Committee of the Whole: An Introduction






Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress



The Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, more often referred to as the
“Committee of the Whole,” is the House of Representatives operating as a committee on which
every Member of the House serves. The House of Representatives uses this parliamentary device
to take procedural advantage of a somewhat different set of rules governing proceedings in the
Committee than those governing proceedings in the House. The purpose is to expedite legislative
consideration.
This report briefly reviews the history of the Committee of the Whole, describes the current
procedure associated with it, and identifies its procedural advantages. It will be updated if the
rules and procedures change.






Histor y ....................................................................................................................................... 1
Resolving Into Committee........................................................................................................2
Procedural Advantages..............................................................................................................2
Quorums .............................................................................................................................. 3
Debate on Amendments......................................................................................................3
Ending Debate.....................................................................................................................3
Recorded Votes...................................................................................................................4
Rising of the Committee...........................................................................................................4
Table 1. Comparison of Characteristics of the House and the Committee of the Whole................5
Author Contact Information............................................................................................................5





The Committee of the Whole has been an accepted practice in the United States Congress since
the First Congress convened in 1789. It was used earlier in many of the colonial legislatures, as
well as in the Continental Congress. The custom has its antecedents in English parliamentary
practice. De Alva Stanwood Alexander, an historian of the House of Representatives and a former
Representative himself, wrote:
This Committee has a long history. It originated in the time of the Stuarts, when taxation
arrayed the Crown against the [House of] Commons, and suspicion made the Speaker a tale-
bearer to the King. To avoid the Chair’s espionage the Commons met in secret, elected a
chairman in whom it had confidence, and without fear of the King freely exchanged its views
respecting supplies. The informality of its procedure survived the occasion for secrecy, but to
this day the House of Commons keeps up the fiction of concealment, the Speaker
withdrawing from the hall when the Committee convenes, and the chairman occupying the 1
clerks desk.
Use of the Committee of the Whole in the current practice of the House of Representatives has
changed considerably from the form first used in 1789. Until the early 1800s, the House used
committees of the whole to work out the broad outlines of major legislation. A select committee
would then be appointed to draft a bill. When the select committee reported the bill to the House,
the House would then refer the measure to a Committee of the Whole for debate and amendment 2
before itself considering the question of passage.
Historian Ralph Volney Harlow commended on the committee of the whole as a forum in which
the broad outline of legislation could be discussed:
The committee of the whole is really a compromise between a regular session, and an
adjournment for purposes of discussion. The latter method could not be used to advantage in
any large assembly, because some restraining influence would be necessary. But the
primitive form of the committee of the whole was probably a short adjournment, during
which members could move about from one to another, and freely discuss the merits of the 3
matter under consideration.
Gradually, the standing committee system grew up in the House of Representatives, replacing the
temporary select committees of the earlier era. Standing committees assumed the overview and
drafting functions previously divided between a committee of the whole and a select committee.
As a result, the purpose for convening in Committee of the Whole began to change. The concept
found in current practice is that of the principal forum for discussion and amendment of
legislation. Contemporary Committee of the Whole procedures are not without some restriction,
but they are more flexible than those employed in the formal sessions of the House of
Re presenta ti ve s.

1 De Alva Stanwood Alexander, History and Procedure of the House of Representatives (Boston and New York:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 1916), p. 257.
2 Congressional Quarterly, Inc., Origins and Development of Congress (Washington, D.C., 1976), p. 83.
3 Ralph Volney Harlow, The History of Legislative Methods in the Period Before 1825 (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1917), p. 92.





For a comparison of characteristics of the House and the Committee of the Whole in
contemporary practice, please see Table 1 at the end of this report.
When the House of Representatives resolves itself into the Committee of the Whole, two simple
rituals mark the transformation. First, the mace—a column of ebony rods which sits on a green
marble pedestal to the right of the Speaker on the podium—is moved to a white marble pedestal
positioned lower on the podium. The mace represents the authority of the sergeant of arms to
maintain order in the House. When it is removed from the higher position on the podium, it
signals the House is no longer meeting as the House of Representatives in regular session, but in
the Committee of the Whole.
Second, the Speaker descends the podium, and designates a majority party colleague to take his
place and assume the duties of the presiding officer during the deliberations of the Committee of
the Whole. The Member designated by the Speaker thus becomes the chairman of the Committee
of the Whole and is responsible for recognizing Members, maintaining order, and ruling on points
of order. During meetings of the Committee of the Whole, Members address the chair not as “Mr.
Speaker” but as “Mr. Chairman” or “Madam Chairman.”
Under the Standing Rules of the House, a measure that raises revenue, directly or indirectly
appropriates money, or authorizes the expenditure of money must be considered in the Committee
of the Whole. Other types of measures may be considered in the Committee of the Whole, if the
House so decides, or if a rule-making statute so requires.
In either case, the House of Representatives must first agree to resolve itself into the Committee
of the Whole. It does so in three ways: by unanimous consent, by adopting a motion to resolve
into the Committee of the Whole, or by adopting a “special rule” that authorizes the Speaker to
declare the House resolved into the Committee of the Whole for the purpose of considering a
specified measure.
In addition to making the consideration of a specific measure in order in the Committee of the
Whole, each of these three approaches will most likely limit general debate time and assign its
control. They may also specify the number and types of amendments which may be offered, may
designate debate time on amendments, and may waive points of order against House rules, if a
provision in the measure could otherwise be held in violation of them.
Once the House resolves itself into the Committee, the measure before the Committee is debated
and amended. In general, the Committee of the Whole observes the rules of procedure of the
House of Representatives insofar as they are applicable.
There are several important differences between proceedings in the House of Representatives and
proceedings in the Committee of the Whole that make legislative deliberation in the Committee
an attractive alternative.





