^r^M^e^m^b^ers^an^d^Com^mⁱ^t^t^ees^of^C^ong^r^e^ss

The Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act, (P.L. 109-248, H.R. 4472), emerged from
Congress following the passage of separate bills in the House and Senate (H.R. 3132 and S. 1086
respectively). The act’s provisions fall into four categories: a revised sex offender registration
system, child and sex related amendments to federal criminal and procedure, child protective
grant programs, and other initiatives designed to prevent and punish sex offenders and those who
victimize children.
The sex offender registration provisions replace the Jacob Wetterling Act provisions with a
statutory scheme under which states are required to modify their registration systems in
accordance with federal requirements at the risk of losing 10% of their Byrne program law
enforcement assistance funds. The act seeks to close gaps in the prior system, provide more
information on a wider range of offenders, and make the information more readily available to the
public and law enforcement officials.
In the area of federal criminal law and procedure, the act enlarges the kidnaping statute, increases
the number of federal capital offenses, enhances the mandatory minimum terms of imprisonment
and other penalties that attend various federal sex offenses, establishes a civil commitment
procedure for federal sex offenders, authorizes random searches as a condition for sex offender
probation and supervised release, outlaws Internet date drug trafficking, permits the victims of
state crimes to participate in related federal habeas corpus proceedings, and eliminates the statute
of limitations for certain sex offenses and crimes committed against children.
The act revives the authorization of appropriations under the Police Athletic Youth Enrichment
Act among its other grant provisions and requires the establishment of a national child abuse
registry among its other child safety initiatives.
This report is available in an abridged version, without footnotes and most citations to authority,
as CRS Report RS22646, Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act: A Sketch, by Charles
Doyle.

Introduc tion ............................................................................................................................... 1
Sex Offender Registration.........................................................................................................1
Constitutional Considerations.............................................................................................2
Who Must Register.............................................................................................................3
Registration Requirements..................................................................................................7
When and For How Long...................................................................................................7
Registration Information Online.........................................................................................9
Failure to Comply.............................................................................................................10
Studies and Reports............................................................................................................11
Adjustments in Federal Criminal Law.....................................................................................11
New Procedures................................................................................................................13
New Crimes......................................................................................................................25
New Penalties...................................................................................................................29
Grant Programs.......................................................................................................................34
Other Child Safety Initiatives..................................................................................................35
National Child Abuse Registry.........................................................................................36
Background Checks..........................................................................................................36
Record Keeping by Porn Producers..................................................................................37
Civil Liability and Immunity............................................................................................38
Department of Justice.......................................................................................................40
Author Contact Information..........................................................................................................41

The President signed the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act on July 27, 2006.¹ The act
serves four basic purposes. First, it reformulates the federal standards for sex offender registration
in state, territorial and tribal sexual offender registries, and does so in a manner designed to make
the system more uniform, more inclusive, more informative, and more readily available to the
public online. Second, it introduces a fairly extensive and diverse set of amendments to federal
criminal law and procedure, featuring, among other things, a federal procedure for the civil
commitment of convicted sex offenders upon their release from prison, a random search authority
over sex offenders on probation or supervised release, and a number of new mandatory minimum
terms of imprisonment for various new and existing federal sex offenses. Third, it creates,
amends, or revives several grant programs designed to reinforce private, state, local, tribal and
territorial prevention; law enforcement; and treatment efforts in the case of crimes committed
against children. Finally, it calls for a variety of administrative or regulatory initiatives in the
interest of child safety, such as the creation of the National Child Abuse Registry.
The act arrived on the President’s desk as H.R. 4472 having been approved by the House on ²³
March 8, 2006 and by the Senate on July 20, 2006. Each Chamber had previously passed many
of the same provisions in separate bills of their own. In the case of the House, the predecessor ⁴
was H.R. 3132 which the House endorsed on September 15, 2005; in the case of the Senate, it ⁵
was S. 1086, which the Senate approved on May 4, 2006.
One of the center pieces of the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act is the revision of the ⁶
nation-wide sex offender registration system. The earlier statute, the Jacob Wetterling Act, ⁷⁸
encouraged states to establish and maintain a registration system. Each of them has done so. The

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state systems had many common features, but were hardly uniform. The Walsh Act preserves the
basis structure of the earlier law, expands upon it, and makes more specific matters that were ⁹
previously left to individual state choice. It contemplates a publicly available,
contemporaneously accurate, online system. Conscious of the legal and technical adjustments
required, the Walsh Act anticipates that states and other jurisdictions may require three years or
more to fully implement its modifications. As a consequence, for purposes of compliance by the
states and other jurisdictions, the prior law remains in effect until the later of three years after
enactment or one year after the necessary software for the new uniform, online system has ¹⁰
become available. For registrants, however, the new requirements became effective upon ¹¹
enactment.
Two state sex offender statutes have survived constitutional scrutiny before the Supreme Court, ¹²¹³
Connecticut Department of Public Safety v. Doe and Smith v. Doe. In Smith, the Court rejected
an ex post facto challenge because the statute was intended to create a regulatory scheme that was
civil and nonpunitive and because it was not “so punitive either in purpose or effect as to negate ¹⁴
the state’s intention to deem it civil.” In Connecticut Department of Public Safety, it rejected the
argument that due process required a pre-registration hearing as to the current dangerousness of
the offender because the statute predicated registration upon prior conviction, not upon current ¹⁵
dangerousness.

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¹⁴^Smith^v^.^Doe^,⁵³^{8 U}^.^S^.^a^t^92.
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Other courts have rejected similar and other constitutional challenges,¹⁶ although individual
aspects of a particular statute or its implementation have been found constitutionally defective on ¹⁷
occasion.
The class of offenders required to register has been expanded under the act. The group includes
anyone found in the United States and previously convicted of a federal, state, local, tribal, ¹⁸
military, or foreign qualifying offense, although strictly speaking violations of the laws of the ¹⁹
District of Columbia or U.S. territories are not specifically mentioned as qualifying offenses. ²⁰
Offenders must register in each state or territory in which they live, work, or attend school.
There are five classes of qualifying offenses: crimes identified as one of the “specific offenses
against a minor;” crimes in which some sexual act or sexual conduct is an element; designated
federal sex offenses; specified military offenses; and attempts or conspiracy to commit any ²¹
offense in the other four classes of qualifying offenses.
This class consists of essentially the same members as made up the class of qualifying offenses
under the Jacob Wetterling Act when these offenses are or were committed in violation of state,
local, tribal, foreign, or military law, or presumably in violation of D.C. or territorial law:

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^a^d^mⁱ^nistra^tiv^e^l^y^{on the}^ba^{sis of}^a^m^ilita^r^y^c^onv^ic^{tion w}^h^eⁿ^t^h^e^sta^t^ute^di^d^{not re}^quire^re^gⁱ^stra^tio^{n f}^o^{r suc}^h^c^o^nv^ic^tions);
^State^v^.^Baⁿⁱ^,⁹⁷^H^a^w^.^285,³⁶^P^.^3d¹²⁵⁵⁽²⁰⁰²⁾⁽^p^ublic^not^if^ic^a^{tion f}^e^a^t^ur^e^of^the^s^t^a^t^e^r^e^gⁱ^s^t^r^a^{tion s}^t^a^t^ute^,^w^itho^u^{t a}
^he^a^r^ing^on^da^ng^e^r^o^u^sⁿ^e^s^s^,^w^ould^vⁱ^ola^t^e^the^d^u^e^pr^oc^e^s^s^c^l^a^u^s^e^of^the^C^ons^t^itutⁱ^oⁿ^of^H^a^w^a^i’ⁱ⁾^;^{but s}^e^e^,^State^v^.
^Gu^id^ry^,¹⁰⁵^H^a^w^.^222,⁹⁶^P^.^3d²^{42 (}²⁰⁰⁴⁾⁽^due^proc^e^s^s^re^qui^re^m^e^nts^m^a^y^be^s^a^tis^fⁱ^e^d^by^pe^titionin^g^the^c^{ourt f}^o^r
^h^eariⁿ^g).
¹⁸^“^A^s^e^x^of^f^e^nde^r^s^h^a^{ll r}^e^gⁱ^s^t^e^r^{. . .}^.”^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹³⁽^a⁾^{. “}^T^he^te^r^m^‘^s^e^x^of^f^e^nde^r^’^m^e^aⁿ^s^aⁿ^indivⁱ^d^u^a^{l w}^{ho w}^a^s
^c^onv^ic^te^{d of}^a^s^e^x^of^f^e^ns^e^,^”^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹¹⁽¹⁾^.^“^[^T^]^he^te^r^m^‘^s^e^x^of^f^e^ns^e^’^m^e^aⁿ^s^{– a}^c^r^im^ina^l^of^f^e^nse^.^{. . a}
^[de^s^ig^na^te^{d] Fe}^de^ra^{l of}^f^e^nse^.^{. .}^[or^]^a^m^ilita^r^y^off^e^nse^.^{. .}^.”⁴²^U.^{S.C. 1}⁶⁹¹¹⁽^5)(A^{)(1). “}^T^he^te^rm^‘^c^rimⁱ^na^{l off}^e^nse^’
^m^e^aⁿ^{s a}^Sta^t^e^,^loc^a^l^{, tri}^b^a^l^{, f}^o^re^ig^{n, o}^r^m^ilita^r^y^off^e^nse^.^.^{.or ot}^he^{r c}^r^im^ina^l^off^e^nse^,^”⁴²^{U.S.C. 16}⁹¹^1(6).^T^{hus, on}ⁱ^t^s
^f^a^{ce t}^h^{e act}^{’s regi}^st^ratⁱ^oⁿ^req^uⁱ^re^men^t^{s ap}^p^l^y^regard^l^e^{ss o}^f^w^h^et^h^e^{r t}^h^{e con}^vⁱ^c^tⁱ^o^{n o}^ccu^rred^p^rⁱ^o^{r t}^o^en^act^o^f^t^h^{e act}^.
^T^h^e^a^c^t^v^e^{sts, how}^e^v^e^r^{, the}^A^ttorne^y^Ge^ne^ra^{l w}^{ith a}^u^thority^to^spe^c^ify^{its a}^pplic^a^{tion t}^o^of^f^e^nde^{rs c}^onv^ic^te^{d pr}^ior^{to i}^t^s
^effectⁱ^v^{e d}^a^t^e^,⁴²^U.^S^.^C^.¹⁶⁹¹³⁽^d).^A^s^l^east^oⁿ^anⁱⁿ^t^e^ri^m^b^a^si^s,^t^h^{e A}^t^t^o^rn^ey^Gen^e^ral^h^a^{s d}^eci^d^e^d^t^h^at^t^h^{e act}^app^lⁱ^e^{s t}^o
^a^{ll of}^f^e^nde^{rs c}^onv^ic^te^{d prior}^{to e}ⁿ^a^c^t^m^e^{nt, Inte}^rim^Rule^{, 72}^Fe^d.Re^g.^a^t⁸⁸^96;²⁸^C^.^F^.^R^.^§⁷²^.^3.
¹⁹^“^T^he^te^r^m^‘c^ri^mⁱ^na^{l off}^e^nse^’^m^e^aⁿ^{s a}^Sta^t^e^,^loc^a^l^,^triba^l^,^f^o^re^ig^n,^{or m}^ilita^r^y^off^e^nse^.^.^{.or ot}^he^{r c}^rⁱ^m^ina^l^off^e^nse^,^”⁴²
^U^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹¹⁽⁶⁾^.^Vⁱ^ola^tⁱ^ons^of^Dⁱ^s^t^rⁱ^c^t^a^{nd te}^r^rⁱ^t^o^rⁱ^a^l^la^w^m^a^y^be^w^h^a^t^dr^a^f^te^r^s^m^e^aⁿ^{t by}^“^o^the^r^c^rⁱ^m^ina^l^of^f^e^ns^e^s^.”
²⁰^“A^se^x^o^f^f^eⁿ^d^e^{r sh}^{all reg}ⁱ^{ster ... i}ⁿ^each^ju^ris^d^ictioⁿ^w^h^er^{e th}^{e o}^f^f^eⁿ^d^e^{r resid}^e^{s ..}^{. .”}⁴²^U.^S.C.¹⁶⁹¹³^.^“T^h^e^term
^‘j^u^rⁱ^s^dⁱ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^’^m^ean^{s an}^y^o^f^t^h^{e f}^o^l^l^o^wⁱⁿ^g:^(A⁾^A^S^t^at^e.^{(B) t}^h^{e Di}^st^rⁱ^ct^o^f^Co^l^u^m^bⁱ^a^.^{(C) t}^h^{e Co}^mm^oⁿ^w^e^a^l^t^h^o^f^P^u^ert^o
^Rico^{. (D) G}^u^am^{. (E) T}^h^{e No}^rth^e^rn^Marian^{a Islan}^d^{s. (F)}^T^h^{e Un}^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^Vⁱ^rg^{in Isla}ⁿ^d^{s. (H) T}^o^t^h^e^e^x^te^{nt prov}^ide^d
^an^d^sub^j^ect^t^o^t^h^{e requ}ⁱ^r^em^en^t^s^o^f^S^ectⁱ^o^{n 12}⁷^[^r^el^atⁱⁿ^{g t}^o^the^tri^b^a^l^e^l^e^c^{tion m}^a^inta^{in a}^se^pa^ra^te^re^gⁱ^stry^{or to}
^p^a^rtⁱ^cⁱ^p^at^{e i}ⁿ^t^h^at^o^f^an^ap^plⁱ^cab^l^e^st^at^e]^,^{a f}^e^d^e^ral^l^y^re^co^gnⁱ^zed^In^di^an^t^rⁱ^b^e,^”⁴²^U.^S^.^C.¹⁶⁹¹¹⁽¹⁰⁾^.
²¹^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹¹⁽⁵⁾⁽^A⁾^.

• kidnaping of a minor, except by a parent or guardian;
• false imprisonment of a minor, except by a parent or guardian;
• solicitation of a minor to engage in sexual conduct;
• use of a minor in a sexual performance;
• solicitation to practice prostitution;
• video voyeurism (as described in 18 U.S.C. 1801);
• possession, production, or distribution of child pornography;
• criminal sexual conduct toward a minor, or the use of the Internet to facilitate or
attempt such conduct;
• any conduct that by its nature is a sexual offense against a minor. 42 U.S.C.

16911 (5)(ii), (7), (6).

Virtually all the states require registration for convictions of the state’s criminal law version of
these generic crimes. Their treatment of federal, foreign, military and out of state convictions has ²²
been a bit more individualistic.
The act simply states that the class of qualify offenses also includes any “criminal offense that has ²³
an element involving a sexual act or sexual contact with another.” It does not define either the
term “sexual act” or “sexual contact.” Elsewhere in the United States Code they are consistently
defined as follows.
^[T]h^{e ter}^m^“s^e^x^u^a^{l act”}^m^e^aⁿ^s^–
^(A^{) con}^t^{act bet}^w^eeⁿ^th^{e pe}ⁿⁱ^s^an^{d th}^e^v^u^l^v^a^{or th}^{e pen}ⁱ^s^an^d^th^{e anu}^s^{, a}ⁿ^{d f}^o^{r pu}^rpos^es^of
^t^hⁱ^s^sub^p^a^r^a^gr^a^p^{h c}^o^nt^a^c^tⁱⁿ^vo^l^vⁱ^{ng t}^h^e^p^eⁿⁱ^{s o}^c^c^u^r^s^up^oⁿ^p^e^ne^t^r^a^tⁱ^o^n,^ho^w^e^ve^r^,^slⁱ^g^ht^;
^(B^{) con}^t^{act bet}^w^een^t^h^e^m^o^u^t^{h an}^{d th}^{e pen}ⁱ^s^,^th^e^m^o^u^t^h^aⁿ^{d t}^h^{e vu}^l^v^{a, or th}^e^m^o^u^t^h^an^{d t}^h^e
^an^us^;
⁽^C⁾^t^h^e^p^e^ne^t^r^a^tⁱ^o^n,^ho^w^e^ve^r^s^lⁱ^g^ht^,^o^f^t^h^e^aⁿ^a^l^o^r^geⁿⁱ^t^a^l^o^p^eⁿⁱⁿ^{g o}^f^aⁿ^o^t^he^r^b^y^a^ha^nd^o^r
^fⁱⁿ^g^e^{r or b}^y^aⁿ^y^obj^ect,^wⁱ^t^h^anⁱⁿ^{tent to abu}^s^e,^h^u^mⁱ^liate,^h^a^ras^s^,^de^g^r^{ade, or arou}^s^e^or
^g^r^atⁱ^f^y^t^h^{e s}^e^x^u^a^l^desⁱ^{re of}^any^pers^on^;^or

²²^S^{ee e.}^g^.^,^Ky^{. Re}^v^.^Sta^t^{. §17}^.5¹⁰⁽^6)(c^ov^e^r^ing^sta^t^e^,^ou^{t of}^sta^t^e^,^f^e^de^ra^{l, m}^ilita^r^y^a^{nd te}^rritoria^l^c^o^nv^ic^{tions w}^{ith n}^o
^m^e^ntion^of^f^o^re^ig^{n c}^onv^ic^tions);^I^o^w^a^Code^A^{nn. §}⁶⁹²^A^.^{2 (c}^ov^e^r^ing^sta^t^e^,^out^of^sta^t^e^,^m^ilita^r^y^a^{nd f}^o^re^ig^{n c}^onv^ic^ti^ons
^w^{ith no m}^e^ntion^of^D^.^C^.^or^te^r^r^ito^rⁱ^a^l^c^onv^ic^tio^ns⁾^;^Va^{. C}^o^de^§⁹^.¹^-⁹⁰²^[^B^]⁽^“^‘^O^f^f^e^ns^e^f^o^r^w^h^ic^{h r}^e^gⁱ^s^t^r^a^{tion is}
^re^quire^d’.^{. .}^s^h^a^{ll a}^l^s^o^inc^l^ude^aⁿ^y^sⁱ^mⁱ^l^a^{r off}^e^ns^e^unde^{r the}^la^w^s^o^f^{(i) a}ⁿ^y^f^o^re^ig^{n c}^ountry^{or a}ⁿ^y^politic^a^l^s^u^bdivⁱ^sⁱ^on
^the^r^e^o^f^,^{(ii) the}^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^{or a}ⁿ^y^politic^a^l^su^bdivⁱ^sioⁿ^t^h^e^r^e^o^f^a^{nd a}ⁿ^y^of^fe^nse^f^o^r^w^h^ic^{h re}^gⁱ^stra^tion^{in a}^se^x
^of^f^e^nde^r^or^c^r^im^e^s^a^g^aⁱ^ns^{t m}ⁱ^nor^s^r^e^gⁱ^s^t^r^y^is^r^e^quir^e^{d u}^nde^r^the^la^w^s^of^the^jurⁱ^s^d^ic^tio^{n w}^h^e^r^e^the^of^f^e^nde^r^w^a^s
^c^onv^ic^te^d”⁾^;^Creekmo^r^{e v.}^A^t^t^o^{rney Gen}^e^ra^l^{, 34}^{1 F}^.^Su^pp^.2^{d 6}⁴⁸⁽^E^.D^.T^e^x^{. 2004)}⁽ⁿ^o^ting^t^h^a^t^the^c^u^r^r^e^{nt T}^e^x^a^s
^re^gⁱ^stra^{tion sta}^t^ute^,^un^lik^e^aⁿ^e^a^r^lie^{r v}^e^{rsion, c}^o^v^e^{rs m}^ilita^r^y^c^onv^ic^tions);^S^t^a^t^{e v.}^Di^ckersoⁿ^{, 14}²^I^d^a^{ho 51}^{4, 12}^{9 P.3d}
¹²⁶^{3 (}²⁰⁰⁶⁾⁽^h^oldi^ng^uⁿ^c^ons^ti^tuti^ona^{l a}^s^a^vⁱ^ola^tⁱ^on^of^the^rⁱ^g^h^t^{to t}^r^a^v^e^l^aⁿ^I^d^a^{ho s}^t^a^t^ute^tha^t^r^e^quir^e^{d r}^e^gⁱ^s^t^r^a^tion^of
^thos^e^c^o^nv^ic^te^{d in}^I^d^a^h^{o a}^f^te^r^J^u^ly^{1, 199}^{3 a}ⁿ^{d t}^hos^e^w^{ith o}^u^t^of^s^t^a^t^e^c^onv^ic^tions^w^{ho m}^o^v^e^into^th^e^Sta^t^e^a^f^te^r^tha^t
^da^te^r^e^g^a^r^d^le^s^s^of^the^da^te^of^theⁱ^r^out^of^s^t^a^t^e^c^onv^ic^tio^ns⁾^.
²³⁴²^U^.^S.C.¹⁶⁹¹¹⁽⁵^)(A^)(i).

⁽^D⁾^t^h^eⁱⁿ^t^eⁿ^tⁱ^o^na^l^t^o^uc^hi^ng,ⁿ^o^t^t^h^r^o^ug^{h t}^h^e^c^l^o^t^hⁱⁿ^g^,^o^f^t^h^e^geⁿⁱ^t^a^lⁱ^a^o^f^aⁿ^o^t^he^r^pers^on^w^ho
^h^a^sⁿ^o^{t attai}ⁿ^{ed th}^{e ag}^{e of}^{16 y}^ears^wⁱ^t^h^an^inteⁿ^t^{to abu}^s^e,^h^u^mⁱ^lⁱ^{ate, h}^a^ras^s^,^deg^r^{ade, or}
^arou^s^e^{or g}^r^atⁱ^f^y^t^h^e^s^e^xu^al^de^sⁱ^{re of}^any^pers^on^;
^[T]h^{e ter}^m^“^s^e^x^u^a^{l con}^t^act”^mean^s^t^h^{e i}ⁿ^teⁿ^tion^a^l^t^o^uc^hiⁿ^g^,^eⁱ^t^h^e^r^dⁱ^r^e^c^t^l^y^o^r^t^h^r^o^ug^{h t}^h^e
^cl^ot^hⁱ^ng^{, of}^t^h^{e g}^eⁿⁱ^t^a^lⁱ^a^{, anu}^s^,^g^r^oiⁿ^,^breas^t^,ⁱⁿⁿ^e^{r t}^hⁱ^g^h^,^{or b}^u^t^t^o^cks^of^aⁿ^y^pers^on^wⁱ^t^h^aⁿ
ⁱⁿ^teⁿ^t^to^ab^u^s^{e, h}^u^m^ilia^{te, h}^a^r^a^{ss, d}^e^g^r^ad^{e, o}^r^ar^o^u^{se o}^r^g^r^a^tif^y^th^e^sex^u^{al d}^e^sir^e^o^f^aⁿ^y²⁴
^pers^on^.
The class appears to have been intended as a residual group of sexual offenses that fall outside the
coverage of the other classes of qualifying offenses. It applies to violations of state, local, tribal, ²⁵
foreign, military, and presumably D.C. and territorial law.
The class of federal offenses that trigger registration requirements includes violations of:
• 18 U.S.C. 1591 (sex trafficking of children or by force or fraud)
• 18 U.S.C. 2241 (aggravated sexual abuse)
• 18 U.S.C. 2242 (sexual abuse)
• 18 U.S.C. 2243 (sexual abuse of ward or child)
• 18 U.S.C. 2244 (abusive sexual contact)
• 18 U.S.C. 2245 (sexual abuse resulting in death)
• 18 U.S.C. 2251 (sexual exploitation of children)
• 18 U.S.C. 2251A (selling or buying children)
• 18 U.S.C. 2252 (transporting, distributing or selling child sexually exploitive
material)
• 18 U.S.C. 2252A (transporting or distributing child pornography)
• 18 U.S.C. 2252B (misleading Internet domain names)
• 18 U.S.C. 2252C (misleading Internet website source codes)
• 18 U.S.C. 2260 (making child sexually exploitative material overseas for export
to the U.S.)
• 18 U.S.C. 2421 (transportation of illicit sexual purposes)
• 18 U.S.C. 2422 (coercing or enticing travel for illicit sexual purposes)
• 18 U.S.C. 2423 (travel involving illicit sexual activity with a child)
• 18 U.S.C. 2424 (filing false statement concerning an alien for illicit sexual
purposes)

²⁴¹⁸^U^.^S.C.²²⁴⁶⁽²^),⁽³^),^ad^o^p^ted^b^y^cro^{ss re}^f^e^ren^c^{e in}²⁰^U.S.C^.⁶⁷⁷⁷^(e)(8^);²⁰^U^.^S.C.⁹¹³⁴^(f⁾⁽⁷^{)(E); 4}⁷^U.S.C^.
²⁵⁴⁽^h⁾⁽⁷⁾⁽^H⁾^;⁴⁷^U^.^S^.^C^.⁹⁰^{2 n}^o^te⁽^P^.L^{. 10}^6-⁵⁵⁴^,¹¹⁴^Sta^t^.²⁷⁶³^A^-³³⁶⁽²⁰⁰⁰⁾⁾^.
²⁵⁴²^U^.^S.C.¹⁶⁹¹¹⁽⁵^)(A^{)(i), (6}^).

• 18 U.S.C. 2425 (interstate transmission of information about a child relating to
illicit sexual activity), 42 U.S.C. 16911(5)(A)(iii).
Qualifying military offenses are those designed by the Secretary of Defense pursuant to P.L. 105-

119, §115(a)(8)(C)(i), 111 Stat. 2466 (1998). Department of Defense Instruction 1325.7,

Enclosure 27 lists following as qualifying offenses:
• UCMJ art. 120 (rape and carnal knowledge)
• UCMJ art. 125 (forcible sodomy and sodomy of a minor)
• UCMJ art. 133 (conduct unbecoming an officer involving any sexually violent
offense or a criminal offense of a sexual nature against a minor or kidnaping a
minor or prostitution involving a minor)
• UCMJ art. 134 (indecent assault, assault with intent to commit rape or sodomy,
indecent act with a minor, indecent language to a minor, kidnaping a minor other
than by a parent, pornography involving a minor, conduct prejudicial to good
order and discipline (involving any sexually violent offense or a criminal offense
of a sexual nature against a minor or kidnaping of a minor) or assimilated crime
conviction (of a sexually violent offense or a criminal offense of a sexual nature
against a minor or kidnaping of a minor)
• UCMJ art. 80 (attempt to commit any of the foregoing)
• UCMJ art. 81 (conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing)
• UCMJ art. 82 (solicitation to commit any of the foregoing).
The final class of qualifying offenses consists of the attempts or conspiracies to commit some ²⁶
offense described in one of the other classes. The class is limited to instances where the offender ²⁷
is convicted of attempt or conspiracy. The distinction is important since attempt or conspiracy to
commit one of the other qualifying offenses may not always be a separate crime. For example, it ²⁸
is a federal qualifying offense to sell a child with the intent to promote child pornography, but it
is not a federal crime to attempt to do so.
The inventory of qualifying offenses is subject to exception. Conviction for an otherwise
qualifying foreign offense does not necessitate registration if it was not secured in a manner
which satisfies minimal due process requirements under guidelines or regulations promulgated by ²⁹
the Attorney General. Nor does conviction of a consensual sex offense require registration if the

²⁶^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹¹⁽⁵⁾⁽^A⁾⁽ⁱ^v⁾^.
²⁷^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁸^13,¹⁶⁹¹¹⁽¹⁾^.
²⁸¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵¹^A^.
²⁹^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹¹⁽⁵⁾⁽^B⁾^,¹⁶⁹¹²⁽^b)^.

victim is an adult not in the custody of the offender, or if the victim is 13 years of age or older and ³⁰
the offender no more than four years older. Finally, juvenile delinquency adjudications do not
constitute qualifying convictions unless the offender is 14 years of age or older at the time of the
misconduct and the misconduct adjudicated is comparable to, or more severe than, aggravated ³¹
sexual assault or attempt or conspiracy to commit such an offense.
There are no specific limitations on registration based on convictions that have been overturned,
sealed or expunged under state or foreign law or on convictions for which the offender has been
pardoned. There are no specific limitations on requirements that flow from past convictions
regardless for their vintage. Instead, the Attorney General is authorized to promulgate rules of ³²
applicability.
Those required to register must provide their name, social security number, the name and address
of their employers, the name and address of places where they attend school, and the license plate ³³
numbers and descriptions of vehicles they own or operate. The jurisdiction of registration must
also include a physical description and current photograph of the registrant and a copy of his
driver’s license or government issued identification card; a set of fingerprints, palm prints, and a
DNA sample; the text of the law under which he was convicted; a criminal record that includes
the dates of any arrests and convictions, any outstanding warrants, as well as parole, probation,
supervisory release, and registration status; and any other information required by the Attorney ³⁴
General.
Those required to register must do so before they are released from incarceration;³⁵ those whose ³⁶
sentences do not include a term of imprisonment must register within three days of sentencing.
Those required to register who were released or sentenced without a term imprisonment before
the effective date of the act are subject to the registration requirements announced by the Attorney ³⁷
General. Those required to register when entering the United States are funneled into the system ³⁸
through a regime established and operated by the Secretaries of State and Homeland Security.

³⁰^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹¹⁽⁵⁾⁽^C⁾^.
³¹^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹¹⁽⁸⁾^.
³²^{42 U}^.^S.C.¹⁶⁹¹³⁽^{d). T}^h^e^A^ttorne^y^Ge^ne^ra^{l’s inte}^rim^re^g^u^la^{tions c}^a^{ll f}^o^{r re}^gⁱ^stra^{tion re}^g^a^rdle^{ss of}^the^vⁱ^nta^g^e^of^the
^c^onv^ic^tion^,⁷²^Fe^g.Re^g^{. 88}⁹⁴⁽^F^e^b^.¹⁶^,²⁰⁰⁷⁾⁽²⁸^C^.^F.^R^.^§7^2.³⁾^.
³³^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹⁴⁽^a⁾^;^{18 U}^.^S.C^.⁴⁰⁴²⁽^c⁾⁽³⁾^.
³⁴^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹⁴⁽^b)^.
³⁵^For^t^hos^e^r^e^q^u^ir^e^d^to^r^e^gⁱ^s^t^e^r^{, r}^e^gis^t^r^a^tion^is^a^m^a^nda^tor^y^c^onditioⁿ^f^o^r^pr^o^b^a^tio^{n a}ⁿ^{d s}^u^pe^r^v^is^e^d^r^e^le^a^s^e^,^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.
³⁵⁶³⁽^a⁾⁽⁸⁾^,³⁵⁸³⁽^d⁾^.
³⁶^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹³⁽^b)^.
³⁷^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹³⁽^d)^{. T}^h^e^A^ttorⁿ^e^y^G^e^ne^r^a^{l ha}^s^is^s^u^e^d^aⁿⁱⁿ^te^rⁱ^m^r^u^le^r^e^qu^ir^ing^t^h^e^r^e^gⁱ^s^t^r^a^tion^of^th^os^e^c^onv^ic^te^{d of}
^qua^lif^yⁱ^ng^o^f^f^e^ns^e^s^r^e^ga^r^d^le^s^s^of^w^h^e^t^he^r^the^c^onv^ic^tio^{n oc}^c^u^r^r^e^d^pr^ior^{to e}^f^f^e^c^tⁱ^v^e^da^te^of^the^a^c^t^{, 7}²^Fe^g.^Re^g^{. 88}⁹⁴
⁽^F^e^b^.^16,²⁰⁰⁷⁾⁽²^{8 C}^.^F^.^R^.^§⁷²^.³⁾^.
³⁸^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^28.^A^m^e^r^icaⁿ^s^aⁿ^d^pe^r^m^aⁿ^eⁿ^{t r}^e^sⁱ^de^{nt a}^lie^ns^w^ho^ha^v^e^c^onv^ic^te^{d of}^a^“^s^pe^cⁱ^fⁱ^e^d^of^f^e^ns^e^a^g^aⁱ^ns^{t a}
^mⁱ^nor”^a^r^e^ine^lig^ible^the^f^a^mⁱ^l^y^-r^e^l^a^t^e^im^mⁱ^g^r^a^{tion v}ⁱ^sa^pa^rtic^ipa^tⁱ^on^by^vⁱ^rtue^of^Se^c^{tion 4}⁰²^,⁸^U.^S.C.
¹¹⁵⁴⁽^a⁾⁽¹^)(A^)(v^{iii), (B)(i)(I),}¹¹⁰¹^(a⁾⁽¹⁵⁾^{(K). A}^“^s^p^e^cⁱ^fⁱ^e^d^o^f^feⁿ^s^e^a^g^aⁱⁿ^s^{t a}^mⁱⁿ^o^r^”^{is a}ⁿ^y^vⁱ^o^l^a^tioⁿ^o^f^sta^t^e^,^lo^c^a^l^,
^triba^l^{, f}^o^re^ig^n,^{or m}^ilita^r^y^la^w^inv^o^lv^ing^kⁱ^dna^pⁱ^ng^of^a^mⁱ^{nor, e}^x^c^e^p^{t by}^a^pa^re^{nt or}^g^u^a^r^diaⁿ^;^f^a^lse^im^prisonm^eⁿ^{t of}^a
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

Custodians must notify those in their care of the obligation to register; notification of offenders
who are not incarcerated is to be accomplished pursuant to instructions from the Attorney ³⁹
General. Registrants have three days to notify at least one jurisdiction in which they are ⁴⁰
registered whenever they change their names, addresses, or places of employment or study.
The regularity with which registrants must appear for new photographs and to verify their
registration information depends upon their status. It is at least every three months for Tier III
offenders, that is, those convicted of a felony constituting or at least comparable in severity to
kidnaping (other than by a parent or guardian); or to the felonious commission of, or attempt or
conspiracy to commit, abusive sexual contact against a child under 13 years of age, or sexual
abuse or aggravated sexual abuse; or those who have previously qualified as Tier II offenders at
the time of conviction.
Tier II offenders must reappear no less frequently than every six months.⁴¹ Tier II offenders are
those with a felony conviction for violation of either: one of several designated federal sex
offenses (or at least its equivalent in severity), or one of three generically described sex ⁴²
offenses. The federal offenses are violations of 18 U.S.C. 1591 (sex trafficking), 2422(b) (use of
a facility in interstate or foreign commerce to coerce or entice a child to engage in illicit sexual
activity), 2423(a) (interstate transportation of a child for illicit sexual purposes), 2244 (abusive ⁴³
sexual contact). The generic offenses are use of a child in a sexual performance, solicitation of a ⁴⁴
child to practice prostitution, and production or distribution of child pornography. An offender is
also a Tier II offender who prior to the conviction triggering the registration requirement was ⁴⁵
already been classified as a Tier I offender.
Tier I offenders are those required to register who are neither Tier II nor Tier III offenders,⁴⁶ and ⁴⁷
must reappear for new photographs and verification at least once a year.
Tier I offenders must maintain their registration for 15 years, which can be reduced to 10 years if
during that time they avoid felony and sex offense convictions, complete a sex offender treatment ⁴⁸
program, and satisfy any supervised release, parole, and probation demands. Tier II offenders ⁴⁹
must maintain their registration for 25 years. Tier III offenders must maintain their registration

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^mⁱ^nor^{, e}^x^c^e^p^{t by}^a^pa^r^e^{nt or}^g^u^a^r^diaⁿ^{; s}^o^lic^ita^tioⁿ^of^a^mⁱ^nor^{to e}ⁿ^g^a^ge^{in s}^e^x^u^a^l^c^ond^uc^t;^us^e^of^a^mⁱ^nor^{in a}^s^e^x^u^a^l
^pe^rf^or^m^a^nc^e^;^solic^ita^tion^to^pra^c^tⁱ^c^e^prostitu^tio^{n; v}ⁱ^de^{o v}^o^y^e^uris^m⁽^a^{s de}^sc^ribe^{d in}¹⁸^U.S.C^.¹⁸⁰¹^);^posse^ssion,
^pr^o^duc^ti^on,^or^dis^t^rⁱ^buti^oⁿ^of^c^h^il^{d p}^o^rⁿ^og^r^a^phy^{; c}^rⁱ^m^ina^l^s^e^x^u^a^l^c^ond^uc^{t t}^o^w^a^r^d^a^mⁱ^nor^{, or}^t^h^e^us^e^of^the^Iⁿ^te^rⁿ^e^t^to
^f^a^c^ilita^te^{or a}^tte^m^p^{t s}^u^c^h^c^oⁿ^duc^t;^aⁿ^y^c^onduc^{t t}^h^a^t^by^its^na^ture^is^a^s^e^x^u^a^l^off^e^ns^e^ag^aⁱ^ns^{t a}^mⁱ^{nor, 42 U}^.^S.C.¹⁶⁹¹¹
⁽⁵^{)(ii), (}⁷^{), (}⁶^).
³⁹^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^17.
⁴⁰^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹³⁽^c⁾^.
⁴¹^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹⁶⁽²⁾^.
⁴²^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹¹⁽³⁾^.
⁴³^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹¹⁽³⁾⁽^A⁾^.
⁴⁴^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹¹⁽³⁾⁽^B⁾^.
⁴⁵^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹¹⁽³⁾⁽^C⁾^.
⁴⁶^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹¹⁽²⁾^.
⁴⁷^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹⁶⁽¹⁾^.
⁴⁸⁴²^U^.^S.C.¹⁶⁹¹⁵⁽^a)(1⁾^,^(b^).
⁴⁹^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹⁵⁽^a⁾⁽²⁾^.

for life, which can be reduced to 25 years if during that time they satisfy the same conditions that ⁵⁰
would meet Tier I reduction requirements.
The act insists that each jurisdiction make registration information publicly available on the ⁵¹
Internet, accessible according to zip code and geographical radius. The site may not include the
identity of the registrant’s victim, mention arrests that have not resulted in conviction, list the
registrant’s social security number, or contain any other information banned by the Attorney ⁵²
General. Individual jurisdictions may elect not to include information relating to a Tier I
offender other than one convicted of a “specific offense against a minor,” the name of the
registrant’s employer, the name of the school where the registrant is a student, or any other ⁵³
information identified by the Attorney General.
The act directs the Attorney General to maintain a National Sex Offender Registry and to make
sure that the evolving flow of registration information is contemporaneously forwarded ⁵⁴
electronically to the appropriate jurisdictions. He has also been instructed to maintain the
publicly available Dru Sjodin National Sex Offender Public Website, which now provides an
online, public entryway to the Internet sex offender registries of the 50 states, the District of ⁵⁵
Columbia, Puerto Rico and Guam.
Finally, jurisdictions must participate in the Megan Nicole Kanka and Alexandra Nicole Zapp
Communication Notification Program under which they are obligated to provide updated
registration information within five days to the Attorney General; to law enforcement, school and
public housing officials in the area where the registrant lives, works, or studies; to other
jurisdictions where the registrant lives, works, or studies or recently did so; to National Child
Protection Act background check agencies; to child welfare agencies; to certain volunteer ⁵⁶
organizations; and to individuals and entities that request notification under a jurisdiction’s law.
During the two years following enactment, the Attorney General is to see to the development and ⁵⁷
support the software necessary to implement uniform registries within the jurisdictions. In
addition, he is to establish a sex offender management assistance (SOMA) grant program to assist ⁵⁸
states to implement the act. Moreover, he is to assist jurisdictions to identify and locate ⁵⁹
registrants after the scattering associated a hurricane or other national disaster.

⁵⁰^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹⁵⁽^a⁾⁽³⁾^,⁽^b⁾^.
⁵¹^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹⁸⁽^a⁾^.
⁵²^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹⁸⁽^b)^.
⁵³^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹⁸⁽^c⁾^.
⁵⁴^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^19.
⁵⁵⁴²^U^.^S^.^C.¹⁶⁹²⁰^.^A^s^o^f^M^a^rch²²^,²⁰⁰⁷^,^h^o^w^ever,ⁱ^t^dⁱ^{d no}^t^p^r^o^vⁱ^d^{e access t}^o^{a V}ⁱ^rgiⁿ^Isl^aⁿ^d^s^regi^st^ry^,^se^e^,
^http:^//w^w^w^.ns^opr^.g^ov^/^c^onditi^ons^_m^aⁱ^n.htm^.
⁵⁶^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^21.
⁵⁷^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^24.
⁵⁸^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^26.
⁵⁹^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^43.

The act establishes the Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending,
Registering and Training (SMART Office) within the Justice Department’s Office of Justice ⁶⁰
Programs. The Office is charged with the responsibility of administering the sex offender ⁶¹
registration and notification standards and the associated grant program.
Jurisdictions that fail to comply after the act becomes fully effective run the risk of having their ⁶²
Byrne program funds reduced by 10%. When considering whether to penalize a noncomplying
jurisdiction, the Attorney General may consider the fact that the jurisdiction’s highest court has ⁶³
held that full compliance would place the jurisdiction in violation of its constitution.
Other than tribal jurisdictions, each jurisdiction is obligated to criminalize an offender’s failure to ⁶⁴
satisfy registration requirements with a maximum term of imprisonment greater than one year.
The comparable provision in prior law made no mention of how severely the offense was to be ⁶⁵
punished. Furthermore, the act makes failure to register a federal crime for offenders convicted
of a federal qualifying offense, or who travel in interstate commerce, or who travel in Indian ⁶⁶
country, or who live in Indian country. Violations are punishable by imprisonment for not more
than 10 years and by an addition penalty to be served consecutively of not less than five nor more ⁶⁷
than 30 years if the offender commits a crime of violence. Moreover, violation exposes an ⁶⁸
offender to a term of supervised release for any term of years not less than five years or for life. ⁶⁹
If the offender is a foreign national (“an alien”) he becomes deportable upon conviction.
When an individual who is required to register (regardless of whether he has done so) commits
one of the felonies outlawed in 18 U.S.C. 1201 (kidnaping), 1591 (sex trafficking), ch. 109A
(sexual abuse), ch. 110 (sexual exploitation of children) or ch. 117 (travel for illicit sexual

⁶⁰^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^45.
⁶¹^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹⁴⁵⁽^c⁾^.
⁶²^More^pre^cⁱ^se^l^y^{, f}^a^ilure^{to substa}^ntia^llyⁱ^m^ple^m^eⁿ^{t the}^re^qu^ire^d^re^gⁱ^stra^{tion sy}^ste^m^m^a^y^re^{sult in}^th^e^{loss of}^“¹⁰
^pe^r^c^eⁿ^{t of}^the^f^unds^tha^t^w^oul^d^ot^he^r^w^is^e^be^a^lloc^a^t^e^d^f^o^r^tha^t^fⁱ^s^c^{al y}^e^a^r^{to the}^j^u^rⁱ^s^d^ic^ti^on^u^nde^r^s^u^{b pa}^r^t¹^of^pa^r^t^E
^of^T^itle^{I of}^the^Om^{nibus Crim}^e^Contr^o^{l a}ⁿ^{d Sa}^f^e^Stre^e^t^{s A}^c^{t of}¹⁹⁶⁸⁽⁴^2U.S.C^{. 3}⁷⁵⁰^e^t^se^q.)^,^”⁴²^U.S.C.¹⁶⁹²^5(a⁾^.
⁶³^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^25.
⁶⁴^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹¹³⁽^e⁾^.
⁶⁵^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁴⁰⁷¹⁽^d)^.
⁶⁶¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵⁰⁽^a⁾^.
⁶⁷¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵⁰⁽^c⁾^.^Se^c^tⁱ^{on 14}¹⁽^b)^instruc^t^s^the^Uni^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^e^s^Se^nteⁿ^cⁱ^ng^Com^m^{ission to c}^onsi^d^e^r^c^e^r^ta^{in a}^d^ditio^na^l
^st^at^u^t^o^rⁱ^l^y^d^e^si^gn^at^ed^f^act^o^r^{s i}ⁿ^f^o^rm^u^l^atⁱⁿ^{g t}^h^{e gu}ⁱ^d^elⁱⁿ^{es f}^o^{r t}^h^e^f^aⁱ^l^u^{re t}^o^regi^st^{er o}^f^f^eⁿ^s^e.^T^h^{e Co}^mmi^ssi^oⁿ^h^a^s
^is^s^u^e^d^pr^op^os^e^d^g^uⁱ^d^e^line^s^r^e^f^l^e^c^t^ing^this^c^o^m^m^a^{nd a}^{nd the}^othe^r^m^odifⁱ^ca^tions^im^plic^a^t^e^d^by^theⁿ^e^w^o^f^f^e^ns^e^s^a^nd
^s^e^nteⁿ^cⁱ^ng^c^h^aⁿ^g^e^s^us^he^r^e^{d i}ⁿ^w^{ith t}^h^e^A^c^{t, 72}^Fe^d^.^Re^g.⁴³⁷²⁽^J^aⁿ^{. 30}^{, 2}⁰⁰⁷⁾^.
⁶⁸¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³⁵⁸³^(k^{). Un}^d^e^r^Sectioⁿ³⁵⁸³^(k^{) sev}^e^{ral o}^t^h^e^{r o}^f^f^eⁿ^s^{es a}^l^read^y^c^a^rri^ed^{a su}^p^e^rvi^s^ed^t^e^rm^o^f^rel^e^a^s^{e o}^f^an^y
^te^r^m^o^f^y^e^a^r^s^a^{nd f}^o^r^lif^e^.^For^t^h^o^s^e^of^f^e^ns^e^s^{– v}ⁱ^ola^tions^of^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.¹⁵⁹¹⁽^s^e^x^tr^a^f^fⁱ^c^k^ing^o^f^c^h^ildr^e^{n or}^by^f^o^r^c^e^or
^f^r^a^ud)^{, 22}⁴¹⁽^a^g^g^r^av^a^t^e^d^s^e^x^u^a^l^abus^e⁾^,²²^{42 (}^s^e^x^ua^{l a}^b^us^e⁾^,²²⁴⁴⁽^a⁾⁽¹^{) (aggra}^v^at^ed^sexu^al^ab^u^s^e-lⁱ^k^{e ab}^u^sⁱ^v^{e sexu}^al
^c^onta^c^t^{), 2}²⁴⁴^(a^)(2)(se^x^ua^{l a}^b^use^-^lik^e^a^busiv^e^se^x^u^a^l^c^onta^c^t^),²²⁵¹^(se^x^ua^{l e}^x^ploita^ti^on^of^c^h^ildreⁿ⁾^{, 22}^51A^(se^lling^or
^buy^ing^c^h^ildre^n),²²⁵²^(tra^ns^porti^ng^{, distri}^but^ing^or^se^lling^c^h^il^{d se}^x^u^a^lly^e^x^ploitiv^e^m^a^te^ria^l^{), 225}²^A^(tra^nsporting^or
^dis^t^rⁱ^b^u^ti^ng^c^h^ild^p^o^rⁿ^og^r^a^phy⁾^,²²⁶⁰⁽^m^a^k^ing^c^h^{ild s}^e^x^u^a^l^l^y^e^x^ploita^tiv^e^m^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^ov^e^r^s^e^a^s^f^o^r^e^x^por^{t to t}^h^e^U^.^S^.⁾^,
²⁴²^{1 (tra}^nspor^ta^tio^{n of}^illic^it^se^x^u^a^l^p^u^rp^ose^s^{), 24}²²^(c^oe^rc^ing^or^eⁿ^tic^ing^tra^v^e^l^f^o^{r illic}^{it se}^x^u^a^l^pu^rpose^s^{), 2}⁴²³
^(tra^v^e^{l inv}^o^lv^ing^illic^{it s}^e^x^u^a^l^a^c^tⁱ^v^it^y^w^{ith a}^c^h^ild)^,^aⁿ^{d 2}⁴²⁵⁽ⁱ^nte^r^s^t^a^t^e^traⁿ^s^m^is^sⁱ^{on of}^inf^o^rm^a^tion^a^bout^a^c^h^il^d
^re^la^ting^{to il}^lic^{it se}^x^u^a^l^a^c^tiv^ity^{) –}^the^a^c^t^a^l^{so se}^{ts a}^fⁱ^v^e^y^e^a^r^mⁱ^nim^u^m^te^r^m^o^f^supe^rv^ise^d^re^le^a^s^e^,^{18 U.}^S.C.³⁵⁸³^.
⁶⁹⁸^U.S^.^C.¹²²⁷⁽^a)(2^)(A^)(v^).

purposes), his term of supervised release is to be revoked and he is to be sentenced to a term of ⁷⁰
imprisonment of not less than five years.
Additional appropriations have been authorized to permit the Attorney General to use the
Marshals Service and other resources at his disposal to locate and apprehend those who have ⁷¹
failed to register.
The Attorney General must provide Congress with an annual report relating to sex offender
registration covering prosecution for failure to register, the use of the Marshals Service to track
down those who fail to register, and a description of compliance with registration system ⁷²
requirements by each jurisdiction and of the Justice Department’s efforts to ensure compliance.
Section 637 calls for the Attorney General to assemble a task force comprised of federal, state and
local representatives to study and report on various risk-based classification of sex offenders.
Section 638 asks that he examine and report on the effectiveness of various means to reducing
recidivism among sex offenders. And Section 63 – without any explicit reference to sex offenders
or children – commands him to study the means of improving the effectiveness of federal, state ⁷³
and local homicide investigations.
The National Institute of Justice has been given five years to study and make recommendations to
Congress for the reduction of the number of sex offenses committed against children and for ⁷⁴
improved effectiveness of the sex offender registration system.
Section 636 instructs the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to study the feasibility of a
nationwide requirement comparable to that established in Chapter 507 of the Nevada Session ⁷⁵
Laws, under which sex offender registration information is shared with motor vehicle
authorities to ensure that those required to register as sex offenders have done so before a driver’s
license is issued.
The Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act is focused, as its name implies, upon child
protection and safety. Its efforts involve the creation of new federal crimes, the enhancement of
the penalties for preexisting federal crimes, and the amendment of federal criminal procedure.
Many of these efforts are child-specific; some are more general. The new federal crimes include
the following.
• murder in the course of a wider range of federal sex offenses, 18 U.S.C. 2245

⁷⁰¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³⁵⁸³⁽^k⁾^.
⁷¹^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^41.
⁷²^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^91.
⁷³^T^h^{e sect}ⁱ^oⁿ^do^{es su}^ggest^t^h^at^h^eⁱⁿ^cl^ud^{e w}ⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^t^h^{e rep}^o^r^t^an^examiⁿ^atⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^t^h^{e ext}^eⁿ^t^o^f^co^o^r^dⁱⁿ^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^b^e^t^w^een
^hom^ic^ide^inv^e^s^tig^a^t^or^s^a^{nd t}^h^e^N^a^tiona^{l C}^e^nte^r^f^o^r^Mis^sⁱ^ng^C^hⁱ^l^dr^eⁿ^a^s^w^e^{ll a}^s^the^N^a^tiona^{l C}^e^nte^r^f^o^r^Mis^sⁱ^ng^A^dults^.
⁷⁴^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^90.
⁷⁵^N^e^v^.^R^e^v^.^Sta^t^{. §§}¹⁷^9D^.5⁷⁰^{, 4}⁸³^.²⁸^3,⁴⁸^3.8⁶¹^,⁴⁸³^.⁹^29.^,

• Internet date rape drug trafficking, 21 U.S.C. 841(b)(7)
• kidnaping that involves the use of interstate facilities, 18 U.S.C. 1201
• child abuse in Indian country, 18 U.S.C. 1153
• production of obscene material, 18 U.S.C. 1465, 1466
• obscenity or pornography in Internet source codes, 18 U.S.C. 2252C
• child exploitation enterprises, 18 U.S.C. 2252A(g).
The list of penalty increases is comparable, if somewhat more extensive.
• serious violent crimes against children, 18 U.S.C. 3559(f)
• coercion or enticement of a child for illicit sexual purposes, 18 U.S.C. 2422
• interstate transportation of a child for illicit sexual purposes, 18 U.S.C. 2423
• sexual abuse in a federal prison or enclave, 18 U.S.C. 2242
• aggravated sexual abuse of a child, 18 U.S.C. 2241
• abusive sexual contact with a child, 18 U.S.C. 2244
• sexual exploitation of a child, 18 U.S.C. 2251
• traffic in child exploitive material, 18 U.S.C. 2252
• traffic in child pornography, 18 U.S.C. 2252A
• use of a misleading Internet domain name to induce a child, 18 U.S.C. 2252B
• overseas production of child exploitive or pornographic material, 18 U.S.C. 2260
• sex trafficking, 18 U.S.C. 1591
• failure to report child abuse, 18 U.S.C. 2258
• false statements relating child or sexual offenses, 18 U.S.C. 1001.
The amendments to federal criminal procedure are a bit less numerous and somewhat more likely
to implicate crimes in addition to those committed against children. Among their number are:
• random searches of sex offender registrants as a condition of probation or
supervised release, 18 U.S.C. 3563, 3583
• expanded DNA collection from those facing federal charges or convicted of any
federal offense, 42 U.S.C. 14135a(a)(1)(A)
• elimination of the statute of limitations for various sexual crimes or crimes
committed against a child, 18 U.S.C. 3299
• participation of state crime victims in federal habeas proceedings, 18 U.S.C.