In the House, a majority of the membership is required to constitute a quorum to conduct
business. If all 435 seats are filled, a majority is 218 members. In the Committee of the Whole,
however, only 100 members are required to constitute a quorum. The chairman may vacate
further proceedings under a quorum call as soon as 100 members have answered the call, and the
minimum 15-minute period allowed for a quorum call need not be used in its entirety, as is the
case in the House.
In addition, the chairman of the Committee is generally allowed the discretion of whether or not
to permit a quorum call during general debate. Furthermore, if the presence of a quorum has been
established once during any day’s deliberations in the Committee, the chairman need not entertain
a quorum call unless a pending question has been put to a vote during the amendment process.
The basic rule governing debate in the House is the “one-hour” rule. In theory, this means any
Member receives one hour to debate when recognized on any question. By custom, this hour is
divided between the majority and minority, with each side receiving 30 minutes. Members often
yield time to one another, but normally only for the purpose of debate, and not for the offering of
amendments or procedural motions. It is unusual for the House to proceed to a second hour of
debate under the “one-hour” rule.
In the Committee of the Whole, however, the basic rule governing debate of amendments is the
“five-minute” rule. Supporters of amendments offered in Committee receive five minutes of
debate time and opponents of the proposition receive five minutes. Thus, more Members are
likely to participate in debate under the “five-minute” rule in Committee than is possible under
the “one-hour” rule in the House.
To gain five minutes of debate time on a pending amendment, a Member may offer a
nonsubstantive amendment, also called a “pro forma amendment,” to “strike the last word” or
“strike the requisite number of words.” Thus, a Member overcomes the rule applicable in the
Committee of allowing only five minutes for a Member to speak in support of an amendment and
five minutes for a Member to speak in opposition to an amendment. A Member may also seek
unanimous consent to continue for a short, specified period of time.
In the House, debate can be ended by moving the previous question. However, the previous
question not only ends debate, it also brings the matter before the House to an immediate vote.
This precludes the possibility of any further amendments or discussion. Neither debate nor
amendments to the motion for the previous question are in order.
The previous question is not in order in the Committee of the Whole. However, additional and
more flexible choices exist. A motion either to close debate or to limit the time for further debate
(e.g., to 20 minutes, to 4:00 p.m., etc.) may be offered in the Committee. Either motion is
debatable and can be further refined through amendment. In practice, the floor manager of a bill
will more often ask unanimous consent that debate be either closed or limited and offer a motion
only if unanimous consent cannot be obtained.





In addition, even if a motion to close debate is agreed to in the Committee, Members may still
offer amendments they have filed at the desk. These will be considered, but without debate.
However, if Members had their amendments printed in the Congressional Record in advance of
floor proceedings, they are guaranteed 10 minutes of debate on those amendments. In practice,
this protection can be overturned by a “special rule” adopted by the House prior to the
commencement of proceedings in the Committee if the special rule provides other amendment
procedures.
A smaller number of Members are required to support a call for a recorded vote in the Committee
than are required in the House. In the House, one-fifth of those present and supporting a recorded
vote constitutes a sufficient number to trigger a recorded vote. If the minimum 218 Members
necessary to constitute a quorum in the House are present, the number needed to call for a
recorded vote would be 44. In Committee, 25 Members are needed under any circumstances to
support the call for a recorded vote.
The Committee of the Whole dissolves itself by “rising.” If the Committee has not completed
consideration of the measure before it, the floor manager may offer a simple motion to rise. At a
later time, the House may choose to resolve itself again into the Committee of the Whole to
resume consideration of the same measure. If the Committee has completed its deliberations,
Members may agree to a motion to rise and report to the House of Representatives the actions and
recommendations of the Committee. Once the decision to rise has been made, the chairman of the
Committee descends the podium and the Speaker ascends to take his place as presiding officer of
the House of Representatives. The mace is returned to its original location.
The chairman then reports to the House those amendments that were adopted in the Committee
and the Committee’s recommendation on the question of final passage of the measure. (Neither
second-degree amendments nor substitutes that were adopted nor any first or second-degree
amendments that were defeated in the Committee are reported to the House.) The House must
then formally agree to any amendments reported by the Committee. Therefore, it is possible that
amendments that were adopted by the Committee of the Whole could be defeated by the House of
Re presenta ti ve s.
The House may agree to all the amendments reported to it by the Committee of the Whole
through one vote (“en gros”), or separate votes may be demanded on any amendments agreed to
in the Committee. The votes on amendments could also be structured pursuant to the provisions
of a “special rule” adopted earlier. Votes are put on such amendments in the order in which they
appear in the bill, not in the order by which the request was made. The House then considers,
with the possibility of several intervening motions such as a motion to recommit, the question of
final passage of the measure.





Table 1. Comparison of Characteristics of the House and the Committee of the
Whole
House Committee of the Whole
Mace raised Mace lowered
Speaker presides Chairman presides
One hour rule Five minute rule for amendments
More than half the House (218) is a quorum 100 is a quorum
44 Members (or 1/5th of those present) a “sufficient 25 Members a “sufficient number” to trigger a
number” to trigger a recorded vote recorded vote
Motion for previous question is in order; terminates Motion to limit or end debate is in order, but does not
debate and precludes offering further amendments. preclude offering of further amendments.
Motion to recommit in order Not in order
Motion to reconsider in order Not in order
Routine business of House Not in order
Judy Schneider
Specialist on the Congress
jschneider@crs.loc.gov, 7-8664