3771(b)(2)(B)

• study of the elimination of marital privileges in abuse cases
• preventive detention in cases involving a minor victim or a firearm, 18 U.S.C.

3142(g)(1)

• compensation for guardians ad litem, 18 U.S.C. 3509(h)
• government control of evidence in pornography cases, 18 U.S.C. 3509(m)
• forfeiture procedures in obscenity, exploitation and pornography cases, 18 U.S.C.
1467, 2253, 2254
• murder during course of various sex offenses as a felony murder predicate, 18
U.S.C. 3592(c)(1)
• civil commitment procedure for federal sex offenders, 18 U.S.C. 4248.
Section 210 amends federal law to expose sex offender registrants to warrantless, suspicionless ⁷⁶
(random) searches as a condition of their supervised release or probation. As a general rule,
random searches raise Fourth Amendment questions.
The Fourth Amendment states that, “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no
warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly ⁷⁷
describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” The Amendment’s
facially absolute terms are subject to qualification. For example, the Supreme Court recently ⁷⁸
upheld the random search of the person of a parolee in Sampson v. California.
As the Court explained in that context, the hallmark of Fourth Amendment compliance is
reasonableness, and the courts will “examine the totality of the circumstances to determine ⁷⁹
whether a search is reasonable.” More precisely, “Whether a search is reasonable is determined
by assessing, on the one hand, the degree to which it intrudes upon an individual’s privacy and,
on the other, the degree to which it is needed for the promotion of legitimate governmental ⁸⁰
interest.”
The Court had previously upheld the suspicion-based, but warrantless, search of a probationer’s ⁸¹
apartment in United States v. Knights. There the Court had observed that in balancing an
individual’s privacy interest against the interests of the government the weight afforded the
individual’s interest varies according to the individual’s justifiable expectation of privacy under
the circumstances, and those subject to punishment by the government – like prisoners, parolees ⁸²
and probationers – may claim only a reduced expectation of privacy. Among them, however,
there is a range of expectations corresponding to the continuum of punishments that accompanies

⁷⁶¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³⁵⁶³⁽^b⁾⁽²³⁾^{, 35}⁸³⁽^d⁾^.
⁷⁷^U^.^{S. C}^ons^t.^A^m^e^{nd. I}^V^.
⁷⁸¹²^{6 S}^.^C^t^.²¹^{93 (}²⁰⁰⁶⁾^{. F}^o^r^a^g^eⁿ^e^r^a^{l dis}^c^us^sⁱ^on^of^Sam^ps^on^{, s}^e^e^C^R^S^R^e^por^t^R^L³³⁶⁶⁴^,^Aⁿ^Overvi^e^w^o^f^t^h^{e Su}^p^r^eme
^C^our^t’^s^Se^ar^c^h^aⁿ^d^Se^iz^ur^e^D^e^cⁱ^sⁱ^ons^fr^om^the^O^c^t^obe^r²⁰⁰⁵^Te^r^m^{, by}^A^{lison M. Sm}^ith.
⁷⁹^Id^.^a^t²¹⁹⁷^.
⁸⁰^Id^.
⁸¹⁵³^{4 U}^.^S^.¹¹²⁽²⁰⁰¹⁾^.
⁸²^Id^.^a^t¹¹^9-²⁰^.

their status. “On this continuum, parolees have fewer expectations of privacy than probationers” ⁸³
and those on federal supervised release. Moreover, a parolee’s acceptance of suspicionless
searches as a condition of parole significantly diminishes the individual’s expectation of ⁸⁴
privacy. Under these circumstances, the Sampson Court concluded Sampson had no legitimate
expectation of privacy.
On the other hand, the Court considered the government’s interest substantial, “a State’s interest
in reducing recidivism and thereby promoting reintegration and positive citizenship among
probationers and parolees warrant privacy intrusions that would not otherwise be tolerated under ⁸⁵
the Fourth Amendment.”
In the absence of such an expectation, the Court found it unnecessary to consider the question of
whether the search might be justified under the Fourth Amendment’s special needs doctrine or ⁸⁶
under the Amendment’s consent exception. Some may believe that Section 210 makes such an
examination necessary, since it involves probationers and those on supervised released,
individuals said to have a higher expectation of privacy than the parolee in Sampson.
Application of the Court’s special needs and consent jurisprudence, however, presents its own ⁸⁷
challenges. The special needs doctrine emerged from the Court’s school and drug testing cases.
Beginning there, the Court has identified circumstances under which the government’s
particularly weighty special interests, balanced against the nature of the intrusion upon an
individual’s privacy interests, justify a search without the usual protection of either probable
cause or a warrant. Even here, however, the Court has been “particularly reluctant to recognize
exceptions to the general rule of individualized suspicion where the government authorities ⁸⁸
primarily pursue their general crime control ends.” Yet there are circumstances under which the ⁸⁹
Court has been able to overcome its reluctance.
As for consent, an individual could be said to have consented to a condition for parole and
perhaps even probation where the alternative is incarceration, but supervised release is imposed in ⁹⁰
addition to, rather than in lieu of, imprisonment. Unlike parole or probation, it is imposed rather ⁹¹
than accepted. Imposition of the condition, however, is discretionary, and a court might impose
alternative, less desirable conditions to be applied should the individual fail to consent to random
searches. Whether this would be considered sufficient to constitute a voluntary waiver of an ⁹²
individual’s Fourth Amendment rights is unclear at best. Yet the question is unlikely to arise,

⁸³^Sam^ps^on^v^.^C^a^l^iforⁿ^ia^,¹²⁶^S.C^t^.^a^t²¹⁹⁸^.
⁸⁴^Id^.^a^t²¹⁹⁹^.
⁸⁵^Id^.^a^t²²⁰⁰^.
⁸⁶^Id^.^a^t²¹^99-²⁰^{0 n. 3.}
⁸⁷^{New Jersey v.}^T^.^L^.^O.^{, 4}^{69 U}^.^S.³^25,³⁵^{1 (}¹⁹⁸⁵⁾^;^S^kⁱⁿⁿ^e^{r v.}^R^aⁱ^l^w^{ay L}^a^bo^{r E}^xecu^tⁱ^ves^{, 4}^{89 U}^.^S.⁶⁰²^,⁶¹^6-^{18 (}¹⁹⁸⁹⁾^;
^T^r^ea^su^{ry E}^m^p^l^o^{yees v.}^V^oⁿ^R^a^a^b^,⁴⁸^{9 U}^.^S^.⁶⁵⁶^,⁶^65-⁶⁶⁽¹⁹⁸⁹⁾^;^Ve^r^noni^a^Sc^ho^{ol D}ⁱ^s^t^{. 4}⁷^J^v^.^Ac^toⁿ^,⁵¹⁵^U^.^S.⁶^46,
⁶⁵²^-⁵³⁽¹⁹⁹⁵⁾^.
⁸⁸^I^ndi^an^ap^olis^v^.^Edm^oⁿ^d^,⁵³^{1 U.}^S.³²^,⁴³⁽²⁰⁰⁰⁾^;^{see a}^l^so^,^Fe^r^gus^oⁿ^v^.^C^h^ar^le^s^t^oⁿ^,⁵³²^U.^S^.⁶⁷^,⁷⁹⁽²⁰⁰¹^{)(“In each}
^o^f^t^h^o^s^{e earl}ⁱ^e^{r cases,}^t^h^{e ‘sp}^eci^alⁿ^eed^{’ t}^h^at^w^a^{s ad}^van^ced^{as a j}^u^stⁱ^fⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^f^o^{r t}^h^{e ab}^sen^{ce o}^f^{a w}^a^rr^an^t^o^r
^indivⁱ^d^u^a^liz^e^d^sus^p^ic^io^{n w}^a^{s one}^div^o^rc^e^d^f^r^om^the^Sta^t^e^’^{s g}^e^ne^ra^{l inte}^re^{st in}^la^w^eⁿ^f^o^rc^e^m^eⁿ^t”^).
⁸⁹^Se^e^,^I^lli^nois^v^.^Li^ds^te^r^{, 5}^{40 U}^.^S.⁴¹⁹^{, 4}²³⁽²⁰⁰⁴⁾⁽^l^a^w^eⁿ^f^o^r^c^em^eⁿ^{t w}^a^r^r^a^ntle^s^s^,^s^u^s^p^ic^ionle^s^s^tr^a^f^fⁱ^c^s^t^{op t}^o^s^e^c^u^r^e
^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion c}^onc^e^r^ning^t^h^ir^{d pa}^r^t^y^s^u^s^p^e^c^t^s⁾^.
⁹⁰¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³⁵⁸³^.
⁹¹¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³⁵⁸³⁽^d⁾^.
⁹²^V^o^lu^nta^r^y^c^ons^eⁿ^{t c}^ons^tit^ute^s^a^w^aⁱ^v^e^r^of^Four^{th A}^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^{t r}ⁱ^ghts^,^S^c^hⁿ^eckl^o^t^h^v.^B^u^st^a^m^oⁿ^t^e^{, 4}¹²^U^.^{S. 21}^{8, 24}¹
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

since the case law in the lower federal courts on a comparable matter suggests that the changes
worked by Section 210 would pass constitutional muster.
Federal law requires consent to DNA sample collection as a mandatory condition of federal ⁹³⁹⁴
probation and of federal supervised release. Fourth Amendment challenges to the collection of
DNA samples from prisoners, from those on probation and from those on supervised release have
generally been unsuccessful in the lower federal courts, although the courts sometimes reach the
same result from the different approaches – some favor a special needs analysis and others a ⁹⁵
Knight reasonable analysis.
Section 210 amends the provisions governing probation and supervised release to permit the court
to impose as an explicit condition of probation or supervised release that an individual required to
register as a sex offender remain subject to warrantless searches, without the need of suspicion if
conducted by a probation officer as part of his supervisory duties, or upon reasonable suspicion
that the individual has violated a condition of his probation or supervised release if conducted by
other law enforcement officers.
The distinction between probation officers and other law enforcement officers in Section 210
reflects the two modes of analysis under which random searches may be permissible. In Knights,
the Court approved the warrantless search of a probationer by law enforcement officers with
reasonable suspicion. In the school and drug cases, the Court approved random searches in the
interests of special administrative needs, interests arguably comparable to the government’s
interest in the administration of the federal system probation and supervised release.
Prior to the 109^th Congress, the DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act authorized the collection ⁹⁶
of DNA samples from individuals convicted of a federal qualifying offense, and from ⁹⁷
individuals on probation, parole or supervised release relating to such an offense. Qualifying
offenses included any felony, any violation of Chapter 109A of Title 18 of the United State Code
relating to sexual abuse, any crime of violence, or any attempt or conspiracy to commit any such ⁹⁸
offenses. The statute directed and continues to direct that the samples be provided to the Federal
Bureau of Investigation for analysis and inclusion in the Combined DNA Index System

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
⁽¹⁹⁷³⁾^.^T^h^e^C^our^tⁱⁿ^An^obile^v^.^P^e^lligrin^o^,³⁰³^F^.³^d¹⁰⁷^,¹²⁴^-²⁵⁽²^d^Ci^r^.²⁰⁰²^),ⁿ^o^tⁱⁿ^{g t}^h^at^accep^t^aⁿ^{ce o}^f^{a race t}^r^ac^k
^e^m^ploy^m^e^{nt lic}^eⁿ^se^c^ond^itio^ne^d^upo^{n a}^blaⁿ^k^e^{t c}^onseⁿ^{t to}^su^bse^q^ue^{nt re}^side^ntia^{l se}^a^r^c^h^e^s^didⁿ^o^{t c}^onstit^ute^v^a^lid
^coⁿ^s^en^t^su^f^fⁱ^ci^en^t^t^o^san^c^tⁱ^oⁿ^aⁿ^ot^h^e^rwⁱ^s^{e u}ⁿ^r^easoⁿ^a^b^l^{e search}^.
⁹³¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³⁵⁶³^(a)(5^{), (a)(}⁹⁾^.
⁹⁴¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³⁵⁸³⁽^d⁾^.
⁹⁵^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^H^ook^,⁴⁷¹^F.3^d⁷⁶⁶^{, 7}⁷¹^-⁷³⁽⁷^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^C^onle^y^,⁴⁵^{3 F.}^3d⁶^74,⁶⁷⁶^-⁸^{0 (}⁶^th^Cir.
²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^K^r^ak^li^o^{, 4}^{51 F.3}^d⁹²^{2, 923}^-²⁵⁽⁸^th^Cir.²⁰⁰⁶^);^J^o^hns^oⁿ^v^.^Q^u^a^nde^r^,⁴⁴^{0 F}^.^3d⁴⁸^{9, (}^D^.C^.C^ir^.
²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Sc^z^u^be^le^k^{, 40}^{2 F}^.³^d¹⁷⁵^,¹^81-⁸⁷⁽³^{d C}ⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Kⁱ^nc^ade^,³⁷^{9 F.}^3d⁸^13,⁸^21-³⁹^th^th
⁽⁹^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^G^r^oc^e^m^an^v^.^U^.^S^.^D^e^{pt. of}^J^u^s^tic^e^{, 3}⁵⁴^F.^3d⁴¹^1,⁴¹^3-¹⁴⁽⁵^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^Kⁱ^m^l^e^r^{, 33}⁵^th
^F^.^3d¹¹³²^,¹¹⁴⁶⁽¹⁰^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾^.
⁹⁶^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁴¹^35a⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾⁽²⁰^{00 e}^d^.^&^Sup^p^{. I}^V⁾^.
⁹⁷^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁴¹^35a⁽^a⁾⁽²⁾⁽²⁰^{00 e}^d^.^&^Sup^p^{. I}^V⁾^.^F^o^r^ba^c^k^g^r^oun^{d a}ⁿ^{d p}^o^lic^y^is^s^u^e^s^a^s^s^o^cⁱ^a^t^e^d^w^{ith la}^w^eⁿ^f^o^r^c^em^eⁿ^t
^D^N^A^c^o^lle^c^tion,^s^e^e^C^R^S^R^e^por^t^R^L³²²⁴^7,^DNA^T^e^stⁱⁿ^{g f}^o^r^L^a^w^Eⁿ^f^o^rcemen^t^:^L^e^gⁱ^sl^a^tⁱ^{ve Issu}^{es f}^o^{r Con}^g^r^ess^{, by}
^N^a^thaⁿ^J^a^m^e^s^;^a^{nd C}^R^S^R^e^p^o^r^t^R^L³⁰⁷¹^7,^{DNA I}^d^eⁿ^ti^fic^ati^on:^Ap^p^lic^atio^{ns a}ⁿ^d^Issue^s^{, by}^Eric^A^.^Fis^c^he^r.
⁹⁸^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁴¹^35a⁽^d⁾⁽²⁰⁰⁰^e^d^{. &}^Sup^p^{. I}^V⁾^.

(CODIS).⁹⁹ The record is to be expunged from the Index upon notification that the individual’s ¹⁰⁰
conviction for the qualifying offense has been overturned.
As noted previously, the lower federal courts have generally rejected constitutional challenges to
these and similar state DNA sample collection statutes involving inmates, probationers, parolees ¹⁰¹
and those on supervised release.
The Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005, P.L. 109-
162, 119 Stat. 2960, 3085 (2006), amended the DNA Act to authorize the collection of samples
from individuals arrested under the laws of the United States (or from non-United States persons
detained under the laws of the United States), without regard to whether a qualifying offense ¹⁰²
supplies the basis for the arrest or detention.
Section 155 further expands the Attorney General’s authority to permit collection of samples from
those (1) “facing charges”for a federal offense or (2) convicted of any federal offense rather than
just those convicted of qualifying offenses. The act does not define the term “facing charges” nor
is it defined in any other section of the Code. Without more it might be thought to refer to those
under indictment, but use of the term later in same subparagraph suggests it was intended to refer ¹⁰³
to those released on bail but under pre-trial supervision.
The amendments in the 109^th Congress may anticipate certain technical adjustments. For
example, they do not amend the expungement provision that applies only to qualifying offenses;
so that the records of individuals with overturned convictions for the more serious qualifying
offenses continue to be subject to expungement, but those with overturned convictions for the less ¹⁰⁴
serious nonqualifying offenses are not.
The Violence Against Women and the Walsh amendments of the 109^th Congress appear to have ¹⁰⁵
been too recently enacted to have been the subject of decided case law as yet. Academicians

⁹⁹^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁴¹^35a⁽^b⁾^.
¹⁰⁰^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁴¹³²⁽^d)^.
¹⁰¹^Un^su^ccessf^u^l^ch^al^l^eⁿ^g^{es i}ⁿ^cl^u^d^e^t^h^o^s^{e un}^d^e^r^t^h^e:^F^o^u^r^t^h^A^m^en^d^m^en^t^:^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^ate^s^v^.^H^ook^{, 47}¹^F.^{3d 76}^{6, 77}^1-⁷³
⁽⁷^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^C^oⁿ^l^ey^,⁴⁵^{3 F.}^3d⁶^74,⁶^76-^{80 (}⁶^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^K^r^ak^lⁱ^o^,⁴⁵^{1 F.}^3d⁹^22,^th
⁹²³^-²^{5 (}⁸^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^J^o^hⁿ^s^o^{n v}^.^Q^u^a^nde^r^,⁴⁴^{0 F.}^3d⁴^89,⁴^92-⁵⁰⁰⁽^D^.C^.C^ir^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^Sc^z^ube^le^k^{, 40}²^th
^F.3^d¹⁷⁵^,¹^81-⁸⁷⁽³^{d C}ⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^Kⁱ^nc^a^d^e^{, 3}⁷⁹^F.³^d⁸^13,⁸^21-³⁹⁽⁹^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^Gr^o^cemaⁿ^v.^th^th
^U^.^S.D^e^pt.^{of J}^u^s^tic^e^,³⁵⁴^F^.^3d⁴¹¹^,⁴¹^3-¹⁴⁽⁵^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^Kⁱ^m^l^e^r^,³³^{5 F}^.³^d¹¹³²^,¹¹⁴^{6 (}¹⁰^Cir.^th
²⁰⁰³⁾^{; Fif}^t^h^A^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^t^:^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^R^eyna^r^d^,⁴^{73 F.3}^d¹⁰^08,¹⁰^{21 (}⁹^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁷⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^at^e^s^v^.^H^ook^{, 471}^th^th
^F^.^3d⁷⁶^6,⁷⁷³^-⁷⁴⁽⁷^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Bolin^{g v}^.^Rome^r^{, 1}⁰¹^F.^3d¹³³⁶^,¹³⁴^0-³⁴^{1 (}¹⁰^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁷⁾^;^E^x^p^o^s^t^f^act^o^:^Unite^d^th^th
^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^R^eyna^r^d^,⁴⁷³^F.3^d¹⁰^08,¹⁰^17-²¹⁽⁹^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁷⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^{d St}^a^t^{es v.}^Hoo^k^{, 4}⁷¹^F.^3d⁷⁶^6,⁷⁷^5-^{76 (}⁷^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;
^J^ohns^{on v}^.^Q^u^a^nde^r^,⁴⁴^{0 F}^.³^d⁴⁸⁹^{, 5}⁰⁰^-⁵^{01 (}^D^.C^{. C}ⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^{; C}^r^ue^{l a}^nd^un^us^ua^l^pu^nis^h^m^e^nt^:^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^H^ook^,^th
⁴⁷¹^F.^3d⁷^66,⁷⁷^4-^{75 (}⁷^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Se^pa^r^a^tio^{n of}^p^o^w^e^r^s^:^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^v^.^Sc^z^u^be^le^k^{, 40}^{2 F}^.³^d¹⁷⁵^,¹⁸^7-^{89 (}³^d^Cⁱ^r^.
²⁰⁰⁵⁾^.
¹⁰²⁴²^U^.^S.C.¹⁴¹³⁵^a^{(a) (1}^)(A^).
¹⁰³^Su^bpa^r^a^g^r^a^{ph 1}⁴¹^35a⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^A⁾^r^e^a^d^s^{in its}^eⁿ^tir^e^t^y^w^{ith e}^m^pha^sⁱ^s^a^dde^{d: “}^T^he^A^ttorⁿ^e^y^G^e^ne^r^a^l^m^a^y^,^a^s^pr^e^s^c^r^ibe^d
^by^the^A^ttorne^y^G^e^ne^ra^{l in re}^g^u^la^tion^,^c^o^lle^c^t^DNA^sa^m^p^l^e^{s f}^r^o^mⁱⁿ^dⁱ^vi^du^al^{s w}^h^o^{are arrest}^ed^,^facⁱⁿ^g^c^har^ge^s^{, or}
^c^onv^ic^te^{d or}^f^r^om^non-^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^pe^r^s^ons^w^{ho a}^r^e^de^taⁱⁿ^e^d^uⁿ^d^e^r^the^a^u^th^or^ity^of^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^{. T}^h^e^A^ttorⁿ^e^y
^G^e^ne^r^a^{l m}^a^y^de^le^ga^te^{this f}^unc^tio^{n w}^{ithin t}^h^e^De^pa^rtm^e^{nt of}^Justic^e^a^s^prov^ide^dⁱⁿ^Se^c^tion⁵¹⁰^of^Tⁱ^tle²⁸^{, a}ⁿ^d^m^a^y
^al^so^au^t^h^o^rⁱ^{ze an}^{d d}ⁱ^rect^an^y^o^t^h^e^{r agen}^c^y^o^f^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es t}^h^at^arrest^{s o}^r^d^e^t^aⁱⁿ^{s i}ⁿ^dⁱ^vi^d^u^a^l^s^o^r^s^upe^r^v^is^e^s
^indivⁱ^du^als^f^a^cⁱ^ng^c^har^ge^s^{to c}^a^r^r^y^{out a}ⁿ^y^f^unc^{tion a}^{nd e}^x^e^r^cⁱ^s^e^aⁿ^y^pow^e^r^of^the^A^ttorⁿ^e^y^G^e^ne^r^a^l^un^de^r^th^is
^sectⁱ^oⁿ^.^”
¹⁰⁴^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁴¹^32.
¹⁰⁵^Bu^t^see,^Unⁱ^t^ed^St^a^t^{es v.}^P^u^rd^y^,²⁰⁰^{5 W}^L³⁴⁶⁵⁷²¹⁽^N^o.^8:^05C^R²⁰⁴⁾⁽^D^.N^e^b^.^D^e^c^.¹⁹^{, 2}⁰⁰⁵⁾⁽^aⁿ^unr^e^por^te^{d c}^a^s^e
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

differ as to the constitutional prospects of arrestee DNA sampling practices.¹⁰⁶ And as noted
earlier, the lower courts have generally rejected constitutional challenges to DNA collection ¹⁰⁷
statutes, particularly following conviction. Yet, in a Fourth Amendment context, defendants
whose convictions have been overturned and arrestees, particularly those never prosecuted, do not
fit as readily into a special needs category as inmates, parolees and those on supervised released.
Moreover, on the continuum of punishment mentioned in Knight and Sampson, they presumably
have a greater expectation of privacy than inmates, parolees and those on supervised release, all
of whom have been convicted. Whether a court would consider the difference sufficient to tip the
balance remains to be seen.
The statute of limitations for most federal crimes is five years.¹⁰⁸ There is no statute of limitations
for federal capital offenses or for any of federal crimes of terrorism involving a risk of serious ¹⁰⁹
injury. Moreover, the statute of limitations for a federal crime involving kidnaping a child or ¹¹⁰
sexual or physical abuse of child is the longer of 10 years or the life of the child.
Section 211 eliminates the statute of limitations for the federal crimes of kidnaping of a child (18
U.S.C. 1201), sexual abuse (18 U.S.C. ch. 109A), sexual exploitation of a child (18 U.S.C. ch.

110), travel for illicit sexual purposes (18 U.S.C. ch. 117), or sex trafficking of a child or of an ¹¹¹

adult by force or fraud (18 U.S.C. 1591).
There is no indication whether Section 211 was intended to apply only prospectively to crimes
committed after its enactment or also retroactively to crimes committed before its enactment. In
any event, the elimination cannot be applied to cases in which the earlier applicable statute of ¹¹²
limitations had run by the time Section 211 was enacted. And in rare cases, due process and the
passage of time may preclude prosecution notwithstanding the absence of a statute of limitations ¹¹³
bar.

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^fⁱ^nding^D^N^A^c^o^lle^c^{tion f}^r^om^a^r^r^e^s^t^e^e^s^unde^r^a^N^e^br^a^s^k^a^s^t^a^t^ute^c^o^ntr^a^r^y^{to the}^r^e^m^a^nds^of^the^Fou^r^t^h^A^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^t)^.
¹⁰⁶^Co^m^p^are,^M^aclⁱⁿ^,^I^s^O^b^t^aⁱⁿⁱⁿ^{g a}ⁿ^Ar^r^e^s^t^e^e^’^s^D^N^{A a Va}^lid^Spe^cⁱ^al^N^e^e^d^s^Se^ar^c^h^Uⁿ^de^r^the^Fo^ur^th^Am^e^ndm^eⁿ^t?
^W^{hat S}^h^o^u^l^d⁽^and^W^{ill) t}^h^e^Su^pre^m^e^{Court Do}^?³⁴^J^OURNAL^O^F^L^AW^,^M^ED^IC^IN^{E A}^N^D^E^TH^I^C^S^{165 (}²⁰⁰⁶⁾^,^a^{nd K}^a^y^e^,
^W^{ho Ne}^e^d^{s S}^p^e^cⁱ^{al Ne}^e^d^s?^{On t}^h^e^Constit^uti^oⁿ^a^lity^o^f^Co^lle^c^ting^{DNA an}^{d Othe}^{r B}ⁱ^ome^t^ric^Dat^a^F^r^{om Arre}^ste^e^s^{, 34}
^J^O^U^R^NA^L^OF^L^AW^,^M^ED^IC^IN^{E A}^N^D^E^TH^I^C^S^{188 (}²⁰⁰⁶⁾^.
¹⁰⁷^Su^pr^a^f^ootn^o^te⁹⁴^.
¹⁰⁸¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³²⁸²^.
¹⁰⁹^{18 U}^.^S.C^.³²⁸¹^,³²⁸⁶⁽^b)^.
¹¹⁰¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³²⁸³^.^Se^e^ge^ne^r^a^lly^{, C}^R^{S R}^e^por^t^R^L³¹²⁵³^,^St^at^ute^s^of^Lim^itati^onⁱⁿ^Fe^de^r^a^{l C}^r^imⁱ^nal^C^a^s^e^s^:^An
^Overvi^ew^,^b^y^Ch^arl^e^{s Do}^y^l^e.
¹¹¹¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³²⁹⁹^.
¹¹²^Sto^gne^r^v^.^C^a^lif^orⁿⁱ^a^,⁵³^{9 U}^.^S^.⁶^07,⁶³^2-^{33 (}²⁰⁰³⁾⁽^“^W^e^c^onc^lu^de^tha^t^a^la^w^eⁿ^a^c^t^e^d^a^f^te^r^ex^pir^a^tion^of^a^pr^e^v^ious^ly
^a^pplic^a^b^le^lim^ita^tions^pe^rio^d^vⁱ^ol^a^t^e^s^the^Ex^{Post F}^a^c^t^o^Cla^u^se^w^h^eⁿ^{it is a}^p^plie^d^to^re^vⁱ^v^e^a^pre^v^iousl^y^tim^e^-^ba^rre^d
^pr^os^e^c^u^ti^on”⁾^.
¹¹³^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^M^a^rⁱ^oⁿ^,⁴⁰⁴^U.^S^.³⁰⁷^,³²⁴⁽¹⁹⁷¹⁾^.^A^su^ccess^f^u^l^d^u^e^p^r^o^{cess ch}^al^l^eⁿ^g^{e w}^o^u^l^d^o^r^di^nari^l^y^req^uⁱ^{re t}^h^e
^accu^sed^t^o^sho^w^t^h^at^h^e^h^a^s^b^een^p^r^ej^u^dⁱ^ced^b^y^t^h^{e d}^e^l^a^y^an^dⁱⁿ^at^l^east^so^{me o}^f^t^h^{e f}^e^d^e^ral^ci^rcuⁱ^t^s^t^h^at^t^h^{e go}^vern^m^eⁿ^t^th
^ch^o^s^{e t}^o^s^u^f^f^{er t}^h^{e d}^e^l^a^y^f^o^{r t}^actⁱ^cal^o^rⁱ^m^p^r^o^p^e^{r reaso}ⁿ^s^,^Unⁱ^t^e^d^St^a^t^{es v.}^A^t^ch^l^e^y^,⁴⁷⁴^F.^3d⁸⁴^0,⁸⁵^{2 (}⁶^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁷⁾^;^th^th
^Uⁿ^ite^{d State}^s^v^.^Ab^dus^h-^Sh^ak^ur^,⁴⁶⁵^F.^3d⁴^58,⁴⁶^{5 (}¹⁰^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Unite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Av^aⁿ^ts^{, 36}⁷^F.^{3d 43}^{3, 44}¹⁽⁵^Cir.
²⁰⁰⁴⁾^.

The victims of federal crimes enjoy limited statutory rights to notice, attendance and participation ¹¹⁴
in related federal judicial proceedings, 18 U.S.C. 3771. The victims of state crimes generally ¹¹⁵
enjoy comparable rights in state judicial proceedings as a matter of state law.
Section 212 affords the victims of state crimes certain attendance and participation rights in ¹¹⁶
federal habeas corpus proceedings involving the state crime of which they were the victim. It
grants them the right not to be excluded from the habeas proceedings, the right to be reasonably
heard there, the right to proceedings free from unreasonable delay, and the right to be treated ¹¹⁷
fairly and with respect for their dignity and privacy. The rights are available to all victims, not
merely those who were children at the time of the offense or those who were the victims of a
sexual offense. The federal courts are obliged to honor these and the other rights vested in Section ¹¹⁸
3771, which are enforceable through writs of mandamus. The rights conveyed to the victims of
state crimes in federal habeas proceedings, however, impose no obligations upon federal ¹¹⁹
executive branch officials.
All of which gives Section 212 a number of interesting features. First, the section does not include
a right to notification of the time or place of the habeas proceedings to which the other rights
attach, although some state statutory or constitutional provisions may require notice by state ¹²⁰
officials. Second, it seems to call for the right of victims to brief and argue the points of law
raised in the habeas proceedings (the right to be reasonably heard), since the usual form of a ¹²¹
victim’s being heard, the victim impact statement, has no real place in a habeas proceeding.
Third, it seems to promise no right of attendance or participation for the families or ¹²²
representatives of those victims who are children unless the child is dead or incapacitated.
A victim’s right to habeas proceedings unmarred by unreasonable delays can be traced to hearing
testimony and to an earlier short-lived section of the bill, which would have imposed time limits
in federal habeas cases when they involved challenges to state convictions for the murder of a

¹¹⁴^Se^e^g^e^ne^r^a^ll^y^,^C^R^S^R^e^por^{t R}^L³³⁶⁷⁹^,^C^r^im^e^Vic^tim^s^’^Ri^gh^ts^Ac^t:^{A Sum}^m^a^r^y^an^{d Le}^gal^An^aly^s^is^of^{18 U}^.^S.C^.³⁷⁷¹^,
^b^y^Ch^arl^e^{s Do}^y^l^e.
¹¹⁵^Se^e^ge^ne^r^a^lly^,^Be^loof^{, Ca}^sse^{ll, &}^Tw^{ist, V}^IC^TIM^S^IN^C^RI^MI^N^A^L^P^ROCE^DURE⁽^{2d e}^d^{. 2}⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^aⁿ^{d C}^R^S^R^e^por^t^97-⁷³^5,
^Vic^tim^s^’^Rig^h^ts^Am^eⁿ^dm^eⁿ^t:^B^a^c^k^g^r^o^u^{nd &}^I^s^s^u^e^s^As^s^o^cⁱ^ate^d^W^{ith Pr}^o^pos^als^to^Am^eⁿ^d^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^C^ons^tit^uti^oⁿ^,
^by^C^h^a^r^le^s^D^o^y^l^e⁽^a^ppe^nding^c^ita^tions^a^{nd s}^e^le^c^t^e^d^te^x^t^s^of^s^t^a^t^e^vⁱ^c^tim^s^’^rⁱ^g^h^ts^pr^ov^is^io^ns⁾^.
¹¹⁶^{18 U}^.^S.C^.³⁷⁷¹⁽^b⁾⁽²⁾^.
¹¹⁷¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³⁷⁷¹^(b⁾⁽²^)(A^{); 3}⁷⁷¹⁽^a⁾⁽³^{), (}⁴^{), (}⁷^{), (}⁸^).
¹¹⁸¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³⁷⁷¹^(b⁾⁽²^)(A^{), (B), (d}^).
¹¹⁹¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³⁷⁷¹^(b⁾⁽²⁾^(C).
¹²⁰^S^ectⁱ^o^{n 21}²^p^r^o^vⁱ^d^{es cro}^{ss ref}^e^reⁿ^{ces t}^o^t^h^o^s^{e f}^e^d^e^ral^vi^ctⁱ^m^{s ri}^gh^t^s^w^hⁱ^c^h^ap^p^l^yⁱⁿ^h^a^b^{eas p}^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^{g i}ⁿ^vo^l^vⁱⁿ^g
^s^t^a^t^e^pr^is^one^r^s^,¹⁸^U^.^S.C^.³⁷⁷¹⁽^b⁾⁽²⁾⁽^A⁾^.^I^t^doe^s^not^m^e^{ntion 1}⁸^U^.^S.C^.³⁷⁷¹⁽^a⁾⁽²⁾^w^h^e^r^e^the^rⁱ^g^h^{t to}^not^ic^e^is^f^ound^.
¹²¹^T^h^e^pa^rtic^ipa^tio^{n rig}^h^t^g^r^aⁿ^te^d^b^y^Se^c^{tion 21}²ⁱ^s^“t^h^e^ri^gh^t^t^o^b^e^r^easoⁿ^a^b^l^y^h^eard^at^an^y^p^u^b^lⁱ^c^p^r^oceedⁱⁿ^{g i}ⁿ^t^h^e
^dis^t^rⁱ^c^t^c^o^ur^{t i}ⁿ^v^o^lv^ing^r^e^le^a^s^e^,^pl^e^a^,^s^e^nteⁿ^cⁱ^ng^{, or}^aⁿ^y^pa^r^o^le^pr^oc^e^e^d^ing^,^”¹⁸^U^.^S.C^.³⁷⁷¹⁽^a⁾⁽⁴⁾^;³⁷⁷¹⁽^b)⁽²⁾⁽^A⁾^.
¹²²^S^ectⁱ^o^{n 21}²^de^fⁱ^ne^{s “}^c^rⁱ^m^e^vⁱ^c^tⁱ^m^”^a^s^“^t^he^pe^{rson a}^g^aⁱ^{nst w}^hom^the^Sta^t^e^of^f^e^nse^{is c}^o^m^m^itte^{d or,}^if^tha^t^pe^rson^is
^k^ille^{d or i}ⁿ^c^a^p^a^c^ita^te^{d, t}^h^a^t^pe^rsoⁿ^{’s f}^a^mⁱ^l^y^m^e^m^b^e^r^or^othe^r^la^wf^{ul re}^pre^s^eⁿ^ta^tiv^e^,^”^{18 U.}^S.C.³⁷⁷¹⁽^{b)(2)(D). T}^h^e
^de^fⁱ^nition^of^vⁱ^c^tim^s^f^o^{r othe}^{r of}^Se^c^tion³⁷^71’s^pur^pose^s^s^e^e^m^s^m^o^re^solic^it^ous^of^the^inte^re^{sts of}^th^e^c^h^{ild v}ⁱ^c^tim^:
^“^‘^c^rⁱ^m^e^vⁱ^c^tⁱ^m^’^m^e^aⁿ^s^a^pe^rs^{on di}^re^c^t^l^y^a^{nd prox}^im^a^t^e^l^y^ha^r^m^e^d^a^s^a^re^s^u^{lt of}^the^c^o^m^m^is^sⁱ^{on of}^a^Fe^de^ra^{l of}^f^e^ns^e^.^...
^Iⁿ^the^c^a^s^e^of^{a c}^r^im^e^vⁱ^c^tim^w^h^o^is^un^de^r¹⁸^y^e^a^r^s^of^age^,ⁱⁿ^co^m^p^et^en^t^,ⁱⁿ^cap^aci^t^a^t^e^d^,^o^r^d^eceased^,^t^h^{e l}^e^gal^gu^ardⁱ^an^s
^o^f^t^h^{e cri}^m^e^vi^ctⁱ^m^o^r^t^h^{e rep}^r^esen^t^a^tⁱ^v^{es o}^f^t^h^{e cri}^m^e^vi^ctⁱ^m^{’s est}^a^t^e^,^f^a^mⁱ^l^y^me^m^b^ers,^o^r^an^y^o^t^h^e^{r p}^e^rsoⁿ^s^app^oⁱⁿ^t^ed
^a^s^s^u^ita^ble^by^the^c^our^t^,^m^a^y^a^s^s^u^m^e^the^c^r^im^e^vⁱ^c^tⁱ^m^’^s^rⁱ^g^h^ts^unde^r^this^c^h^a^p^te^r^.^.^{. .”}^{18 U}^.^S.C^.³⁷⁷¹⁽^e⁾⁽^e^m^pha^sⁱ^s
^a^dde^d)^.

child.¹²³ A provision affording victims the right to fair and dignified treatment needs little
explanation. The rationale for the section’s other features is somewhat more difficult to ascertain.
Evidentiary questions in federal criminal cases are governed in large measure by the Federal
Rules of Evidence, which are generally formulated and amended by committees within the
Judicial Conference working under the auspices of the Supreme Court and with at least tacit ¹²⁴
Congressional approval. The general rule on federal privileges states that they “shall be
governed by the principles of the common law as they may be interpreted by the courts of the ¹²⁵
United States in light of reason and experience.” Under this rubric the federal courts have ¹²⁶
recognized two marital privileges. One protects confidential communications between spouses ¹²⁷
and the other permits one spouse to refuse to testify against the other. The federal courts have
recognized an exception to the communications privilege in cases involving crimes committed by ¹²⁸
one spouse against the other or against children in the home, but at least one court has refused ¹²⁹
to recognize a corresponding exception to the privilege against compelled spousal testimony.
Section 214 directs the Committee on Rules, Practice, Procedure and Evidence of the Judicial
Conference to study the necessity and desirability of establishing an exception to both privileges
in cases involve a crime committed by one spouse against a child or minor ward of either. The
results will presumably be presented to Congress in the form a report transmitted through
Conference and the Supreme Court, since by statute only Congress can create, abolish, or modify ¹³⁰
a federal rule of evidentiary privilege.
A little over a third of the states have enacted statutes that permit involuntary civil commitment of
previously convicted sex offenders based on the prospect of their future commission of sexual ¹³¹
offenses. In other states, involuntary civil commitment is available when the individual is

¹²³^P^r^o^t^ectⁱ^oⁿ^A^g^aⁱⁿ^s^t^S^exua^l^E^x^p^l^oⁱ^t^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^C^hⁱ^l^d^{ren A}^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁵^,^aⁿ^d^t^h^e^P^r^even^tⁱ^o^{n an}^d^Det^e^rren^{ce o}^f^Cri^m^es
^Agai^ns^{t C}^h^ildr^eⁿ^Ac^{t o}^f²⁰⁰⁵^:^H^e^ar^ing^Be^for^e^t^h^e^S^ubc^om^m^.^on^C^r^im^e^,^Te^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^m^{, an}^{d H}^o^m^e^l^aⁿ^d^Se^c^u^r^ity^{of t}^h^e^th^st
^H^ous^e^C^o^m^m^.^on^the^J^u^dicⁱ^ar^y^oⁿ^H^.^R.²³¹⁸^a^{nd H}^.^R.²³⁸⁸^{, 10}⁹^Cong^.,¹^Se^s^s^.¹⁷^-⁸⁽^t^e^s^tim^ony^of^C^a^r^o^{l For}^nof^f^,
^m^o^the^r^of^a^m^u^r^d^e^r^e^d^c^h^ild)⁽²⁰⁰⁵⁾^;^H^.^R^e^pt.¹⁰^9-²¹⁸^a^t¹²^.
¹²⁴^{28 U}^.^S.C^.²⁰⁷¹^-²⁰⁷^7.
¹²⁵^F^.^R^.^E^vⁱ^d^.⁵⁰^1.
¹²⁶^Bla^u^v^.^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^{, 34}⁰^U^.^{S. 3}^{32, 33}^3-³⁴⁽¹⁹⁵¹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d St}^ate^s^v^.^D^a^rⁱ^f^,⁴⁴^{6 F.}^3d⁷^01,⁷^{05 (}⁷^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Un^ite^d
^State^s^v^.^Griffⁱⁿ^,⁴⁴⁰^F.3^d¹¹^38,¹¹⁴³^-¹^{44 (}⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^.
¹²⁷^T^r^a^{mmel v.}^Un^ite^d^Sta^t^es^,⁴⁴^{5 U}^.^{S. 4}⁰^,⁵³⁽¹⁹⁸⁰⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^Stats^v^.^Thom^ps^on^{, 4}⁵⁴^F.^3d⁴⁵^9,⁴⁶^{4 (}⁵^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;
^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^D^a^rⁱ^f^,⁴⁴^{6 F}^.³^d⁷^01,⁷⁰^{7 (}⁷^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Griffin^{, 4}⁴⁰^F.^3d¹¹³⁸^{, 1}¹^43-¹⁴^{4 (}⁹^th^Cir.
²⁰⁰⁶⁾^.
¹²⁸^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Ba^he^{, 12}⁸^F.^3d¹⁴⁴^{0, 14}^44-⁴⁴⁶⁽¹⁰^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁷⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^W^h^ite^{, 9}⁷⁴^F.^2d¹¹³^5,¹¹³⁸⁽⁹^th
^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹²⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^Stats^v^.^Alle^r^y^,⁵²^{6 F}^.²^d¹³⁶²^,¹³^66-³⁶^{7 (}⁸^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁷⁵⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^a^t^{es v.}^Ma^rtⁱⁿ^ez^{, 44}^F.^Su^pp.^2d
⁸³⁵^{, 8}³⁶^-³⁷⁽^W^.D^.T^e^x^{. 1999)}^.
¹²⁹^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^J^a^r^v^is^on^{, 4}⁰⁹^F.^3d¹²^21,¹²³¹⁽¹⁰^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^.
¹³⁰²⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²⁰⁷⁴⁽^b⁾^.
¹³¹^A^r^iz^{. R}^e^v^.^Sta^t^{. A}^{nn. §§}³⁶^-³⁷⁰¹^to^36-³⁷^13;^C^a^{l. W}^e^lf^{. &}^Iⁿ^s^t^{. C}^ode^§^§⁶⁶^00-⁶⁶^09.^3;^Fla^.^Sta^t^{. A}^{nn. §}³^94.⁹¹^{0 t}^o
³⁹⁴^.9^31;^G^a^{. C}^ode^A^{nn. §}⁴²^-¹^-¹^{2; 7}²⁵^I^{ll. C}^o^m^p^{. Sta}^t^{. A}^nn.^¶^¶²⁰^7/1^to²⁰^7/9⁹^{; I}^o^w^a^C^ode^A^{nn. §}^§²^29A^{.1 t}^o
^229A^.1^{6; K}^a^n.^Sta^t^{. A}^nn.^§^§⁵⁹^-²^9a⁰¹^to^59-^29a^15;^Ma^s^s^.^G^e^{n. L}^a^w^s^c^h^{. 123A}^{, §§}^1-^16;^Mi^nn.^Sta^t^.^A^{nn. §}^§
^253B^.1⁸⁵⁽¹⁾^t^o⁽⁶⁾^;^M^o^{. A}^nn.^Sta^t^{. §}^§⁶³²^.⁴^{80 -}^.⁶^32.⁵¹^{3; N}^.^H^.^R^e^v^.^Sta^t^{. A}^nn.^§§¹³^5-^E:^{1 t}^o¹^35-^E^:^12;^N^.^J^.^Sta^t^{. A}^nn.
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

found to be a danger to himself or others, a procedure that under some circumstances may be used ¹³²
to commit sex offenders.
The Supreme Court has addressed concerns that the sex offender civil commitment procedures
could be used in lieu of a criminal trial to circumvent the constitutional protections afforded the
criminally accused. Faced with the argument that the statutes might be used to punish an
individual simply because he was thought to pose a risk of committing some undefined crime in
the future, the Court upheld a narrowly crafted Kansas statute in Kansas v. Hendricks:
^T^h^{e ch}^al^l^eⁿ^g^e^d^A^c^t^un^a^m^bi^guou^s^l^y^requⁱ^r^e^s^as^fⁱⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^of^dan^g^e^rousn^e^s^s^ei^t^h^{er t}^o^on^e’^s^s^e^l^f
^{or to oth}^e^rs^as^{a prerequ}ⁱ^s^{ite to in}^v^o^l^uⁿ^t^ar^y^confⁱⁿ^e^m^{ent. C}^o^mm^it^m^e^{nt proceedin}^g^s^caⁿ^be
ⁱⁿ^itiated^oⁿ^l^y^w^h^eⁿ^{a p}^e^r^s^oⁿ^h^a^{s b}^een^coⁿ^v^icted^o^f^{a m}^eⁿ^t^{al ab}ⁿ^o^r^m^al^it^y^o^r^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^alit^y
^dis^o^{rder w}^h^ic^h^m^a^k^e^s^t^h^{e pers}^on^lik^e^l^y^{to e}ⁿ^g^a^g^eⁱⁿ^t^h^{e predatory}^act^s^of^s^e^x^u^a^l^vⁱ^oleⁿ^ce.
^T^h^{e statu}^t^{e th}^u^s^r^e^q^u^ir^{es p}^r^o^o^f^o^f^m^o^r^e^th^an^m^e^r^e^p^r^ed^isp^o^sitioⁿ^to^vⁱ^o^l^en^{ce; r}^a^th^er^{, it}
^r^e^q^u^ir^{es ev}^id^en^{ce o}^f^p^a^{st se}^x^u^a^{l v}ⁱ^o^l^en^{t b}^e^h^a^vⁱ^o^r^an^d^{a p}^r^esen^{t m}^eⁿ^t^{al co}ⁿ^d^itioⁿ^th^{at cr}^eates
^{a l}ⁱ^k^elⁱ^h^{ood of}^s^u^c^h^con^d^u^c^tⁱⁿ^t^h^{e fu}^t^u^{re i}^f^t^h^{e pers}^onⁱ^sⁿ^o^tⁱⁿ^capaci^t^a^t^e^{d. ... . A}^fⁱⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^o^f
^d^a^nge^r^o^u^s^ne^ss,^st^aⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^a^l^oⁿ^e^,ⁱ^s^o^r^dⁱ^na^rⁱ^l^y^no^t^a^s^u^f^fⁱ^cⁱ^e^nt^gr^o^und^up^oⁿ^w^hⁱ^c^{h t}^o^j^u^stⁱ^f^y
ⁱⁿ^defⁱⁿ^{ite i}ⁿ^v^o^l^uⁿ^t^ar^y^co^m^mⁱ^t^m^{ent. W}^e^h^a^v^e^s^u^s^t^aiⁿ^e^{d civ}^il^com^m^itm^en^t^s^t^at^u^t^es^w^h^en^t^h^ey
^h^a^v^e^co^u^p^led^p^r^o^o^f^o^f^d^aⁿ^g^e^r^o^u^sⁿ^e^ss^wⁱ^t^h^t^h^{e p}^r^o^o^f^o^f^so^m^e^ad^d^itioⁿ^a^{l f}^acto^r^{, su}^c^h^as^a
^m^e^{ntal ill}ⁿ^e^s^s^or^m^e^{ntal abn}^o^r^m^alit^y^.^T^h^es^{e added s}^t^atu^t^ory^requ^ire^m^eⁿ^t^s^s^e^rv^{e to li}^mⁱ^t
ⁱⁿ^v^o^l^uⁿ^t^ar^y^ci^v^{il co}ⁿ^fⁱⁿ^e^m^en^t^to^th^o^s^e^w^h^o^s^u^f^f^e^r^f^r^o^m^{a v}^o^l^itioⁿ^a^{l i}^m^p^a^ir^m^eⁿ^t^r^eⁿ^d^erⁱⁿ^g
^t^h^e^m^dang^erous^bey^oⁿ^d^t^h^e^y^c^oⁿ^t^rol^.^T^h^{e K}^aⁿ^s^as^A^c^tⁱ^s^pl^aiⁿ^l^y^of^{a k}ⁱⁿ^d^wⁱ^t^h^t^h^es^e^ot^h^e^r
^civⁱ^l^co^m^mⁱ^t^m^eⁿ^t^s^t^at^u^t^es^:^{it r}^e^qu^ires^a^fⁱⁿ^dⁱⁿ^{g of}^fu^t^u^{re dang}^erou^sⁿ^es^s^,^aⁿ^{d th}^eⁿ^liⁿ^k^s^t^h^at
^fⁱⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^to^th^{e ex}^is^ten^{ce o}^f^a^m^eⁿ^t^{al ab}ⁿ^o^r^m^alit^y^o^r^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^alit^y^dⁱ^so^r^d^er^th^at^m^a^k^e^{s it}
^di^f^fⁱ^c^u^l^t^,ⁱ^fⁿ^o^tⁱ^m^po^s^sⁱ^bl^e^f^o^{r t}^h^{e pers}^on^t^o^coⁿ^t^rol^hi^s^dang^erou^s^be^h^a^vⁱ^{or. T}^h^e
^p^r^eco^m^mⁱ^t^m^eⁿ^{t r}^e^q^u^ir^e^m^en^{t o}^f^a^m^eⁿ^t^{al ab}ⁿ^o^r^m^alit^y^o^r^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^alit^y^dⁱ^so^r^d^er^{is co}ⁿ^s^isteⁿ^t
^wⁱ^t^h^th^e^r^e^q^u^ir^e^m^en^t^s^o^f^t^h^ese^o^t^h^e^r^stat^u^t^e^s^t^h^at^w^e^h^a^v^e^u^p^h^e^ldⁱⁿ^th^at^itⁿ^a^r^r^o^w^s^th^e^clas^s¹³³
^o^f^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^{s elig}^ib^le^f^o^r^coⁿ^fⁱⁿ^e^m^en^{t to}^th^o^s^e^w^h^o^ar^e^uⁿ^a^b^l^e^to^c^oⁿ^t^r^o^l^t^h^eⁱ^r^d^aⁿ^g^e^r^o^u^sⁿ^e^s^s^.
Soon thereafter the Court seemed to withdraw somewhat from its pronouncements in Hendricks.
The Kansas Supreme Court read Hendricks to mean that civil commitment of sex offenders under
the statute required proof that they could not control their criminal urges; not so, said the United ¹³⁴
States Supreme Court in Kansas v. Crane.
^Itⁱ^s^en^o^u^gh^t^o^s^a^y^t^h^at^t^h^ere^mu^s^t^{be proof}^of^s^e^ri^ou^s^di^ffⁱ^c^u^l^t^yⁱⁿ^con^t^rol^lⁱⁿ^g^be^h^a^vi^{or. A}ⁿ^d
^th^is^,^w^h^{en v}ⁱ^e^w^{ed i}ⁿ^li^gh^{t o}^f^s^u^{ch f}^e^a^t^u^r^es^{of t}^h^{e cas}^e^as^th^eⁿ^a^t^u^{re of t}^h^{e ps}^y^c^hⁱ^atric
^dⁱ^a^gno^si^s,^aⁿ^d^the^se^ve^rⁱ^t^y^o^f^t^h^e^m^e^nta^l^a^b^no^r^m^a^lit^yⁱ^t^se^l^f^,^{must b}^e^su^f^f^ic^ie^{nt to}^dⁱ^stiⁿ^g^u^is^h
^t^h^e^d^a^nge^r^o^{us se}^xua^l^o^ffe^nd^e^r^w^h^o^s^e^se^ri^ous^m^eⁿ^t^alⁱ^l^lⁿ^e^ss^,^abn^o^r^m^alⁱ^t^y^,^or^di^s^o^rde^r^s^u^bj^ect^s
^hⁱ^m^t^o^ci^vⁱ^l^co^mmⁱ^t^m^e^nt^f^o^r^m^t^h^{e dang}^erous^bu^t^t^y^pi^cal^reci^dⁱ^vⁱ^st^convⁱ^c^t^e^{d i}ⁿ^aⁿ^ordiⁿ^a^r^y
^cri^mⁱⁿ^{al cas}^e.
The later courts have been of two minds when it comes to dealing with what standard of control
will satisfy due process demands for sexual predator civil commitment statutes in light of

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^§§^30:^4-²⁷^.²⁴^to^30:^4-²⁷^.^29;^N^.^D^.^C^e^{nt. C}^ode^§§²⁵^-⁰^3.3-⁰¹^to^25-^03.^3-²³^{; S}^.^C^.^C^ode^A^nn.^§§⁴⁴^-⁴^8-¹⁰^to⁴⁴^-⁴^8-¹^70;
^T^e^x^.^H^e^a^{lth &}^Sa^f^e^t^y^C^ode^§§8⁴¹^.0^01-⁸⁴^1.1⁵⁰^;^Va^{. C}^o^de^A^nn.^§§^37.^1-^70.^{1 t}^o³⁷^.¹^-⁷^0.1⁶^{; W}^a^s^h^.^R^e^v^.^C^ode^A^{nn. §}^§
^71.^09.⁰¹^{0 -}⁷¹^.0^9.9⁰²^;^Wⁱ^s^.^Sta^t^.^A^{nn. §§}⁹^80.⁰¹^-⁹⁸⁰^.¹³^.
¹³²^S^{ee e.}^g^.^,^S^t^a^t^{e ex rel}^.^Ha^rka^{vy v.}^Coⁿ^sⁱ^l^vⁱ^o^,³⁴^A^.^D.³^d⁶⁷^,⁸¹⁹^N.Y.^S^.^2d⁴⁹^{9 (}²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;^c^f^.,^{In r}^e^Mⁱ^c^hae^{l U}^.,²^{73 N}^e^b^.
¹⁹⁸^{, 7}²⁸^N^.^W^.^2d¹^{16 (}²⁰⁰⁷⁾^.
¹³³^K^ans^as^v^.^H^e^ndr^ic^k^s^,⁵²^{1 U}^.^S.³^46,³⁵^7-^{58 (}¹⁹⁹⁷⁾^.
¹³⁴⁵³⁴^U.^S.⁴⁰^7,⁴¹^{3 (}²⁰⁰²⁾^.

Hendricks and Crane. Some assert that the government must show that the individual has ¹³⁵
“serious difficulty controlling his potentially dangerous behavior.” Others conclude that it is
sufficient to establish that by virtue of some mental disorder the individual is more likely than not
to engage in sexual violence in the future, because such proof “implicitly includes proof that such
persons’s mental disorder involves serious difficulty in controlling his or her sexually dangerous ¹³⁶
behavi or.”
Section 302 establishes a federal civil commitment procedure for sexual offenders in which it ¹³⁷
takes the more cautious approach. It permits commitment where the court finds by clear and ¹³⁸
convincing evidence that the individual is “a sexually dangerous person.” A sexually dangerous
person is one “who has engaged or attempted to engage in sexually violent conduct or child ¹³⁹
molestation and who is sexually dangerous to others.” A person is sexually dangerous to others
who “suffers from a serious mental illness, abnormality, or disorder as a result of which he would
have serious difficulty in refraining from sexually violent conduct or child molestation if ¹⁴⁰
released.”
Section 301 creates a grant program to assist states in establishing, enhancing or operating
effective civil commitment programs for “sexually dangerous persons,” whom it defines in ¹⁴¹
explicit “control” terms.
As a general rule, individuals arrested for the commission of federal offenses are entitled to be
released under their own recognizance or under the least restrictive conditions necessary to ensure ¹⁴²
their appearance at later judicial proceedings and to ensure community safety. The bail statute
cites a number of permissible conditions, such as continued employment, travel restrictions, and ¹⁴³
the like. In the case of individuals charged with any of the specifically designated offenses

¹³⁵^Pe^ople^v^.^Za^pis^e^k^{, 1}^{47 C}^a^l.A^p^p^.⁴^th¹¹⁵^1,¹¹^59-¹⁶^4,⁵⁴^C^a^l.R^p^tr^.3^{d 8}^73,⁸^{78 (}²⁰⁰⁷⁾^;^{In re Ca}^{re an}^{d T}^r^ea^tmen^t^o^f
^Mu^rrell^{, __}^__^S.W^.^3d^_^_^_^_^,^__^__⁽²⁰⁰⁷^W^L⁴⁶⁵⁹³²⁾⁽^M^o.^Fe^b.¹³^,²⁰⁰⁷⁾^;^Iⁿ^r^e^D^e^te^nti^oⁿ^of^Barⁿ^e^s^{, 65}^{89 N}^.^W^.^2d⁹⁸^,
¹⁰¹⁽^I^o^w^a²⁰⁰³⁾^;^{In re}^Civ^{il C}^o^m^m^itmeⁿ^{t of}^Rame^y^{, 6}⁴⁸^N^.^W^.^2d²^60,²⁶^{7 (}^Mⁱⁿ^n.A^pp.²⁰⁰²⁾^;^{In re}^Commitmeⁿ^{t o}^f
^W.^Z^.^{, 1}⁷³^N^.^J^.¹⁰⁹^,¹^26-³⁰^{, 8}⁰¹^A^.^{2d 20}^5,²¹^5-¹⁷⁽²⁰⁰²⁾^.
¹³⁶^In^{re Co}^mmi^t^m^en^t^o^f^L^a^xt^oⁿ^,²⁵⁴^Wⁱ^s^.^{2d 1}⁸⁵^,²^01,⁶^{47 N}^.^W^.²^d⁷⁸^{4, 7}⁹³⁽²⁰⁰²⁾^;^State^v^.^W^h^ite^,⁸^{91 S}^o^.2^{d 50}²^,⁵⁰⁴^-
¹⁰⁽^F^l^a^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^Iⁿ^r^e^t^h^e^D^e^te^ntio^{n of}^Th^or^e^l^l^,¹⁴^{9 W}^a^s^h^.2d⁷^24,⁷^45,⁷²^P^.^3d⁷^08,⁷²^{0 (}²⁰⁰³⁾^;^{In r}^e^Commitmeⁿ^{t o}^f
^Almag^u^e^r^{, 1}¹⁷^S.W^.^3d⁵^00,⁵^05-⁵⁰⁶⁽^T^e^x^.^A^{pp. 2}⁰⁰³⁾^;^S^t^a^t^{e v.}^V^a^rn^er^{, 20}^{7 I}^l^l^.²^d⁴²⁵^,⁴³²^,²⁷⁹^I^ll.^D^e^c^.^506,⁵¹^0,⁸⁰⁰
^N^.^E.2^d⁷^94,⁷⁹⁸⁽²⁰⁰³⁾^;^{In re T}^r^ea^t^m^en^t^aⁿ^d^Ca^re^o^f^L^u^cka^ba^ug^h^,³⁵¹^S.C^.¹^22,¹^43-^44,⁵⁶⁸^S.E.^2d³³^8,³⁴^8-⁴⁹^th
⁽²⁰⁰²⁾^;^Iⁿ^r^e^Le^oⁿ^G^.^{, 2}⁰⁴^A^r^iz^{. 15, 2}⁷^,⁵⁹^P^.^3d⁷⁷^9,⁷⁸^{8 (}²⁰⁰²⁾^;^{see a}^l^so^,^R^o^{se v.}^Ma^yb^erg^,⁴⁵^{4 F}^.^3d⁹⁵⁸^,⁹⁶²⁽⁹^Cir.
²⁰⁰⁶⁾^.
^For^a^m^o^r^e^e^x^te^ns^iv^e^dis^c^us^sⁱ^{on o}^f^the^divⁱ^sⁱ^{on s}^e^e^,^G^a^ine^s^,^In^st^ru^c^t^t^h^{e Ju}^{ry: Cran}^{e’s “}^S^eri^o^u^s^Di^f^fⁱ^c^u^l^t^”^R^e^quⁱ^r^emen^t
^aⁿ^d^Du^{e P}^r^o^cess^{, 56}^S^OUT^H^C^AR^O^L^I^N^A^L^AW^R^EV^IE^W^{291 (}²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^I^gnorⁱⁿ^g^the^Su^pr^e^m^e^C^our^t:^Sta^t^e^v^.^W^h^ite^{, t}^h^e^Cⁱ^v^il
^C^o^m^m^itm^eⁿ^{t o}^f^Se^x^u^ally^Vi^oleⁿ^t^Pr^e^dator^s^,^an^{d M}^a^j^o^rⁱ^t^a^rⁱ^an^J^u^dⁱ^cⁱ^{al Pr}^e^s^s^u^r^e^s^{, 58}^H^AS^T^I^N^G^S^L^AW^J^OURNAL⁴¹³
⁽²⁰⁰⁶⁾^.
¹³⁷^{18 U}^.^S.C^.⁴²⁴⁷^,⁴²^48.
¹³⁸¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.⁴²⁴⁸⁽^d⁾^.
¹³⁹¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.⁴²⁴⁷⁽⁵⁾^.
¹⁴⁰¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.⁴²⁴⁷⁽⁶⁾^.
¹⁴¹^“^T^he^te^r^m^‘se^x^ua^ll^y^da^ng^e^r^{ous p}^e^rs^{on’ m}^e^aⁿ^{s a}^pe^{rson suf}^f^e^ring^from^a^se^{rious m}^e^nta^l^illne^{ss, a}^bno^rm^a^lit^y^,^or
^dis^o^r^d^e^r^,^a^s^a^r^e^s^u^lt^of^w^h^ic^{h he}^w^{ould ha}^v^e^s^e^rⁱ^ous^dif^fⁱ^c^u^lt^y^{in r}^e^f^r^aⁱ^ning^f^r^om^se^x^u^a^l^l^y^vⁱ^oleⁿ^{t c}^onduc^t^or^c^h^ild
^m^o^le^s^t^a^tion,”^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹⁷¹⁽^e⁾⁽²⁾^.
¹⁴²¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³¹⁴²^(a)-(c).
¹⁴³¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³¹⁴²^(c)(B).

involving children, the law sets a rebuttable presumption that no set of conditions will ensure ¹⁴⁴
public safety or the individual’s later appearance. The list includes failing to register as a sex
offender or violations of the following involving a child:
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.¹²⁰^{1 (k}ⁱ^dⁿ^a^piⁿ^g⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.¹⁵⁹^{1 (s}^ex^t^r^af^fⁱ^c^kⁱⁿ^g^of^chi^l^d^ren^{or by}^f^o^{rce or f}^r^au^d)
^{18 U.S.C}^.²²⁴^{1 (ag}^g^r^av^{ated s}^e^x^u^a^{l ab}^u^s^e)
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁴^{2 (s}^ex^u^a^l^abu^s^e)
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁴^{4 (a)}⁽^1)(a^bu^sⁱ^{ve s}^e^xu^al^con^t^act^t^h^atⁱ^f^abu^s^e^w^oul^{d h}^a^v^e^been^a^g^g^r^av^at^ed
^s^e^xu^al^abus^e)
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁴^{5 (s}^ex^u^a^l^abu^s^e^res^u^l^tⁱ^ngⁱⁿ^deat^h⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵^{1 (s}^ex^u^a^l^ex^pl^oi^t^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^of^c^hⁱ^l^d^ren⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵^1A^(s^el^lⁱⁿ^g^{or buy}ⁱⁿ^g^chⁱ^l^dren⁾
¹⁸^{U.S.C. 2}²⁵²⁽^t^r^aⁿ^s^p^o^r^tin^g^,^dⁱ^strⁱ^b^u^tiⁿ^g^o^r^selliⁿ^g^ch^ild^se^x^u^a^l^l^y^e^x^p^l^o^itiv^e^m^a^terⁱ^al)
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵^2A^(t^ran^s^portⁱⁿ^g^{or di}^s^t^ri^bu^tⁱⁿ^g^c^hⁱ^l^d^porn^o^g^r^aphy⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁶⁰^(m^a^kⁱⁿ^g^c^hⁱ^l^d^s^e^xu^al^l^y^e^x^pl^oi^t^a^tⁱ^v^e^m^a^t^e^ri^al^ov^ers^eas^f^o^{r ex}^port^t^o^t^h^e^U^.^S^.⁾
¹⁸^{U.S.C. 2}⁴²¹⁽^t^r^aⁿ^s^p^o^r^tatioⁿ^o^f^illic^{it se}^x^u^a^{l p}^u^r^p^o^s^es)
¹⁸^{U.S.C. 2}⁴²²⁽^c^o^e^r^cⁱⁿ^g^o^r^en^ticiⁿ^g^tr^a^v^el^f^o^r^{illicit se}^x^u^a^{l p}^u^r^p^o^s^es)
¹⁸^{U.S.C. 2}⁴²³⁽^t^r^a^v^e^{l in}^v^o^lvⁱⁿ^g^il^{licit se}^x^u^{al acti}^v^it^y^wⁱ^t^h^{a ch}^ild⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{2425 (i}ⁿ^t^ers^t^at^{e t}^r^ansmⁱ^s^sⁱ^oⁿ^{of i}ⁿ^f^o^r^m^atⁱ^oⁿ^about^{a ch}ⁱ^l^d^rel^a^tⁱ^ng^t^oⁱ^l^lⁱ^cⁱ^t^s^e^xu^al
^actⁱ^vⁱ^t^y⁾^{, 18 U}^.^S^.^C^.^2245.
Section 216(1) provides that an individual, charged with an offense that would trigger such a
presumption who is nevertheless released prior to trial, must be subject to (1) electronic
monitoring; (2) restrictions on his personal associations, place of residence, and travel; (3)
instructions to avoid contact with past and potential victims; (4) a requirement to report regularly
to supervisory authorities; (5) a curfew; and (6) a prohibition on possession of a firearm, ¹⁴⁵
explosive or similar dangerous instrumentalities.
Federal law permits the court to order preventive detention upon the motion of the prosecution
when an individual is charged with a crime of violence or other designated serious federal ¹⁴⁶
offense. Section 216(2) adds to the list, nonviolent crimes if they involve a child victim; or the
failure to register as a sex offender; or the possession of a firearm, destructive device, or other

¹⁴⁴¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³¹⁴²⁽^e⁾^.
¹⁴⁵¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³¹⁴²^(c)(1^)(B).
¹⁴⁶¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³¹⁴²^(f⁾⁽¹^).

dangerous weapon. In doing so, the section overturns the effect of the majority of circuit court
decisions that had held that simple unlawful possession of a firearm is not a crime of violence for ¹⁴⁷
preventive detention purposes.
When considering whether to order preventive detention, the court was once instructed to
consider, among other things, “The nature and circumstances of the offense charged, including
whether the offense is a crime of violence, or an offense listed in Section 2332b(g)(5)(B)[(federal
crime of terrorism)] for which a maximum term of imprisonment of 10 years or more is prescribed ¹⁴⁸
or involves a narcotic drug.”
Section 216(3) rewrites the provision so that it reads, “The nature and circumstances of the
offense charged, including whether the offense is a crime of violence, a federal crime of
terrorism, or involves a minor victim or a controlled substance, firearm, explosive, or destructive ¹⁴⁹
device.” Several changes are obvious. Special consideration must now be given to any federal
crime of terrorism not merely federal crimes of terrorism carrying a 10 year sentence. The
offenses that carry less than a 10 year maximum penalty range from destruction of federal
property valued at less than $1000 to threats and involuntary manslaughter committed under a ¹⁵⁰
variety of jurisdictional circumstances. The same preventive detention consideration now
attends any federal crime committed against a child, including acts of fraud and other federal
crimes which neither invoke nor risk physical injury of the child.
Federal law allows the court to appoint guardians ad litem to protect the interests of children who ¹⁵¹
witness or are the victims of a crime. Section 507 amends the law to explicitly authorize federal ¹⁵²
courts to provide for such guardians’ compensation and expenses.
Rule 16 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure states that the prosecution must permit the
defendant to inspect and copy any papers, documents, data or tangible items in the government’s
possession (1) that were obtained from the defendant, or (2) that the government intends to use at

¹⁴⁷^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Iⁿ^gle^{, 45}⁴^F.^3d¹⁰⁸^{2, 10}^85-⁸⁶⁽¹⁰^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^Bow^e^r^s^,⁴³^{2 F.}^3d⁵^18,⁵²^{4 (}^{3d C}ⁱ^r^.
²⁰⁰⁵⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^J^o^hns^oⁿ^,³⁹⁹^F^.³^d¹²⁹⁷^,¹³²⁰⁽¹¹^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Twⁱⁿ^e^,³⁴⁴^F^.^3d⁹⁸^7,⁹⁸⁷^-⁸⁸^th^th
⁽⁹^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰³⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^State^s^v^.^L^ane^,²⁵^{2 F.}^3d⁹^05,⁹^06-⁹⁰^{8 (}⁷^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰¹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^Si^ngle^t^on^{, 18}^{2 F.3}^d^7,¹⁶
⁽^D^.C^{. C}ⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁹⁾^;^co^nt^ra^,^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^Dⁱ^l^l^ar^d^,²¹^{4 F}^.³^d⁸⁸^,¹⁰⁴⁽²^d^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁰⁾^.
¹⁴⁸^{18 U}^.^S.C^.³¹⁴²⁽^g⁾⁽¹⁾⁽²⁰⁰^{0 e}^d^.^&^Su^pp.^I^V⁾⁽^e^m^pha^sⁱ^s^a^dde^d)^.
¹⁴⁹¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³¹⁴²^(g⁾⁽¹^).
¹⁵⁰^T^h^e^inv^e^ntor^y^of^f^e^de^r^a^{l c}^rⁱ^m^e^s^of^te^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^m^punis^h^a^b^le^byⁱ^m^pr^is^onm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^r^a^m^a^xⁱ^m^u^m^te^r^m^o^f^le^s^s^thaⁿ¹⁰^y^e^a^r^s
^inc^l^u^d^e^s¹⁸^U.S.C.³²^(c^)(thre^a^t^t^o^de^stroy^aⁱ^rc^ra^f^t^{or a}ⁱ^rc^ra^f^t^f^a^c^ilitie^{s); 175}^b(b)^{, (c}^{) (}^b^iol^o^gⁱ^c^a^l^w^e^a^p^{on m}^a^te^ria^l^,
^tr^aⁿ^s^f^e^r^{to or}^p^o^s^s^e^s^sⁱ^on^by^unr^e^g^is^te^r^e^{d pe}^r^s^ons⁾^;³^51,¹¹¹²⁽ⁱ^nv^o^l^unta^r^y^m^a^ns^la^ug^hte^r^of^a^Mem^b^e^r^of^C^ong^r^e^s^s^,
^C^a^bine^{t of}^fⁱ^c^e^r^{, or}^Su^pr^e^m^e^C^our^{t J}^u^s^tic^e⁾^{; 9}³⁰⁽^c⁾^,¹¹¹²^{, 1}¹¹³⁽ⁱ^nv^oluⁿ^ta^r^y^m^a^ns^la^ug^hte^r^or^a^tte^m^p^t^e^{d m}^a^ns^la^ug^hte^rⁱⁿ
^a^f^e^de^ra^l^f^a^c^ility^{); 1361 (c}^a^u^sⁱ^ng^l^e^s^s^thaⁿ^$¹⁰⁰⁰^da^m^a^g^e^{to f}^e^de^ra^l^pro^p^e^r^ty^{); 1363}^(da^m^a^g^e^{to pr}^ope^rty^w^{ithin U}^.^S.
^spe^cⁱ^a^l^m^a^ritim^e^a^{nd te}^rritoria^l^ju^risdic^tio^n);¹⁷^51,¹¹¹²⁽ⁱ^nv^ol^uⁿ^ta^ry^m^a^nsla^ug^hte^r^of^the^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^t,^Vⁱ^c^e^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^{t, or}
^se^{nior W}^h^ite^Ho^use^sta^f^f⁾^{; 228}^0(a^{)(2) (th}^r^e^a^t^of^vⁱ^oleⁿ^c^e^a^g^aⁱ^{nst m}^a^ritim^e^na^vⁱ^g^a^{tion); 2}²⁸¹^(a⁾⁽²⁾⁽^th^re^a^t^of^vⁱ^oleⁿ^c^e
^a^g^aⁱ^ns^{t f}ⁱ^x^e^{d m}^a^r^iti^m^e^pla^t^f^o^r^m^s⁾^{; 23}³²⁽ⁱ^nv^ol^un^ta^r^y^m^a^ns^la^ug^hte^r^of^aⁿ^A^m^e^r^ic^aⁿ^ov^e^r^s^e^a^s⁾^;^a^{nd 49}^U^.^S.C^.⁴⁶⁵⁰⁶
⁽ⁱ^nv^oluⁿ^ta^r^y^m^a^ns^la^ug^hte^r^or^a^tte^m^p^te^d^m^a^ns^la^ug^hte^r^w^ithin^t^h^{e speci}^al^ai^rcra^f^t^j^u^ri^sdⁱ^c^tⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^es).
¹⁵¹¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³⁵⁰⁹⁽^h⁾^.
¹⁵²^Id.

trial, or (3) that are material to the preparation of a defense.¹⁵³ In view of these provisions, at least
some district courts had instructed prosecutors to give defense counsel and defense experts copies
of materials seized in child pornography prosecution when otherwise the defense would be under
considerable burden and when there was no indication that either defense counsel or its experts ¹⁵⁴
were likely to disregard the court’s protective order and abuse their access to the material.
Section 504 states that material constituting child pornography must remain in the care, custody, ¹⁵⁵
and control of the prosecution or the court. Rule 16 notwithstanding, defense requests for
copies must be denied as long as the prosecution makes the material reasonably available, i.e., ¹⁵⁶
with ample opportunity to inspect and examine the material at a government facility.
The few lower court cases to face the question to date have found no constitutional infirmity.¹⁵⁷
One court, however, has ordered that copies be provided to defense counsel because the increased
cost and technical difficulties associated with examination and analysis by the defense at the
government facility failed to provide an “ample opportunity” for examination and analysis by the ¹⁵⁸
defense.
Property associated with obscenity or the sexual exploitation of children is subject to confiscation ¹⁵⁹
by the United States. As a general rule, confiscation can be accomplished either as part of the
criminal prosecution of the property owner (criminal forfeiture) and in civil proceedings in which
the “offending” property is often treated as the defendant (civil forfeiture). Civil forfeiture
requires neither the conviction nor even the complicity of the property owner; it is enough that the
property satisfies the statutory nexus between the crime and the property. Civil forfeitures are ¹⁶⁰
often governed by the provisions of Chapter 46 of Title 18 of the United States Code; criminal ¹⁶¹
forfeiture by the provisions governing criminal forfeiture in controlled substance cases. Law
enforcement agencies that investigate and prosecute the crimes that result in confiscation usually ¹⁶²
share in the proceeds of the forfeiture.
Preexisting federal law authorized the criminal forfeiture of obscene material, property
constituting or traceable to obscenity violations, and property used to facilitate commission of

¹⁵³^F.R.Crim^{.P. 1}⁶^(E).
¹⁵⁴^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^H^ill^,³²^{2 F}^.^S^u^p^p^.^2d¹⁰⁸¹^{, 1}⁰⁹¹^-⁹^{4 (}^C^.D^{. C}^a^l.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^State^s^v^.^Fr^abizⁱ^o^{, 34}^{1 F.Su}^pp^.2^d⁴⁷^,
^48-^{51 (}^D^.^M^a^s^s^.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^Unⁱ^t^ed^S^t^at^{es v.}^Ca^d^e^t^{, 42}³^F^.^S^u^p^p^.2^{d 1, 2-}⁵⁽^E^.D^.N^.Y^{. 20}⁰⁶⁾^.
¹⁵⁵¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³⁵⁰⁹^(m⁾⁽¹^).
¹⁵⁶¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³⁵⁰⁹^(m⁾⁽²^{), (3}^).
¹⁵⁷^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^J^o^hⁿ^s^oⁿ^,⁴⁵^{6 F.}^Sup^p^.^2d¹⁰¹⁶^{, 1}⁰¹⁸^-²^{0 (}^N^.D^{. I}^o^w^a²⁰⁰⁶⁾⁽¹^{8 U}^.^S^.^C^.³⁵⁰⁹⁽^m⁾^isⁿ^o^{t c}^o^ntr^a^r^y^{to the}
^Fⁱ^f^t^h^o^r^Sⁱ^xt^h^Am^en^d^m^en^t^ei^t^h^{er o}ⁿⁱ^t^{s f}^{ace o}^r^{as ap}^p^lⁱ^e^d⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^O^’^R^our^k^e^{, __}^{__ F.S}^u^p^p^.^{2d __}^__,^_^_^_^_⁽^D^.
^A^r^iz^{. J}^a^{n. 17,}²⁰⁰⁷⁾^.
¹⁵⁸^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Kⁿ^e^lli^ng^,^__^__^F.^S^u^p^p^.²^d^__^__^,^__^__⁽^E^.^D^.V^a.^Jan²⁵^,²⁰⁰⁷⁾^.
¹⁵⁹^{18 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁴⁶⁷^,²²^53,²²⁵⁴^.
¹⁶⁰^{18 U}^.^S.C^.⁹^81-⁹⁸^5.
¹⁶¹^{21 U}^.^S.C^.⁸^53.
¹⁶²^{28 U}^.^S.C^.⁵²⁴⁽^c⁾^.

such violations.¹⁶³ The obscenity statute spelled out the procedures to be used rather than relying ¹⁶⁴
on those that applied in controlled substance cases, and made no provision for civil forfeiture.
Section 505(a) repeals the individual criminal forfeiture provisions in the obscenity statute,
adopts the controlled substance procedures by cross reference, and establishes a civil forfeiture ¹⁶⁵
provision adopting the procedures of Chapter 46.
Section 505(b) works much the same change in the forfeiture provisions that apply to the crimes ¹⁶⁶
of sexual exploitation of children. It replaces individual criminal and civil forfeiture procedures
with adoption of the generic procedures of Chapter 46 and the controlled substance statute, id. It
eliminates from the coverage of the exploitation-related forfeiture sections Mann Act ¹⁶⁷
violations, probably because the Mann Act has its own compatible criminal and civil forfeiture ¹⁶⁸
provisions. The section also authorizes for the first time criminal and civil forfeiture of ¹⁶⁹
property generated by or used to facilitate violations of Chapter 109A (sexual abuse).
Imposition of the death penalty for murder under federal law is confined to murders committed
under one or more of a series of aggravating offenses. One such aggravating circumstance is the
fact that the murder was committed during the course of another specifically designated federal ¹⁷⁰
crime,. The list of aggravating federal felonies includes crimes like treason, kidnaping, and
aircraft sabotage. Section 206(a)(4) adds 18 U.S.C. 2245 (murder committed during the course of ¹⁷¹
various sexual offenses) to the list.
Section 2245, noted above, makes it a capital offense to murder an individual during the course of
any of the crimes proscribed in the Chapter 109A of Title 18 of the United States Code relating to

¹⁶³¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.¹⁴⁶⁷⁽^a⁾^.
¹⁶⁴^{18 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁴⁶⁷⁽²⁰⁰^{0 e}^d^{. &}^Su^p^p^{. I}^V⁾^.
¹⁶⁵¹⁸^U^.^S.C.¹⁴⁶⁷^{(a), (b}⁾^.
¹⁶⁶^{18 U}^.^S.C^.²²⁵³^,²²^54.
¹⁶⁷^{18 U}^.^S.C.²⁴²¹^-2⁴²^{7 (tra}^ns^porta^tⁱ^{on f}^o^{r i}^llic^{it se}^x^u^a^l^p^u^rp^ose^s^).
¹⁶⁸¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²⁴²⁸^.
¹⁶⁹^{18 U}^.^S.C^.²²⁵³^,²²^54.
¹⁷⁰¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³⁵⁹²^(c)(1^).
¹⁷¹^{18 U}^.^S.C^.²²⁴⁵^m^a^ke^s^{it a}^c^a^p^ita^{l of}^f^e^ns^e^{to c}^o^m^m^{it a}^m^u^r^d^e^r^durⁱⁿ^g^the^c^o^ur^s^e^of^aⁿ^y^vⁱ^ola^{tion of}^{18 U}^.^S.C^.^c^h^.
^109A⁽^s^e^x^ua^{l a}^bus^e⁾^{; 1}⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.¹⁵⁹¹⁽^s^e^x^tr^a^f^fⁱ^ck^ing^of^c^h^ildr^eⁿ^or^by^f^o^r^c^e^or^f^r^a^ud)^{; 1}⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵¹⁽^s^e^x^ua^l
^e^x^ploita^tio^{n of}^c^h^il^dreⁿ^);¹⁸^U.S.^{C. 22}^51A^(se^lling^or^b^u^yⁱ^ng^c^h^ildre^{n); 1}⁸^U.S^.^{C. 2}²⁶⁰^(m^a^k^ing^c^h^{ild se}^x^u^a^lly
^e^x^ploita^tiv^e^m^a^t^e^ria^l^ov^e^r^se^a^s^f^o^{r e}^x^{port to}^the^U.^S.);^{18 U}^.^S.C.²⁴²¹^(tra^nsp^o^rta^tⁱ^{on f}^o^{r i}^llic^{it se}^x^u^a^l^pur^pose^s^{); 1}⁸
^U.S.C.²⁴^{22 (c}^oe^rc^ing^{or e}ⁿ^tic^ing^tra^v^e^l^f^o^{r illic}^{it se}^x^u^a^l^pur^pose^s^);^{18 U}^.^S.C.²⁴²³^(tra^v^e^{l inv}^o^lv^ing^illic^{it se}^x^u^a^l
^a^c^tiv^it^y^w^{ith a}^c^h^ild)^;^or¹⁸^U^.^S.C^.²⁴²⁵⁽ⁱⁿ^t^e^r^s^t^a^t^e^tr^aⁿ^s^m^is^sⁱ^{on of}^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion a}^bout^a^c^h^il^{d r}^e^la^ting^{to il}^lic^{it s}^e^x^u^a^l
^a^c^tiv^it^y⁾^.

sexual abuse.¹⁷² Section 206(a)(3) amends the provision so that it is also a capital offense to
commit a murder during the course of several other federal crimes, i.e.:
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.¹⁵⁹^{1 (s}^ex^t^r^af^fⁱ^c^kⁱⁿ^g^of^chi^l^d^ren^{or by}^f^o^{rce or f}^r^au^d)
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵^{1 (s}^ex^u^a^l^ex^pl^oi^t^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^of^c^hⁱ^l^d^ren⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵^1A^(s^el^lⁱⁿ^g^{or buy}ⁱⁿ^g^chⁱ^l^dren⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁶⁰^(m^a^kⁱⁿ^g^c^hⁱ^l^d^s^e^xu^al^l^y^e^x^pl^oi^t^a^tⁱ^v^e^m^a^t^e^ri^al^ov^ers^eas^f^o^{r ex}^port^t^o^t^h^e^U^.^S^.⁾
¹⁸^{U.S.C. 2}⁴²¹⁽^t^r^aⁿ^s^p^o^r^tatioⁿ^f^o^r^illicit^sex^u^{al p}^u^r^p^o^s^es)
¹⁸^{U.S.C. 2}⁴²²⁽^c^o^e^r^cⁱⁿ^g^o^r^en^ticiⁿ^g^tr^a^v^el^f^o^r^{illicit se}^x^u^a^{l p}^u^r^p^o^s^es)
¹⁸^{U.S.C. 2}⁴²³⁽^t^r^a^v^e^{l in}^v^o^lvⁱⁿ^g^il^{licit se}^x^u^{al acti}^v^it^y^wⁱ^t^h^{a ch}^ild⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{2425 (i}ⁿ^t^ers^t^at^{e t}^r^ansmⁱ^s^sⁱ^oⁿ^{of i}ⁿ^f^o^r^m^atⁱ^oⁿ^about^{a ch}ⁱ^l^d^rel^a^tⁱ^ng^t^oⁱ^l^lⁱ^cⁱ^t^s^e^xu^al
^actⁱ^vⁱ^t^y⁾^{, 18 U}^.^S^.^C^.^2245.
Drugs and other controlled substances are assigned to various schedules, are regulated, and
penalties for their abuse are calibrated, according to the type and amount of the drug or substance
and its capacity for abuse and legitimate use. Unlawful distribution of various “date rape drugs” is
punishable as follows:
^Substance^Amou^nt^{Term of Im}^prison^ment
^{I. Flunitrazepam}^{less than}³⁰^mg^{not more tha}^{n th}^{ree year}^{s (2d of}^{fense: not}
^{more than}^{six years), 2}¹^{U.S.C. 841(b)(2)}
^30-9⁹⁹^mg^{not more tha}^{n five year}^{s (2d offe}^{nse: not}
^{more than}¹⁰^years)^{21 U.S.C. 84}^1(b)(1)(D)
^{1 gr or more}^{not more tha}^{n 2}⁰^year^{s; not less}^than²⁰
^{years or more t}^{han life if serious}^{injury res}^ults
^{(2d offense: not less t}^{han life) 2}¹^U.S.C^.
⁸⁴¹⁽^b)(1)(C)
^{II. GHB (Gam}^{ma Hydroxy}^but^yric^Acid)^{any amou}^nt^{not more tha}^{n 2}⁰^year^{s; not less}^than²⁰
^{years or more t}^{han life if serious}^{injury res}^ults
^{(2d offense: not less t}^{han life) 2}¹^U.S.C^.
⁸⁴¹⁽^b)(1)(C)
^II^{I. Ketamine (Sch.III)}^{21 C.F.R.}^{any amou}^nt^{not more tha}^{n five year}^{s (2d offe}^{nse: not}
^§130^8.13(c)(6)^{more than}¹⁰^years)^{21 U.S.C. 84}^1(b)(1)(D)
In addition, surreptitiously administering any controlled substance with the intent to commit a ¹⁷³
crime of violence (including rape) is punishable by imprisonment for not more than 20 years.

¹⁷²¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁴⁵^.
¹⁷³^{21 U}^.^S.C^.⁸⁴¹⁽^b)⁽⁷⁾^.

Section 201 makes use of the Internet to unlawfully distribute GHB, ketamine, flunitrazepam, or
any substance designated by the Attorney General as similarly susceptible to abuse as a date rape ¹⁷⁴
drug, punishable by imprisonment for not more than 20 years.
Section 213 expands federal kidnaping jurisdiction by amending 18 U.S.C. 1201 as follows:
⁽^a⁾^W^h^o^e^ve^r^unl^a^w^f^u^l^l^y^seⁱ^z^e^s^,^c^o^nfiⁿ^e^s^,ⁱⁿ^v^eⁱ^g^l^e^s^,^deco^y^s^{, ki}^dn^aps^,^abdu^ct^s^,^{or carri}^es^aw^a^y
^an^{d h}^o^lds^f^o^{r ran}^s^o^m^{or re}^w^a^{rd or}^oth^e^r^wⁱ^s^{e any}^pers^on^{, e}^x^ce^{pt in}^th^{e cas}^{e of}^a^mⁱⁿ^o^{r by}^t^h^e
^paren^t^th^ereof^,^w^h^en^–
⁽¹⁾^th^{e p}^e^r^s^oⁿⁱ^s^wⁱ^ll^f^u^ll^y^tr^an^sp^o^r^tedⁱⁿⁱⁿ^ter^s^tate^o^r^f^o^r^e^igⁿ^co^m^m^e^r^{ce, r}^e^g^a^r^d^less^o^f
^w^h^et^h^e^{r th}^{e pers}^on^w^a^s^ali^v^e^w^h^eⁿ^tran^s^{ported acros}^s^{a State bou}ⁿ^d^ar^y^if^t^h^e^pers^on
^w^a^{s aliv}^e^w^h^eⁿ^th^{e tr}^aⁿ^sp^o^r^tati^oⁿ^b^e^g^aⁿ^,^o^r^th^{e o}^ffen^d^e^{r tra}^{vels in}ⁱⁿ^tersta^t^{e o}^r^fo^reigⁿ
^co^{mmerce o}^r^u^s^es^th^{e ma}^{il o}^r^aⁿ^y^meaⁿ^s^{, fa}^{cility, o}^rⁱⁿ^stru^men^t^a^{lity o}^fⁱⁿ^tersta^t^{e o}^r
^fo^reigⁿ^co^{mmerce in}^co^mmittin^g^o^rⁱⁿ^fu^rth^e^raⁿ^ce^o^f^th^e^co^m^mⁱ^s^sⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^t^h^e^o^f^f^eⁿ^s^e^..^{. 1}⁸
^U^.^S^.^C^.^{1201 (em}^p^h^a^sⁱ^s^{added t}^o^ref^l^ect^a^m^eⁿ^d^m^eⁿ^t⁾^.
In addition to interstate transportation of the victim, Section 1201 prior to amendment and now
includes kidnaping within U.S. special aircraft or special maritime and territorial jurisdiction or ¹⁷⁵
when the victim is a federal officer or employee or foreign dignitary. Some may find the
conversion of a local kidnaping into a federal offense if “the offender travels in interstate or
foreign commerce or uses the mail or any means, facility, or instrumentality of interstate or
foreign commerce in committing or in furtherance of the commission of the offense,” a
substantial expansion in federal jurisdiction.
Under federal law, “any Indian who commits against the person or property of another Indian or
other person” any of several specifically designated crimes within Indian country is subject to the ¹⁷⁶
exclusive criminal jurisdiction of the United States. Prior to enactment of the Adam Walsh
Child Protection and Safety Act, the section covered a felony violation of federal sexual abuse ¹⁷⁷
law (18 U.S.C. ch.109A), incest, assault resulting in serious injury, and assault upon a child.
These crimes are defined by the law of the surrounding state when otherwise undefined by federal ¹⁷⁸
law. Section 215 supplements the list of Section 1153 offenses by adding any “felony child ¹⁷⁹
abuse or neglect.” The change makes state child abuse and neglect felonies federal crimes
subject to prosecution in federal court.

¹⁷⁴^{21 U}^.^S.C^.⁸⁴¹⁽^g⁾^.
¹⁷⁵¹⁸^U^.^S.C.¹²⁰¹^(a)(2^)-(5⁾^.
¹⁷⁶¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.¹¹⁵³^.
¹⁷⁷^Id.
¹⁷⁸¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.¹¹⁵³⁽^b⁾^.
¹⁷⁹¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.¹¹⁵³^.

It has long been a federal crime to transport obscene material in interstate or foreign commerce,¹⁸⁰
and more recently to be engaged in the business of selling obscene material that has been so ¹⁸¹
transported. Section 506 makes it a federal crime to produce obscene material for such ¹⁸²
purposes. The new crime carries the same penalty as its predecessors, imprisonment for not ¹⁸³
more than five years.
Preexisting federal law prohibits the use of misleading Internet domain names to deceptively ¹⁸⁴
induce children to view pornography. Section 703 makes it a federal crime to include words or
digital images in Internet website source codes with the intent to deceptively induce a child to
view pornography (punishable by imprisonment for not more than 20 years) or to deceptively
induce an individual of any age to view obscene material (punishable by imprisonment for not ¹⁸⁵
more than 10 years).
Section 701 outlaws child exploitation enterprises.¹⁸⁶ The new offense involves three or more
persons who on three or more occasions commit one or more of a series federal felonies ¹⁸⁷
(generally sexual offenses) involving more than one child. Offenders face imprisonment for ¹⁸⁸
any term of years not less than 20 years or for life. The section makes no mention of whether
the mandatory minimums are to be served consecutive to those of the predicate offenses, some of
which carry more severe minimums than the enterprise offense. The class of predicate offenses
when they involve a child consists of the following.
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.¹²⁰^{1 (k}ⁱ^dⁿ^a^piⁿ^g⁾¹⁸⁹
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.¹⁵⁹^{1 (s}^ex^t^r^af^fⁱ^c^kⁱⁿ^g^of^chi^l^d^ren^{or by}^f^o^{rce or f}^r^au^d)
^{18 U.S.C}^.²²⁴^{1 (ag}^g^r^av^{ated s}^e^x^u^a^{l ab}^u^s^e)¹⁹⁰
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁴^{2 (s}^ex^u^a^l^abu^s^e)

¹⁸⁰¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.¹⁴⁶⁵^.
¹⁸¹¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.¹⁴⁶⁶^.
¹⁸²^{18 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁴⁶⁵^,¹⁴^66.
¹⁸³^Id.
¹⁸⁴¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵²^B^.
¹⁸⁵¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵²^C^.
¹⁸⁶¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵²^A⁽^g)^.
¹⁸⁷¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵²^A⁽^g)⁽²⁾^.
¹⁸⁸¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵²^A⁽^g)⁽¹⁾^.
¹⁸⁹^Kⁱ^dna^pⁱ^ng^a^c^h^il^{d is}^pu^nis^h^a^b^le^byⁱ^m^pr^is^onm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^r^{not le}^s^s^thaⁿ^{25 y}^e^a^r^s^b^y^ope^r^a^tion^of^Se^c^tioⁿ²⁰²^{, 1}⁸^U^.^S.C^.
³⁵⁵⁹⁽^f⁾⁽²⁾^.
¹⁹⁰^A^g^g^r^av^a^t^e^d^s^e^x^u^a^l^a^bus^e^of^a^c^h^{ild is}^pu^nis^h^a^b^le^byⁱ^m^pr^is^onm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^r^{not le}^s^s^t^h^aⁿ^{30 y}^e^a^r^s^b^y^ope^r^a^tion^of^Se^c^tion
²⁰⁶^(a)(1^),¹⁸^U.S.C.²²⁴¹^(c).

^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁴^{3 (s}^ex^u^a^l^abu^s^e^of^w^a^{rd or ch}ⁱ^l^d⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁴^{4 (abu}^sⁱ^v^e^s^e^xual^con^t^act⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁴^{5 (s}^ex^u^a^l^abu^s^e^res^u^l^tⁱ^ngⁱⁿ^deat^h⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵^{1 (s}^ex^u^a^l^ex^pl^oi^t^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^of^c^hⁱ^l^d^ren⁾¹⁹¹
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵^1A^(s^el^lⁱⁿ^g^{or buy}ⁱⁿ^g^chⁱ^l^dren⁾
¹⁸^{U.S.C. 2}²⁵²⁽^t^r^aⁿ^s^p^o^r^tin^g^,^dⁱ^strⁱ^b^u^tiⁿ^g^o^r^selliⁿ^g^ch^ild^se^x^u^a^l^l^y^e^x^p^l^o^itiv^e^m^a^terⁱ^al)
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵^2A^(t^ran^s^portⁱⁿ^g^{or di}^s^t^ri^bu^tⁱⁿ^g^c^hⁱ^l^d^porn^o^g^r^aphy⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵^2B^(mⁱ^s^l^eadiⁿ^g^In^t^e^rn^et^do^m^aⁱⁿⁿ^a^m^e^s⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵^2C^(mⁱ^s^l^eadiⁿ^g^In^t^e^rn^et^w^e^bsⁱ^t^{e s}^o^u^r^{ce codes}⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{2260 (m}^akⁱⁿ^g^c^hⁱ^l^{d s}^e^xu^al^l^y^ex^pl^oi^t^a^tⁱ^v^e^m^a^t^e^ri^al^ov^ers^eas^f^o^{r ex}^port^t^o^t^h^e¹⁹²
^U.S.)
¹⁸^{U.S.C. 2}⁴²¹⁽^t^r^aⁿ^s^p^o^r^tatioⁿ^f^o^r^illicit^sex^u^{al p}^u^r^p^o^s^es)
¹⁸^{U.S.C. 2}⁴²²⁽^c^o^e^r^cⁱⁿ^g^o^r^en^ticiⁿ^g^tr^a^v^el^f^o^r^{illicit se}^x^u^a^{l p}^u^r^p^o^s^es)
¹⁸^{U.S.C. 2}⁴²³⁽^t^r^a^v^e^{l in}^v^o^lvⁱⁿ^g^il^{licit se}^x^u^{al acti}^v^it^y^wⁱ^t^h^{a ch}^ild⁾
¹⁸^{U.S.C. 2}⁴²⁴⁽^f^ilin^g^f^a^l^s^{e st}^ate^m^eⁿ^{t co}ⁿ^cerⁿⁱⁿ^g^an^alieⁿ^f^o^r^{illicit sex}^u^{al p}^u^r^p^o^s^es)
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{2425 (i}ⁿ^t^ers^t^at^{e t}^r^ansmⁱ^s^sⁱ^oⁿ^{of i}ⁿ^f^o^r^m^atⁱ^oⁿ^about^{a ch}ⁱ^l^d^rel^a^tⁱ^ng^t^oⁱ^l^lⁱ^cⁱ^t^s^e^xu^al
^actⁱ^vⁱ^t^y⁾^{, 18 U}^.^S^.^C^.^2252A^(g^).
Although some federal crimes of violence subject offenders to a specific mandatory minimum
term of imprisonment or to more severe penalties if the victim is a child, most do not. Section 202
establishes new sentencing ranges for the federal crimes of murder, kidnaping, maiming, or
aggravated assault (a crime of violence involving the use of a dangerous weapon or resulting in ¹⁹³
serious injury) when the victim is under 18 years of age. In the case of murder, the penalty is ¹⁹⁴
imprisonment for any term of years not less than 30 years, imprisonment for life, or death; in
the case of kidnaping or maiming, imprisonment for life or any term of years not less than 25

¹⁹¹^Se^x^u^a^l^e^x^ploita^ti^{on i}ⁿ^v^o^lv^ing^a^c^h^ild^by^a^r^e^cⁱ^divⁱ^s^t^or^r^e^s^u^lti^ngⁱⁿ^de^a^t^{h is}^pu^nis^h^a^b^le^byⁱ^m^pr^is^onm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^r^no^{t le}^s^s
^thaⁿ^{30 y}^e^a^r^s^b^y^ope^r^a^tion^of^Se^c^tion²⁰⁶⁽^b)⁽¹⁾^,¹⁸^U^.^S.C^.²²⁵¹⁽^e⁾^.
¹⁹²^By^ope^ra^{tion of}^Se^c^tio^{n 2}^06f^(b)(^{5), v}ⁱ^ola^tⁱ^{ons a}^r^e^pu^nish^a^b^le^by^im^prisonm^eⁿ^t^f^o^{r not}²⁵^y^e^a^r^{s i}^f^c^o^m^m^itte^{d by}^aⁿ
^of^fe^nde^{r w}^{ith a}^prior^c^onv^ic^tio^n,^byⁱ^m^prisonm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^{r not m}^o^re^thaⁿ³⁵^y^e^a^r^{s i}^f^c^o^m^m^itte^{d by}^aⁿ^offe^nde^{r w}^{ith 2}^or
^m^o^r^e^pr^ior^c^onv^ic^tio^ns^{; a}ⁿ^d^byⁱ^m^pr^is^onm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^rⁿ^o^{t m}^o^r^e^thaⁿ³⁰^y^e^a^r^sⁱ^f^de^a^t^{h r}^e^s^u^lts^{, 1}⁸^U^.^S.C^.²²⁶⁰⁽^a⁾^,⁽^c⁾^.
¹⁹³¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³⁵⁵⁹⁽^f⁾^.
¹⁹⁴¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³⁵⁵⁹^(f⁾⁽¹^).

years;¹⁹⁵ and in the case of aggravated assault, imprisonment for life or any term of years not less ¹⁹⁶
than 10 years. The new minimum terms of imprisonment must yield to any otherwise
applicable higher mandatory minimum, but the new maximum penalties trump any otherwise ¹⁹⁷
applicable maximum.
The new provision has the effect of making capital offenses out of several federal murder statutes
that heretofore were punishable only by a term of imprisonment. A handful of earlier federal laws
included a penalty escalator (but not capital punishment) when the offense they proscribe resulted
in a death. The new provision only converts these to capital offenses when the victim is a child
and when the misconduct involves the intentional killing of the victim or a reckless, fatal act of ¹⁹⁸
violence. Among the statutes implicated are:
• 18 U.S.C. 38 (murder resulting from fraud involving aircraft and spacecraft ¹⁹⁹
parts)
• 18 U.S.C. 43 (murder in the course of an animal terrorism offense)
• 18 U.S.C. 175c (murder resulting from the use or possession of variola virus)
• 18 U.S.C. 248 (murder in the course of restricting access to abortion clinics)
• 18 U.S.C. 831 (murder resulting from the use or possession of nuclear materials)
• 18 U.S.C. 1347 (murder resulting from health care fraud)
• 18 U.S.C. 1365 (murder resulting from consumer product tampering)
• 18 U.S.C. 1652 (murder by an American pirate)
• 18 U.S.C. 1952 (murder in violation of the Travel Act)
• 18 U.S.C. 2118 (murder in the course of a drug store robbery or burglary)
• 18 U.S.C. 2155 (murder in the course destroying national defense material or
utilities)
• 18 U.S.C. 2261-2262 (murder in the course of a federal crime of stalking).
Penalty increases attributable to the new statute may appear less dramatic in the case of kidnaping
and maiming, because there are fewer federal statutes proscribing those crimes and because they
were already fairly severely punished. Apart from the operation of the new Section 3559(f), ²⁰⁰
kidnaping is punishable under federal law by imprisonment for any term of years or for life.
And maiming when a federal crime and except when subject to the new penalty structure is ²⁰¹
punishable by imprisonment for not more than 20 years. On the other hand, neither carries a

¹⁹⁵¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³⁵⁵⁹^(f⁾⁽²^).
¹⁹⁶¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³⁵⁵⁹^(f^{) (3}^).
¹⁹⁷¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³⁵⁵⁹⁽^f⁾^.
¹⁹⁸¹⁸^U^.^S.C.³⁵⁵⁹^(f⁾⁽¹^{), 3}⁵⁹¹^(a)(2^).
¹⁹⁹^It^rem^aⁱⁿ^{s t}^o^b^e^seen^w^h^et^h^e^{r t}^h^e^co^u^r^t^s^w^o^u^l^d^con^sⁱ^d^{er f}^r^au^d^{a “cri}^m^{e o}^f^vi^o^l^en^{ce” ev}^enⁱ^fⁱ^tⁱⁿ^vo^l^v^ed^t^h^e
^coⁿ^ceal^men^t^o^rⁱⁿ^t^r^od^u^c^tⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^{a l}^e^t^h^al^p^r^oduc^t^de^f^e^c^t^.
²⁰⁰^{18 U}^.^S.C^.¹²⁰¹^,²⁴^5.
²⁰¹^{18 U}^.^S.C^.¹^14.

mandatory minimum sentence, and the mandatory minimum under Section 3559(f) for maiming
(25 years) is greater than the sentence otherwise authorized for the crime (20 years).
The impact of Section 3559(f) on federal assault law may be difficult to assess. There are scores ²⁰²
of federal assault statutes. Many prohibit assaults directed at federal officials and consequently
are not likely to involve children as victims in most instances. Of the others, some impose more
severe penalties when an assault involves a dangerous weapon or bodily injury, but many simply
condemn assault. Few impose a sanction as severe as the life sentence or the 10 year mandatory
minimum called for in Section 3559(f). Moreover, though the section defines fairly narrowly the ²⁰³
injuries that trigger its application, it leaves undefined and open to liberal description the range
of dangerous weapons whose use may result in the accelerated sanctions of Section 3559(f). In
other federal criminal statutes, the term dangerous weapon has been understood to include ²⁰⁴²⁰⁵²⁰⁶²⁰⁷²⁰⁸²⁰⁹
shoes, belts, rings, chairs, desks, teeth, and a host of other ordinarily innocent
objects that can be misused to inflict serious injury.
A sampling of the federal assault statutes whose sanctions Section 3559(f) replaces (when a child
is victimized) with imprisonment for any term of years not less than 10 years or for life, along
with the authorized penalties for their violation in the absence of child victim, appears in the ²¹⁰
margin.
In addition to the enhancements accomplished through Section 3559(f), the act increases penalties
for several other child offenses, including the following.

²⁰²^Oⁿ^e^inc^o^m^p^le^te^inv^e^nt^or^y^lis^ts^ov^e^r^{60 (}^C^R^S^R^e^p^o^r^t^94-¹⁶^6,^Ex^trate^rritorial^Ap^plic^a^tio^{n o}^f^Am^e^r^ic^{an C}^r^imⁱ^nal
^Law^,^by^C^h^a^r^le^s^D^o^y^l^e^,^a^t^56-⁹⁾^.
²⁰³^Se^c^tion³⁵⁵⁹^(f^{) inc}^o^rp^ora^t^e^s^by^cros^s^re^f^e^re^nce^the^de^fⁱⁿ^itio^{n of}^s^e^rious^bo^dily^injury^f^{ound i}ⁿ^{18 U}^.^{S.C. 1}³⁶⁵^,^i.e^.,
^“^t^he^te^rm^‘se^r^{ious bod}^ily^injury^{’ m}^e^aⁿ^{s bodily}^inj^u^ry^w^h^ic^h^inv^o^lv^e^s^{– (A}^{) a}^substa^ntia^{l risk}^of^de^a^t^{h; (B) e}^x^tre^m^e
^phy^sⁱ^c^a^l^pa^{in; (}^C⁾^pr^otr^a^c^t^e^d^aⁿ^d^obv^io^us^dis^f^ig^ur^e^m^eⁿ^{t; or}⁽^D⁾^pr^o^t^r^a^c^t^e^d^los^s^or^im^pa^ir^m^e^{nt of}^the^f^unc^ti^on^of^a
^bod^ily^m^e^m^b^e^r^{, org}^a^{n, or m}^e^nta^l^f^a^c^ility^,”^{18 U.S.C.}¹³⁶⁵⁽^h)(3).
²⁰⁴^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Rig^gⁱⁿ^s^,⁴⁰^F.^{3d 1}⁰⁵⁵^,¹⁰⁵⁷⁽⁹^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁴⁾^.
²⁰⁵^Id^.
²⁰⁶^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^Se^r^r^a^t^a^,⁴²^{5 F.}³^d⁸^86,⁹^{10 (}¹⁰^th^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^.
²⁰⁷^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^J^o^hⁿ^s^oⁿ^{, 32}⁴^F.^{2d 26}^{4, 26}⁶⁽⁴^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁶³⁾^.
²⁰⁸^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^G^h^o^l^s^t^oⁿ^{, 93}²^F.^{2d 90}^{4, 90}^4-⁹^{05 (}¹¹^th^{Cir. 1}⁹⁹¹^).
²⁰⁹^Uⁿ^ite^d^St^ate^s^v^.^St^ur^gis^{, 48}^F^.³^d⁷⁸⁴^,⁷⁸^{8 (}⁴^th^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁹⁵⁾^.
²¹⁰^{18 U}^.^S.C^.¹^{12 (}^a^s^s^a^{ult w}^{ith a}^da^ng^e^r^ous^w^e^a^{pon or}^inf^lic^tingⁱⁿ^ju^r^y^{upon a}ⁿ^inte^rⁿ^a^tio^na^lly^pr^ote^c^t^e^d^pe^r^s^on^:
^im^prisonm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^{r not m}^o^re^thaⁿ¹⁰^y^e^a^r^{s); 113}^(a^ssa^{ult w}^ithin^the^s^p^e^cⁱ^a^l^m^a^riti^m^e^a^{nd te}^rritorⁱ^a^l^jurⁱ^sdic^tion^of^the
^U^.^{S. w}^{ith a}^da^ng^e^r^o^u^s^w^e^a^{pon or}^inf^lic^ting^inj^u^r^y^{: i}^m^pr^is^onm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^r^not^m^o^r^e^thaⁿ¹⁰^y^e^a^r^s⁾^{; 115 (}^a^s^s^a^u^{lt o}ⁿ^a^m^e^m^b^e^r
^o^f^t^h^{e f}^a^mⁱ^l^y^o^f^{a fed}^e^ral^o^f^fⁱ^ci^al^b^ecau^{se o}^f^t^h^{e rel}^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^hi^pⁱⁿ^vo^l^vⁱⁿ^{g a d}^ead^l^y^wea^pon^or^inf^lic^ting^injur^y^:
^im^pr^is^onm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^r^{not m}^o^r^e^thaⁿ²⁰^y^e^a^r^s⁾^{; 151}²⁽^a⁾⁽³⁾⁽^us^e^of^phy^sⁱ^ca^{l f}^o^r^c^e^{to obs}^tr^uc^{t jus}^t^ic^e^:^im^pr^is^onm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^r^not
^m^o^r^e^thaⁿ^{10 y}^e^a^r^s⁾^{; 195}^{2 (}^T^r^a^v^e^{l A}^c^{t v}ⁱ^ola^tions^inv^o^l^vⁱ^ng^the^c^o^m^mⁱ^s^sⁱ^{on of}^a^c^r^im^e^of^vⁱ^oleⁿ^c^e^:^im^pr^is^onm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^r
^{not m}^o^r^e^thaⁿ²⁰^y^e^a^r^s⁾^{; 1959 (}^vⁱ^o^le^{nt c}^r^im^e^s^{in a}ⁱ^d^of^r^a^c^k^e^t^e^e^r^ing^inv^o^lv^ing^a^s^s^a^{ult w}^{ith a}^da^ng^e^r^ous^w^e^a^pon^or
^s^e^rⁱ^ousⁱⁿ^jur^y^{: im}^pr^is^onm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^r^{not m}^o^r^e^thaⁿ²⁰^y^e^a^r^s⁾^{; 2113 (}^a^s^s^a^u^{lt w}^{ith a}^da^ng^e^r^ous^w^e^a^ponⁱⁿ^the^c^our^s^e^of^ba^nk
^rob^b^e^r^y^:ⁱ^m^pris^onm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^{r not m}^o^re^thaⁿ²⁵^y^e^a^r^s⁾^{; 2332 (te}^r^r^o^ris^t^a^s^s^a^{ult up}^on^aⁿ^A^m^e^r^ic^aⁿ^ov^e^r^s^e^a^s^re^s^u^lting^or
^inteⁿ^d^e^d^t^o^re^sultⁱⁿ^inj^u^ry^{: i}^m^prisonm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^{r not m}^o^re^thaⁿ¹⁰^y^e^ar^s⁾^{; 23}³²^{b (}^t^e^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^t^a^s^s^a^{ult tr}^aⁿ^s^c^e^nding^na^tio^na^l
^bou^nda^rⁱ^e^s^aⁿ^{d i}ⁿ^v^o^lv^ing^a^da^ng^e^r^ous^w^e^a^pon^or^s^e^rⁱ^o^u^s^inj^u^r^y^{: im}^pr^is^onm^eⁿ^{t f}^o^rⁿ^o^{t m}^o^r^e^thaⁿ³⁰^y^e^a^r^s⁾^.

^Crime^{Imprisonment: Prior}^{Imprisonment: New}
^{Use of mail/interstate commerce}^{Not less than}^{five years/}^not^{Not less than}¹⁰^years/^{not more}^{than life,}
^{facilities to coerce or entice a child}^{more than}³⁰^years^§203
^{to engage in sex}^{ual activities, 18}
^U.S.C^.2422(b)
^{Transporting a}^{child in interstate}^{Not less than}^{five years/}^not^{Not less than}¹⁰^years/^{not more}^{than life,}
^{commerce for se}^{xual activity, 18}^{more than}³⁰^years^§204
^U.S.C^{. 2423(a)}
^{Sexual abu}^{se in a fede}^{ral prison o}^r^{Not more tha}^{n 2}⁰^year^s^{Any term}^{of years or}^{for life,}^§205
^{enclave, 18 U.S.C. 224}^2(a)
^{Aggravated sex}^{ual abus}^{e of a chil}^d,^{Any term}^{of years or}^{for life}^{Not less than}³⁰^{years or}^{for life,}^§206(a)(1)
^{18 U.S.C. 2241(c)}
^{Abusive se}^{xual contact}^{with a c}^hild,^{Not more tha}^{n 1}⁰^year^s^{Any term}^{of years or}^{for life (18}^U.S.C^.
^{18 U.S.C. 2244(a)(1)}²²⁴^{4(a) (5)),}^§206(2)
^{Sexual exploitation of a child by a}ⁿ^{Not less than}¹⁵^years/^not^{Not less than}³⁰^{years or}^{for life,}
^{offender with a}^{prior federal}^{more than}³⁰^years^{§206(b)(1)(A), (B)}
^{conviction for sex tra}^{fficking or a}
^{state conviction for sex}^{ual ab}^use,
^{sexual contact}^{of a ward, or child}
^pornograp^{hy, 1}⁸^{U.S.C. 2251(e)}
^{Sexual exploitation of a child}^{Death or imprisonme}^{nt for}^{Death or imprisonme}^{nt for}^{not less tha}^{n 3}⁰
^{resulting in death,}^{18 U.S.C. 2251}^(e)^{any term}^{of years or}^{for life}^{years or for life,}^{§206(b)(1)(C)}
^{Traffic in child sexually ex}^ploitive^{Not less than}^{five years/}^not^{Not less than}¹⁵^years/^{not more}^than⁴⁰
^{material by an offe}^{nder with}^{a pri}^or^{more than}²⁰^years^years,^{§206 (b)(2)}
^{state or federal conviction for se}^x
^{trafficking in c}^{hildren, 18 U.S.C.}
²²⁵^2(b)
^{Traffic in child pornogra}^phy^{by a}ⁿ^{Not less than}^{five years/}^not^{Not less than}¹⁵^years/^{not more}^than⁴⁰
^{offender with a}^{prior state or}^{more than}²⁰^years^years,^{§206 (b)(3)}
^{federal conviction for sex t}^rafficking
^{in children, 18 U.S.C. 225}^2A(b)
^{Use of a misleading Inter}^{net domain}^{Not more tha}^{n four}^years^{Not more tha}^{n 1}⁰^year^s,^{§206 (b)(4)}
^{name to induce a}^{child to view}
^harmf^{ul material, 18 U.S.C. 2252}^B
^Overseas^{production of c}^hild^{Not more tha}^{n 1}⁰^year^s;^{Not less than}¹⁵^years/^{not more}^than³⁰
^{sexually ex}^{ploitive material for}^{not more tha}^{n 2}⁰^year^{s for}^{years; not less t}^han^{25 y}^ears/^{not more than}
^{export to th}^{e U.S., 18 U.S.C}^{. 226}⁰^recidivists^{50 yea}^{rs for}^{2d offende}^{rs; not les}^{s than}³⁵
^(a),(c)^{years nor}^{more tha}^{n life for offen}^{ders with 2}
^{or more prior convictions; death}^{or not less}
^than^{30 y}^{ears or for}^{life if death r}^esults,^§206
^(b)(5)
^Overseas^{production of c}^hild^{Not more tha}^{n 1}⁰^year^s/^{Not less than}^{five years/}^{not mor}^{e than}²⁰
^pornograp^{hy mate}^{rial for export}^to^{not more tha}^{n 2}⁰^year^{s for}^{years; not less t}^han^{15 y}^ears/^{not more than}
^{the U.S., 18 U.S.C}^{. 226}^{0 (b), (c)}^recidivists^{40 yea}^{rs for}^recidivists,^{§206 (b)(5}⁾
^{A. Sex trafficking in c}^{hildren by a}^{A. Not more than}⁴⁰^years^{A/B. life imprisonment (18 U.S.C.}¹⁵⁹¹
^{recidivist, 18 U.S.C}^{. 1591}^{(if the victim is 14 to}¹⁸^{becomes a}^{predicate for Section}³⁵⁵^9(e)
^{B. Commissi}^{on of certain federal}^{years old); any term of}^{years or life (if the victim is}^pur^poses),^{§206 (c)}

^{sex crimes}^{by a}ⁿ^offe^{nder with a}^{under 14)}
^{prior federal sex}^{crime conviction}^{B. life imprisonment}
^{(18 U.S.C. 1591}^{not a p}^{redicate), 18}
^U.S.C^{. 3559(e)}

^Crime^{Imprisonment: Prior}^{Imprisonment: New}
^{Sexual abu}^{se of a ward in a}^feder^al^{Not more tha}^{n five year}^s^{Not more tha}^{n 1}⁵^year^s,^§207
^{prison or en}^{clave, 18 U.S.C. 2243}
^(b)
^{Sex trafficking in}^{children b}^y^a^{Not more tha}^{n 4}⁰^year^{s (if}^{Not less that 1}⁰^yea^{rs or for life}^{(if the victim}
^{recidivist, 18 U.S.C}^{. 1591}^{the victim is 14}^{to 18}^years^{is 14 to 1}⁸^year^{s old); any term o}^f^years^but
^{old); any term of years or}^{not less than}¹⁵^{years or}^{life (if the victim is}
^{life (if the victim is under}^{under 14),}^§208
¹⁴⁾
^{Failure to report child abu}^{se on}^{Not more tha}^{n six mont}^hs^{Not more tha}^{n one yea}^r,^§209
^{federal land or facility, 18 U.S.C}^.
²²⁵^{8, 3}⁵⁸^1(b)(7)
^{False statements relating to an}^{Not more tha}^{n five year}^s^{Not more tha}^{n eight yea}^rs,^§141(c)
^offense¹⁵^{91 (se}^{x traf}^{ficking), 22}⁵⁰
^{(failure to register), chs.10}^9A
^{(sexual ab}^{use), 11}^{0 (sex}^ual
^{exploitation of children), 117 (tra}^vel
^{for illic}^{it sexual pu}^{rposes), 1}⁸^U.S.C.
¹⁰⁰¹
Section 702 provides a flat additional 10 year term of imprisonment to be imposed upon any
individual, required to register as a sex offender under either state or federal law, who commits a ²¹¹
subsequent felony violation of any of several federal offenses, if the crime involves a child. The ²¹²
10 year term and the sentence for the predicate offense are to be served consecutively. The
predicate offense list consists of felony violations of:
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.¹²⁰^{1 (k}ⁱ^dⁿ^a^piⁿ^g⁾
^{18 U.S.C}^.¹⁴⁶^6A^(obs^cen^{e v}ⁱ^s^u^{al repres}^en^tatioⁿ^of^s^e^xu^{al child abu}^s^e)
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.¹⁴⁷^{0 (t}^ran^s^f^e^{r of}^obs^cen^e^m^a^t^e^ri^al^t^o^chⁱ^l^d^ren⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.¹⁵⁹^{1 (s}^ex^t^r^af^fⁱ^c^kⁱⁿ^g^of^chi^l^d^ren^{or by}^f^o^{rce or f}^r^au^d)
^{18 U.S.C}^.²²⁴^{1 (ag}^g^r^av^{ated s}^e^x^u^a^{l ab}^u^s^e)
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁴^{2 (s}^ex^u^a^l^abu^s^e)
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁴^{3 (s}^ex^u^a^l^abu^s^e^of^a^w^a^{rd or ch}ⁱ^l^d⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁴^{4 (abu}^sⁱ^v^e^s^e^xual^con^t^act⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁴^{5 (s}^ex^u^a^l^abu^s^e^res^u^l^tⁱ^ngⁱⁿ^deat^h⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵^{1 (s}^ex^u^a^l^ex^pl^oi^t^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^of^c^hⁱ^l^d^ren⁾

²¹¹¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁶⁰^A^.
²¹²^Id.

^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵^1A^(s^el^lⁱⁿ^g^{or buy}ⁱⁿ^g^chⁱ^l^dren⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.²²⁶⁰^(m^a^kⁱⁿ^g^c^hⁱ^l^d^s^e^xu^al^l^y^e^x^pl^oi^t^a^tⁱ^v^e^m^a^t^e^ri^al^ov^ers^eas^f^o^{r ex}^port^t^o^t^h^e^U^.^S^.⁾
¹⁸^{U.S.C. 2}⁴²¹⁽^t^r^aⁿ^s^p^o^r^tatioⁿ^f^o^r^illicit^sex^u^{al p}^u^r^p^o^s^es)
¹⁸^{U.S.C. 2}⁴²²⁽^c^o^e^r^cⁱⁿ^g^o^r^en^ticiⁿ^g^tr^a^v^el^f^o^r^{illicit se}^x^u^a^{l p}^u^r^p^o^s^es)
¹⁸^{U.S.C. 2}⁴²³⁽^t^r^a^v^e^{l in}^v^o^lvⁱⁿ^g^il^{licit se}^x^u^{al acti}^v^it^y^wⁱ^t^h^{a ch}^ild⁾
^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{2425 (i}ⁿ^t^ers^t^at^{e t}^r^ansmⁱ^s^sⁱ^oⁿ^{of i}ⁿ^f^o^r^m^atⁱ^oⁿ^about^{a ch}ⁱ^l^d^rel^a^tⁱ^ng^t^oⁱ^l^lⁱ^cⁱ^t^s^e^xu^al
^activ^it^y⁾^.
The act establishes, reinforces, and revives several grant programs devoted to child and
community safety.
Section 603 authorizes mentoring grants for the Big Brothers Big Sisters of America.²¹³ Section

604 requires the organization to provide the Administrator of the Office of Juvenile Justice and ²¹⁴

Delinquency Prevent with progress reports twice a year. Section 605 authorizes appropriations
for these purposes of $9 million (for FY2007), $10 million (for FY2008)), $11.5 million (for ²¹⁵
FY2009), $13 million (for FY2010), and $15 million (for FY2011).
The National Police Athletic League Youth Enrichment Act established a grant program for the
Police Athletic League, with an authorization of appropriations in the amount of $16 million a ²¹⁶
year through FY2005. Subtitle VI-B, §§611-617, reauthorizes appropriations at the same levels
for fiscal years 2006 through 2010 and revises the factual information found in the organic ²¹⁷
legislation relating to the League.
Section 621 empowers the Attorney General to make grants to state, local and tribal governments ²¹⁸
in order to outfit sex offenders with electronic monitoring devices. It authorizes appropriations
of $5 million for each of fiscal years 2007, 2008 and 2009 and thereafter requests the Attorney ²¹⁹
General to report on the effectiveness of the program.
Section 623 creates a grant program available to both public and private entities that assist in
treatment of juvenile sex offenders or that assist the states in their enforcement of sex offender ²²⁰
registration requirements. Appropriations are authorized for FY2007 through FY2009 in such

²¹³⁴²^U^.^S^.^C^.⁵⁶¹¹^no^t^e^.
²¹⁴^Id.
²¹⁵^Id.
²¹⁶^P^.^L^.¹⁰^6-³⁶⁷^,¹¹⁴^Sta^t¹⁴¹²⁽²⁰⁰⁰⁾^{; 4}²^U^.^S.C^.¹³⁷⁵^{1 n}^o^te⁽²⁰^{00 e}^d^.)^.
²¹⁷^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹³⁷⁰¹^note^.
²¹⁸^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹⁸¹⁽^a⁾^.
²¹⁹^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹⁸¹⁽^c⁾^.
²²⁰^{42 U}^.^S.C^.³⁷⁹⁷^e^e^,³⁷^97e^e^-¹^.

amounts as are necessary in the case of the enforcement grants and in the amount $10 million per ²²¹
year in the case of the juvenile sex offender grants.
Section 624 permits the Attorney General to award grants to facilitate the prosecution of cases ²²²
cleared as a consequence of the DNA backlog elimination. It authorizes appropriations of such ²²³
sums as are necessary for that purpose for FY2007 through FY2011.
Section 625 establishes a grant program for law enforcement agencies to combat sexual abuse of ²²⁴
children with authorized appropriations of the necessary sums for FY2007 through FY2009.
Section 626 calls for grants to a national private, nonprofit organization for a program of crime ²²⁵
prevention media campaign. For such purposes, it authorizes appropriations of $7 million (for ²²⁶
FY2007), $8 million (for FY2008)), $9 million (for FY2009), and $10 million (for FY2010).
Section 627 permits the Attorney General to awards grants to state, local and tribal government ²²⁷
programs for the voluntary fingerprinting of children. It authorizes the appropriations totaling ²²⁸
$20 million for use through FY2011 for the task.
Section 628 authorizes grants to enable a private, nonprofit organization – the Rape, Abuse &
Incest National Network (RAINN) – to operate a sexual assault hotline, conduct media ²²⁹
campaigns, and provide technical assistance for law enforcement. It authorizes appropriations ²³⁰
of $3 million per year for fiscal years 2007 through 2010.
Section 630 permits the Attorney General to establish an online child safety grant program for the ²³¹
benefit of state, territorial and nonprofit grantees, subject to the availability of appropriations.
Section 631 creates the Jessica Lunsford Address Verification Grant Program to enable state, local
and tribal grantees to verify the addresses of registered sex offenders with authorization of the
necessary appropriations for FY2007 through FY2009 and the requirement of an Attorney ²³²
General’s report on the effectiveness of the program.
The act sets forth a wide assortment of other provisions designed to prevent, prosecute or punish
the victimization of children. Among them are sections that broaden access to federal criminal

²²¹^Id.
²²²^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹⁸²⁽^a⁾^.
²²³^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹⁸²⁽^b)^.
²²⁴^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^83.
²²⁵⁴²^U^.^S^.^C^.³⁷⁶⁵^.
²²⁶^Id.
²²⁷^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^84.
²²⁸^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹⁸⁴⁽^e⁾^.
²²⁹^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^85.
²³⁰^Id.
²³¹^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^87.
²³²^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^88.

records information systems, create a national child abuse registry, expand recordkeeping
requirements for those in the business of producing sexually explicit material, immunize officials
from civil liability for activities involving sexual offender registration, and authorize and direct
the Department of Justice to establish and maintain a number of child protective activities.
Section 633 directs the Secretary of Health and Human Services to establish a registry of ²³³
substantiated instances of child abuse or neglect collected from state and tribal sources. The
registry is only to be made available to federal, state, local and tribal entities obligated to protect ²³⁴
children against abuse and neglect.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) maintains a number of criminal information databases,
consisting of information supplied by state and federal law enforcement officials, that can be used ²³⁵
to determine the existence and extent if any of a particular individual’s criminal record. The
system is used primarily for law enforcement purposes, but is also available for such purposes as ²³⁶
background checks of employees or prospective employees for certain occupations.
Section 151 directs the Attorney General to make the FBI’s national criminal information
databases available to governmental child protective service agencies and, when related to ²³⁷
responsibilities under federal law, to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.
Section 152 expands the obligation of states, territories and tribes that receive payments under
Title IV-E of the Social Security Act for foster care and adoption assistance to expand the ²³⁸
background checks conducted on prospective foster and adoptive parents. Under prior law,
unless a state had “opted out,” it was required to conduct a criminal records check of prospective
foster and adoptive parents of a child for whose benefit assistance payments were to be made and
to withhold payments from those convicted of various child abuse or neglect offenses, crimes of ²³⁹
violence, or sex offenses.
Section 152 makes the obligation more specific and expansive by insisting that the states do a
fingerprint criminal record check using the FBI’s national crime information databases of all

²³³^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^90.
²³⁴^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹⁹⁰⁽^e⁾^.
²³⁵^{28 U}^.^S.C^.⁵^34;²⁸^C^.^F.R^.^p^t^.2^0.
²³⁶^{28 U}^.^S.C^.⁵³⁴^note^.
²³⁷^T^h^e^N^a^tiona^{l C}^e^nte^r^f^o^r^Mis^sⁱ^ng^a^{nd Ex}^pl^oite^d^C^h^il^dr^eⁿ^is^a^pr^iv^a^t^e^non^pr^of^it^or^g^a^niz^a^tion^tha^t^is^a^u^thor^iz^e^d^,
^a^m^oⁿ^g^o^t^h^e^{r t}^hⁱⁿ^gs,^t^o^recei^{ve an}^a^nnua^{l g}^r^aⁿ^t^{to m}^a^inta^{in a}^na^tio^na^{l ho}^tline^f^o^{r re}^p^o^rtiⁿ^g^the^l^o^c^a^tion^of^mⁱ^s^s^ing
^c^h^ildr^e^n;^to^o^p^e^r^a^t^e^a^c^l^e^a^r^ing^hou^s^e^of^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion c}^onc^e^rⁿⁱ^ng^mⁱ^ss^ing^a^{nd e}^x^pl^oite^{d c}^h^ildr^e^{n; t}^o^pr^ov^ide^inf^o^r^m^a^tion
^re^la^ting^f^r^e^e^{or low}^c^o^{st le}^g^a^{l, tra}ⁿ^sporta^tⁱ^oⁿ^{, suste}ⁿ^aⁿ^c^e^a^{nd l}^odgⁱⁿ^g^f^o^r^mⁱ^ss^ing^a^{nd e}^x^ploi^te^{d c}^h^il^dr^eⁿ^{; t}^o^tr^aⁱ^{n la}^w
^eⁿ^f^o^r^c^em^eⁿ^{t of}^fⁱ^cⁱ^a^l^s^{in the}^pr^e^v^eⁿ^tio^{n, i}ⁿ^v^e^s^tig^a^tion,^pr^os^e^c^u^ti^on^a^{nd tr}^e^a^t^m^e^{nt of}^mⁱ^ss^ing^a^{nd e}^x^plo^ite^{d c}^h^il^dr^eⁿ^;^to
^loc^a^t^e^mⁱ^s^sⁱ^ng^c^h^ildr^e^{n; a}ⁿ^d^to^o^p^e^r^a^te^a^cy^be^r^{tip line}^a^s^a^m^e^aⁿ^s^of^r^e^por^ting^Iⁿ^te^rⁿ^e^t^-^r^e^la^te^d^s^e^x^u^a^l^mⁱ^s^c^onduc^t
^inv^o^lv^ing^c^h^il^dreⁿ^,⁴²^U.S.C^.⁵⁷⁷³^.
²³⁸^For^a^m^o^r^e^e^x^te^ns^iv^e^dis^c^us^sⁱ^on,^s^e^e^C^R^S^R^e^por^{t R}^L³¹²⁴^2,^C^h^ild^W^e^lfare^{: Fe}^de^{ral Pr}^og^ra^{m R}^e^qu^iremen^t^s^f^o^r
^State^s^,^by^E^m^ilie^Stoltz^f^u^s.
²³⁹^{42 U}^.^S.C^.⁶^{71 (}^a⁾⁽²⁰⁾⁽²⁰⁰⁰^e^d^.)^.

prospective foster and adoptive parents regardless of the prospect of receiving assistance.²⁴⁰ They
are obligated to check the child abuse and neglect registry in any state in which a prospective ²⁴¹
parent or an adult member of their household has lived in the previous five years as well. And
they must honor reciprocal registry requests from other states and take steps to prevent ²⁴²
unauthorized dissemination of the information. Moreover, Section 152(b) phases out (by
October 1, 2008) the ability to opt out of the criminal records check responsibility for the states
that had previously elected to do so.
Section 153 makes the FBI’s national criminal information databases available for fingerprint-
based background checks not only of prospective foster and adoptive parents, but also for
employees or prospective employees of public and private schools or when sought in child abuse ²⁴³
or child neglect investigation by state welfare officials.
Law enforcement agencies that report missing children to the FBI’s national criminal information
databases have long been precluded from imposing a waiting period before they would accept a ²⁴⁴
missing person report. Section 154 precludes them from imposing a policy dictating removal ²⁴⁵
from the system based solely on the age of the missing person.
The producers of sexually explicit material must maintain records designed to ensure that they are ²⁴⁶
not using children as subjects. They must keep detailed records, available for inspection, on the
name, age, and means of verification of those whose performances are depicted in their ²⁴⁷
material. The Attorney General has authority to issue implementing regulations and has done ²⁴⁸
so.
Enforcement of the regulations was preliminarily enjoined initially, however, on the grounds that
while the statute covered only primary producers, the regulations purported to reach as well ²⁴⁹
secondary producers who did not arrange for the appearance of the performers. Moreover, the
prospects of enforcement were clouded by uncertainty over the implications of Ashcroft v. Free ²⁵⁰
Speech Coalition, in which the Supreme Court held that inclusion of “virtual child

²⁴⁰⁴²^U^.^S.C.⁶⁷¹⁽^a)(2⁰^)(A^).
²⁴¹⁴²^U^.^S.C.⁶⁷¹⁽^a)(2⁰^)(C)(i).
²⁴²^{42 U}^.^S.C.⁶^71(a⁾⁽²^0)(C)(ii),⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾^.
²⁴³^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^62.
²⁴⁴^{42 U}^.^S.C^.⁵⁷⁸⁰⁽¹⁾⁽²⁰^{00 e}^d^.)^.
²⁴⁵⁴²^U^.^S^.^C^.⁵⁷⁸⁰⁽²⁾^.
²⁴⁶¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵⁷^.
²⁴⁷¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵⁷⁽^b⁾^.
²⁴⁸^{28 C}^.^F.R.^pt^{. 7}⁵^.
²⁴⁹^{Free S}^p^eech^Co^a^liti^oⁿ^{v. Go}ⁿ^z^a^l^es^{, 40}^{6 F.}^Su^pp.^2d¹¹⁹⁶^,¹²^{02 (}^D^.^C^olo.²⁰⁰⁵⁾^.^Uⁿ^de^r^t^h^e^la^w^{in e}^f^f^e^c^t^a^t^the^tim^e^,
^“^t^he^te^r^m^‘^p^r^oduc^e^s^’^m^e^aⁿ^[^t^]^to^p^r^od^uc^e^,^m^a^nuf^ac^tur^e^{, or}^p^u^b^lis^{h a}ⁿ^y^book^{, m}^a^ga^zⁱ^ne^{, pe}^rⁱ^odic^a^l^{, f}ⁱ^l^m^{, v}ⁱ^de^{o ta}^pe^,
^c^o^m^pute^r^g^e^ne^r^a^te^{d im}^a^g^e^,^dig^ita^{l im}^ag^e^or^pic^t^ur^e^,^or^othe^r^sⁱ^m^ila^r^m^a^tte^r^a^{nd inc}^l^ude^s^t^h^e^d^upl^ic^a^tion,^r^e^pr^o^duc^ti^on^,
^or^r^e^is^s^u^ing^of^aⁿ^y^s^u^c^h^m^a^tte^r^,^{but d}^o^e^sⁿ^o^{t i}ⁿ^c^l^u^d^e^m^e^r^e^dis^t^rⁱ^but^ion^or^aⁿ^y^othe^r^a^c^tiv^ity^w^h^ic^{h d}^o^e^s^{not i}ⁿ^v^o^lv^e
^hirⁱ^ng^{, c}^ontr^a^c^ting^f^o^r^m^a^na^gⁱ^ng^{, or}^ot^he^r^w^is^e^a^r^r^a^ng^ing^f^o^r^the^pa^r^tic^ipa^tio^{n of}^the^pe^r^f^or^m^e^r^s^de^pic^t^e^d^,”¹⁸^U^.^S.C^.
²²⁵⁷⁽^h⁾⁽³⁾⁽²⁰⁰⁰^e^d^{. & S}^u^p^p^{. III)}^.
²⁵⁰⁵³^{5 U}^.^S^.²³⁴⁽²⁰⁰²⁾^.

pornography” within class of proscribed child pornography offended First Amendment ²⁵¹
principles.
Section 502 addresses those concerns by amending 18 U.S.C. 2257 to make it clear that it applies
to secondary producers, and that it applies to the producers of digitally created or computer ²⁵²
manipulated explicit sexual activities but only where those depicted are actually human beings. ²⁵³
The definitions of pornography regularly refer to “actual or simulated sexual” activity. In order
distance itself from the difficulties the Court found in “virtual” sexual activity, Section 2257 ²⁵⁴
refers only to “actual” activity. In order to deal with simulated sexual activity by human beings,
Section 503 creates a companion recording keeping mandate for the producers of “simulated ²⁵⁵
sexually explicit conduct.” The new section likewise applies only where there are human ²⁵⁶²⁵⁷
performers; and reaches the same kinds of producers that Section 2257 touches.
At one time, child victims injured as a result of various federal sexual offenses had a cause of ²⁵⁸
action against the offender for attorneys fees and the greater of actual damages or $50,000. ²⁵⁹
Section 707 increased the minimum to $150,000. The underlying sex offenses are violations of
18 U.S.C. 2241(c) (aggravated sexual abuse), 2242 (sexual abuse), 2243 (sexual abuse of a minor
or ward), 2251 (sexual exploitation of a child), 2251A(selling or buying a child for sexual
purposes), 2252 (transporting, distributing or selling child sexually exploitive material), 2252A
(transporting or distributing child pornography), 2260 (overseas production of child
pornography), 2421 (interstate travel of illicit sexual purposes), 2422 (coercion or enticement for ²⁶⁰
illicit sexual purposes), and 2423 (transportation of a minor of illicit sexual purposes). Section

²⁵¹^Se^e^g^e^ne^r^a^ll^y^,^C^R^S^R^e^por^t^98-⁶⁷^0,^Ob^scenⁱ^t^y^,^Chⁱ^l^d^P^o^rno^g^r^ap^h^y^,^aⁿ^d^Iⁿ^d^ecen^{cy: R}^ecen^t^Devel^o^p^men^t^{s a}ⁿ^d
^Pe^ndi^{ng I}^s^s^u^e^s^,^by^H^e^nr^y^C^ohe^n;^a^{nd C}^R^S^R^e^por^{t 9}⁵^-⁸⁰⁴^,^Ob^sceni^t^y^aⁿ^d^Iⁿ^d^ecen^{cy: Co}ⁿ^s^tⁱ^t^u^tⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^P^rⁱⁿ^ci^p^l^{es an}^d
^Fe^de^r^a^{l St}^at^ute^s^{, by}^H^e^nr^y^C^ohe^n.
²⁵²^“⁽^a⁾^W^hoe^v^e^r^pr^oduc^e^s^aⁿ^y^book^{, m}^a^g^a^zⁱ^ne^{, pe}^rⁱ^odic^a^l^{, f}^ilm^{, v}ⁱ^de^ota^p^e^,^dig^ita^{l im}^a^g^e^,^dig^ita^lly^-^or^c^o^m^pute^r^-
^manⁱ^p^u^l^at^{ed i}^m^ag^e^{of an}^ac^tu^al^h^u^m^aⁿ^beⁱⁿ^g^,^pic^t^ure^,^or^ot^he^{r m}^a^tt^e^r^{... (h}^{) In}^this^s^e^c^tioⁿ^{– (1)}^the^t^e^r^m^‘a^c^t^ua^l
^se^x^u^a^l^l^y^e^x^plic^{it c}^oⁿ^duc^{t’ m}^e^aⁿ^s^ac^tua^l^b^u^t^not^sⁱ^m^u^l^a^te^{d c}^o^nd^uc^t^a^s^de^fⁱ^ne^{d in c}^l^a^u^s^e^s⁽ⁱ⁾^t^h^r^o^ug^{h (}^v⁾^of^Se^c^tion
²²⁵⁶⁽^2)(A^{) of}^this^title^{; (}²^{) t}^h^e^te^rm^‘produc^e^s^{’ – (A}^{) m}^e^aⁿ^s^–^{(i) a}^c^tua^lly^fⁱ^l^m^ing^,^vⁱ^de^ota^p^ing^,^ph^ot^o^g^r^a^phing^{, c}^r^e^a^ting
^a^pic^t^ure^,^dig^ita^{l im}^a^g^e^,^{or dig}^ita^lly^{- or c}^o^m^pute^r-m^aⁿ^ipula^t^e^d^im^a^g^e^of^aⁿ^a^c^t^ua^{l hum}^aⁿ^be^ing^;⁽ⁱ^{i) d}ⁱ^g^itiz^ing^aⁿ^im^a^g^e^,
^of^a^vⁱ^s^u^a^l^de^pic^tio^{n of}^s^e^x^u^a^lly^ex^plic^{it c}^oⁿ^duc^t;^or^,^a^s^s^e^m^b^ling^,^m^a^nuf^a^c^t^ur^ing^,^pu^blis^hing^,^du^plic^a^t^ing^,^r^e^pr^o^ducⁱⁿ^g^,
^or^r^e^is^s^u^ing^a^bo^ok^{, m}^a^g^a^zⁱ^ne^{, pe}^rⁱ^odic^a^l^{, f}^ilm^{, v}ⁱ^de^ota^p^e^,^dⁱ^g^ita^{l i}^m^a^g^e^,^or^pic^t^ur^e^,^or^o^t^he^r^m^a^tte^r^inte^nde^{d f}^o^r
^c^o^m^m^e^r^c^ia^{l dis}^t^rⁱ^buti^oⁿ^,^t^h^a^t^c^oⁿ^t^aⁱ^ns^a^vⁱ^s^u^a^l^de^pic^tⁱ^oⁿ^of^s^e^x^u^a^l^l^y^e^x^plic^{it c}^oⁿ^duc^t;^or⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾ⁱⁿ^s^e^r^ting^{on a}^c^o^m^pute^r
^s^ite^or^s^e^r^v^ic^e^a^dig^ita^{l im}^ag^e^of^,^or^ot^he^r^w^is^e^m^a^nagⁱ^ng^the^s^e^x^u^a^lly^e^x^plic^{it c}^onteⁿ^t^,^of^a^c^o^m^pute^r^site^{or se}^rv^ic^e^tha^t
^c^ontaⁱ^{ns a}^vⁱ^sua^l^de^pic^tⁱ^on^of^{, se}^x^u^a^lly^e^x^plic^{it c}^oⁿ^duc^t;^aⁿ^d^{(B) d}^o^e^{s not i}ⁿ^c^l^u^d^e^a^c^tiv^itie^{s tha}^t^a^r^e^li^m^ite^{d to ... (}ⁱⁱⁱ⁾
^aⁿ^y^a^c^tiv^it^y^,^othe^{r th}^{an t}^hose^ac^ti^v^itie^{s ide}ⁿ^tifie^{d i}ⁿ^su^bp^aragr^ap^h⁽^A⁾^{, tha}^t^doe^s^not^inv^o^lv^e^t^h^e^hirⁱ^ng^{, c}^ontr^a^c^tⁱⁿ^g^f^o^r^,
^m^a^na^gⁱ^ng^{, or ot}^he^rw^is^e^a^rra^ng^{ing f}^o^{r the}^pa^rticⁱ^p^a^tio^{n of}^the^de^pic^t^e^d^pe^rf^orm^e^r^s^{... 1}⁸^U^.^S^.^{C. 2}²⁵⁷⁽^a^{), (h)(1)}^,^(2)(A^),
²⁽^B⁾⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾⁽^e^m^pha^sⁱ^s^a^dde^d)^.
²⁵³^S^{ee e.}^g^.^,^A^s^h^c^ro^f^t^v.^A^m^eri^c^aⁿ^Ci^vi^l^Lⁱ^b^e^rtⁱ^e^{s Un}ⁱ^oⁿ^{, 5}⁴²^U^.^S.⁶⁵^6,⁶⁶^{1 (}²⁰⁰⁴⁾^;^New^Yo^{rk v. Ferb}^er^,⁴⁵⁸^U^.^S.⁷^47,
⁷⁵¹⁽¹⁹⁸²⁾^.
²⁵⁴^{18 U}^.^S.C^.²²⁵⁷⁽^h⁾⁽¹⁾^.
²⁵⁵¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵⁷^A^.
²⁵⁶¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵⁷^A⁽^a)^.
²⁵⁷¹⁸^U^.^S.C.²²⁵⁷^A⁽^h⁾⁽¹^).
²⁵⁸^{18 U}^.^S.C^.²²⁵⁵⁽²⁰⁰^{0 e}^d^.)^.
²⁵⁹¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵⁵^.
²⁶⁰¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵⁵^.

707 also amends Section 2255 to permit recovery even if the injury caused by the offense only ²⁶¹

occurs after the child is an adult.
Federal law requires electronic service providers who discover evidence of child pornography to
report the matter to law enforcement authorities by way of the Cyber Tip Line of the National ²⁶²
Center for Missing and Exploited Children, a private nonprofit organization. The provision ²⁶³
affords service providers immunity from civil liability for good faith compliance. With an
exception of intentional, malicious, or reckless misconduct, Section 130 of the act affords the
Center, its officers, employees and agents civil and criminal immunity for performance related to ²⁶⁴
the provision. The new immunity is similar to that found in the PROTECT Act which, although
it does not provide immunity from criminal liability, seems to grant more all encompassing civil ²⁶⁵
immunity.
Civil immunity for government officers, employees and their agents for conduct involving the ²⁶⁶
sexual offender registration system established in Title I of the act is found in Section 131.
Whether the safe harbor shields the Center and those associated with it from both federal and
state liability under either provision remains to be seen. The same question may be asked of the
immunity bath afforded government officers, employees and agents.

²⁶¹¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.²²⁵⁵^.
²⁶²^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹³⁰^32.
²⁶³^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹³⁰³²⁽^c⁾^.
²⁶⁴^“⁽¹⁾^Iⁿ^g^e^ne^r^a^{l. Ex}^c^e^p^{t a}^s^pr^ov^id^e^dⁱⁿ^pa^r^a^g^r^a^phs⁽²⁾^a^{nd (}³⁾^,^the^N^a^tiona^{l C}^e^nte^r^f^o^r^Mⁱ^s^sⁱ^ng^aⁿ^d^Ex^ploite^d
^Chⁱ^l^d^reⁿ^,ⁱⁿ^cl^udⁱⁿ^{g an}^y^o^fⁱ^t^s^dⁱ^rect^o^r^s,^o^f^fⁱ^cers,^e^m^p^l^o^y^ee^s,^o^r^agen^t^s^,ⁱ^sⁿ^o^t^lⁱ^a^b^l^{e i}ⁿ^an^y^ci^vi^l^o^r^cri^mⁱⁿ^al^actⁱ^oⁿ
^a^r^ising^f^r^o^m^the^pe^rf^orm^a^nc^e^of^{its Cy}^be^r^Tⁱ^pline^re^spoⁿ^sibil^itie^{s a}^{nd f}^unc^ti^ons,^a^s^de^fⁱ^ne^{d by}^{this se}^c^tion,^{or f}^r^om^its
^e^f^f^o^{rts to ide}ⁿ^tⁱ^fy^c^h^{ild v}ⁱ^c^tim^s.
^“⁽²⁾^Iⁿ^teⁿ^tio^na^{l, r}^e^c^k^le^s^s^,^or^ot^he^r^mⁱ^s^c^onduc^t.^P^a^r^a^g^r^a^{ph (}¹⁾^d^o^e^s^{not a}^pply^{in a}ⁿ^a^c^tⁱ^on^{in w}^h^ic^{h a}^pa^r^t^y^pr^ov^e^s^tha^t
^the^N^a^tiona^l^C^e^nte^r^f^o^r^Mis^sⁱ^ng^a^{nd Ex}^p^l^oite^{d C}^hⁱ^l^dr^eⁿ^{, or}^its^of^fⁱ^ce^r^,^e^m^plo^y^e^e^,^or^a^g^eⁿ^{t a}^s^the^c^a^s^{e m}^a^y^be^{, e}ⁿ^g^a^g^e^d
^{in i}ⁿ^te^nti^ona^{l m}ⁱ^sc^ond^uc^{t or}^a^c^t^e^d^{, or f}^a^ile^{d to}^a^c^t^{, w}^{ith a}^c^t^ua^{l m}^a^lic^e^,^w^{ith re}^c^k^le^{ss disre}^g^a^r^{d to a}^su^bsta^ntia^{l risk}^of
^c^a^u^sⁱ^ng^injury^w^{ithout le}^g^a^{l jus}^t^if^ic^a^tion,^{or f}^o^{r a}^p^u^rp^os^e^uⁿ^re^la^te^d^{to t}^h^e^pe^rf^orm^a^nc^e^of^res^pons^ib^il^itie^s^{or f}^unc^ti^ons
^unde^r^this^s^e^c^tio^n.
^“⁽^{3) Ordi}^na^ry^busine^{ss a}^c^tiv^itie^{s. P}^a^ra^g^r^a^{ph (}¹^{) d}^o^e^sⁿ^o^{t a}^p^pl^y^{to a}ⁿ^a^c^t^or^om^{ission re}^la^te^{d t}^o^aⁿ^ordⁱ^na^ry^busine^ss
^a^c^tiv^it^y^,^s^u^c^h^a^s^aⁿ^a^c^tiv^ity^inv^o^lv^ing^g^e^ne^r^a^{l a}^d^mⁱ^nis^t^r^a^tion^or^op^e^r^a^tions^{, t}^h^e^us^e^of^m^o^tor^v^e^hic^l^e^s^{, or}^pe^r^s^on^ne^l
^m^a^na^g^e^m^e^nt,”^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹³⁰³²⁽^g⁾^.
²⁶⁵^“⁽^a⁾^Ex^c^e^p^{t a}^s^pr^ov^ide^d^{in s}^ubs^e^c^{tion (}^b⁾^of^this^s^e^c^tion^,^the^N^a^ti^oⁿ^a^l^C^e^nte^r^f^o^r^Mis^sⁱ^ng^aⁿ^{d Ex}^p^l^oi^te^{d C}^h^il^dr^eⁿ^,
ⁱⁿ^cl^udⁱⁿ^{g an}^y^o^fⁱ^t^s^o^f^fⁱ^cers,^e^m^p^l^o^y^e^e^s,^o^r^agen^t^s^,^sh^al^lⁿ^o^t^be^lia^b^l^e^f^o^{r da}^m^a^g^e^{s in a}ⁿ^y^cⁱ^v^{il a}^c^{tion for de}^f^a^m^a^tion,
^libe^l^{, s}^l^aⁿ^de^r^,^or^ha^r^m^{to r}^e^p^u^ta^tio^{n a}^r^is^ing^o^u^t^of^aⁿ^y^ac^{tion or}^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion by}^the^N^a^tio^na^{l C}^e^nte^r^f^o^r^Mis^sⁱ^ng^aⁿ^d
^Ex^ploite^d^C^h^il^dr^eⁿ^,^its^of^fⁱ^c^e^r^s^,^em^plo^y^e^e^s^{, or}^a^g^eⁿ^ts^{, in c}^oⁿⁿ^e^c^tio^{n w}^{ith a}ⁿ^y^c^l^e^a^r^ing^hous^e^,^h^o^tli^ne^or^c^o^m^p^la^int
^inta^k^e^or^f^o^r^w^a^r^ding^pr^og^r^a^m^or^{in c}^oⁿⁿ^e^c^tio^{n w}^{ith a}^c^tiv^ity^tha^t^is^w^holly^or^pa^r^tia^lly^f^unde^{d by}^the^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^a^nd
^unde^r^t^a^k^eⁿⁱⁿ^c^o^ope^r^a^tio^{n w}^ith,^o^r^a^t^the^dir^e^c^tion^of^a^Fe^de^r^a^{l la}^w^eⁿ^f^o^r^c^em^eⁿ^{t a}^g^eⁿ^cy^{. (}^b⁾^T^h^e^limⁱ^t^a^tionⁱⁿ
^s^ubs^e^c^tion⁽^a⁾^of^this^s^e^c^tioⁿ^doe^s^not^a^p^p^l^y^{in a}ⁿ^y^a^c^{tion in}^w^h^ic^h^the^plaⁱ^ntif^f^prov^e^s^tha^t^the^Na^tio^na^{l Ce}^nte^r^f^o^r
^Mis^sⁱ^ng^a^nd^Ex^ploi^te^{d C}^h^ildr^e^{n, i}^t^s^of^fⁱ^ce^r^s^{, em}^ploy^e^e^s^{, or}^a^g^eⁿ^ts^a^c^t^e^d^w^{ith a}^c^t^ua^{l m}^a^lic^e^,^or^pr^ov^id^e^d^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion or}
^took^a^c^tio^{n f}^o^r^a^p^u^r^p^os^e^unr^e^l^a^t^e^d^to^aⁿ^a^c^tiv^ity^m^a^nda^te^{d by}^Fe^de^r^a^{l la}^w^.^For^pur^pos^e^s^of^th^is^s^ubs^e^c^{tion, t}^h^e
^pr^e^v^eⁿ^tion,^or^de^te^c^tio^{n of}^c^r^im^e^,^a^{nd t}^h^e^s^a^f^e^t^y^{, r}^e^c^o^v^e^r^y^{, or}^pr^ote^c^tion^of^mⁱ^s^sⁱ^ng^or^e^x^ploite^{d c}^hⁱ^l^dr^eⁿ^s^h^a^ll^be
^de^e^m^e^d^{, pe}^r^s^e^{, to}^be^aⁿ^a^c^tiv^ity^m^a^nda^te^{d by}^Fe^de^r^a^{l la}^w^,^”^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁵⁹¹^d^.
²⁶⁶^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^29.

The act includes several sections in which the Department of Justice is authorized, directed or
encouraged to take action in the greater interest of child protection and safety.
Section 142 provides the legal foundation for Justice Department’s Project Safe Childhood, ²⁶⁷
established shortly before passage of the act. The Project directs the various United States
Attorneys to coordinate federal, state, local and tribal efforts to investigate and prosecute Internet ²⁶⁸
crimes against children. It features strategic planning, training, and information sharing at the ²⁶⁹
judicial district level. Participants include the FBI (Innocent Images Unit); the Secret Service;
the Postal Service (Child Exploitation Task Forces); Immigration and Customs Enforcement
(Cyber Crime Center); the Justice Department’s Criminal Division and Internet Crimes Against ²⁷⁰
Children (ICAC) Task Forces; state, local and tribal law enforcement officials, and the National ²⁷¹
Center for Missing and Exploited Children.
Section 145 instructs the Attorney General to expand his efforts to prevent misuse of the Internet ²⁷²
by sex offenders. It ask that he expand training opportunities for federal, state and local law
enforcement officials and prosecutors and that he involve members of the computer industry and ²⁷³
other agencies in efforts to combat the sexual victimization of children through the Internet.
Section 622 authorizes the Bureau of Prisons to establish residential and nonresidential sex ²⁷⁴
offender monitoring programs to treat and supervise sex offenders.
Section 629 authorizes the Attorney General, in consultation with the National Center for Missing
and Exploited Children, to develop and execute public awareness programs relating to child-safe ²⁷⁵
use of the Internet and to access to federal and state sexual offender registries.

²⁶⁷^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^42.^S^{ee a}^l^s^o^{, D}^e^pa^r^t^m^e^{nt of}^J^u^s^tic^e^,^F^a^ct^S^h^eet^{: De}^p^a^r^t^m^en^t^o^f^J^u^stⁱ^{ce P}^r^o^j^ect^Sa^f^e^Chⁱ^l^d^h^o^o^d
^Initia^tiv^e^(Fe^b^.¹⁵^{, 2}⁰⁰⁶^{), a}^v^a^ila^b^l^e^on^Ma^rc^{h 2}²^,²⁰⁰⁷^a^t^ht^tp://w^ww^.usdoj.g^ov^/opa^/^p^r/²⁰⁰^6/^Fe^bv^rua^r^y^/
^06_^opa^_0^81.^htm^{l; D}^e^pa^r^t^m^e^{nt of}^J^u^s^tic^e^,^Pr^oje^c^t^S^a^fe^C^h^ild^ho^od^,^a^v^a^ila^ble^{on Ma}^r^c^h²²^,²⁰^{07 a}^t
^http:^//www^.proje^c^t^sa^f^e^c^h^ildh^o^o^d^.^g^ov^/g^uide^.htm^.
²⁶⁸^Id.
²⁶⁹^Id.
²⁷⁰^Se^c^tion⁷^{06 a}^u^th^or^iz^e^s^c^r^e^a^{tion o}^f^{no le}^s^s^thaⁿ¹⁰^a^ddi^tio^na^{l I}^C^A^C^T^a^sk^For^c^e^s^{in FY}²⁰⁰^{7 t}^o^t^h^e^e^x^te^{nt tha}^t^f^uⁿ^d^s
^a^r^e^a^ppr^opr^ia^te^{d f}^o^r^tha^t^pur^pos^e^.
²⁷¹^Id.
²⁷²^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^44.
²⁷³^Id.
²⁷⁴¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.³⁶²¹⁽^f⁾^.

Section 632 instructs the Marshals Service to establish and coordinate a Fugitive Safe Surrender ²⁷⁶
program in designated cities for the capture of fugitives from federal, state and local justice. It
authorizes appropriations for that purpose in the amounts of $3 million (for FY2007), $5 million ²⁷⁷
(for FY2008), and $8 million (for FY2009).
Section 704 directs the Attorney General to increase by not less than 200 attorneys the number of
prosecutors dedicated to child sexual exploitation cases and assigned to the various United States
Attorneys offices – subject to the availability of appropriations.
Section 705 asks the Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security to increase the
number of computer forensic examiners devoted to the investigation of sexual exploitation of
children and related offenses – by not fewer than 30 examiners in the case of the Department of
Justice and not fewer than 15 in the Department of Homeland Security.
^C^h^arle^s^Do^y^l^e
^Senⁱ^o^r^Sp^{ecialist i}ⁿ^Am^er^icaⁿ^P^u^b^{lic L}^a^w
^cdoy^l^e^@^c^rs^.l^oc.g^o^v^{, 7-}⁶⁹⁶⁸

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
²⁷⁵^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^86.
²⁷⁶^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹^89.
²⁷⁷^{42 U}^.^S.C^.¹⁶⁹⁸⁹⁽^c⁾^.