EMERGENCY FARM ASSISTANCE IN FY2000: DESCRIPTION AND STATE DISTRIBUTION

CRS Report for Congress
Emergency Farm Assistance in FY2000:
Description and State Distribution
Ralph M. Chite
Specialist in Agricultural Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Summary
The 106^th Congress provided nearly $15 billion in FY2000 emergency agriculture
spending in four separate acts, primarily to compensate farmers for the effects of low
farm commodity prices and natural disasters. Of this amount, approximately $13.2 billion
was disbursed to farmers in the form of direct government payments and the balance was
appropriated to various USDA programs that benefit farmers and rural areas. (Not
included in these totals is nearly $15 billion in FY2000 direct government payments made
to farmers under regularly authorized USDA programs.) The principal beneficiaries of
the emergency funds were growers of grains and cotton, who received a total of $11
billion in two installments of market loss payments to counter low commodity prices.
Other recipients of emergency market loss payments included growers of oilseeds,
tobacco, dairy and peanuts, who received just under $1 billion combined. Congress also
provided over $1.2 billion in crop loss payments for major 1999 crop losses caused by
a natural disaster. Five states – Texas, Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska and Kansas – accounted
for just over one-third ($5 billion) of total emergency payments made to farmers in
FY2000. This report will not be updated.
Legislative Background
Four separate acts provided $15 billion in emergency spending in FY2000 for
programs administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The vast majority
of this additional spending was provided to bolster farm income which has been adversely
affected by continued low farm commodity prices and various natural disasters. The annual
agriculture appropriations act for FY2000 (P.L. 106-78, October 22, 1999) provided $8.7
billion in emergency supplemental USDA spending, of which $6.7 billion was paid directly
to farmers (including $5.5 billion to grains and cotton growers) in the form of “market
loss” payments to compensate for low prices, and $1.2 billion in crop disaster payments.
One month later, provisions in the Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2000 (P.L.
106-113, November 29, 1999) added $577 million in emergency USDA assistance
primarily to help farmers and rural areas recover from a series of hurricanes that struck the
Eastern states in 1999. A third act, the Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000 (P.L.

106-224, June 20, 2000) was enacted primarily to enhance the federal crop insurance

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program. It served also as a vehicle for providing another $5.5 billion in market loss
payments for grain and cotton farmers to supplement the $5.5 billion previously provided
by P.L. 106-78. P.L. 106-224 also contained $1.64 billion in USDA assistance for
FY2001, which primarily will assist soybean, tobacco, fruit and vegetable, cottonseed,
peanut and wool and mohair growers. A fourth act, the military construction
appropriations act for FY2001 (P.L. 106-246, July 13, 2000) contained emergency
spending provisions that included $210.4 million in supplemental FY2000 USDA
spending, primarily to further assist regions affected by 1999 hurricanes and to aid rural
areas affected by wildfires in the Southwest. (For a complete listing of all major
agricultural provisions in FY2000 emergency spending acts and a history of such spending,
see CRS Report RS20269, Emergency Funding for Agriculture: A Brief History of
Congressional Action, FY1989-FY2001.)
Farm Commodity Market Loss Assistance
Of the $15 billion in emergency assistance provided to USDA programs in FY2000,
approximately $11.9 billion were direct government payments to farmers in the form of
“market loss payments” to compensate for low commodity prices. These emergency
payments are in addition to the estimated $15 billion in regular government payments to
farmers made in FY2000 through ongoing federal programs. Grain and cotton growers
received just over 90 percent of the $11.9 billion in emergency FY2000 payments. The
balance was disbursed to oilseed, dairy, tobacco and peanut growers. As a general rule,
these payments were made to all growers of specific commodities regardless of the
potential recipient’s financial condition.
Grains and Cotton
Receiving nearly $11 billion of the total FY2000 emergency farm assistance were
growers of wheat, feed grains, cotton, and rice. These payments were made in two
installments of $5.5 billion each, one in late calendar year 1999 and another in September
2000. Authorizing statutes (P.L. 106-78 and P.L. 106-224) required that these market loss
payments be made exclusively to recipients of production flexibility contract payments, and
in the same proportion as their regular contract payments.¹ In addition to these emergency
payments, grains and cotton growers received $13 billion in direct government payments
under various commodity support programs authorized by the 1996 farm bill.
Estimates show that the $11 billion in emergency payments were made in the
following proportions: corn contract holders, $5.1 billion; wheat, $2.9 billion; upland
cotton, $1.3 billion; rice, $930 million; grain sorghum, $560 million; barley, $235 million;
and oats, $16 million. Just over one-half ($5.6 billion) of the market loss funds were paid
to contract holders in 7 states: Iowa, Texas, Illinois, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota and
Arkansas.

¹ Title I of the 1996 farm bill (P.L. 104-127) established a substantially changed support program
for producers of wheat, feed grains, upland cotton, and rice. This program offers 7-year
“production flexibility contracts” to producers with cropland previously enrolled in a target price
deficiency payments program, which was suspended by the Act. The law authorized $35.68 billion
for contract payments to be paid over seven years in fixed but declining annual amounts.. See CRS
Report 98-744 for more information.

FY2000 Emergency Farm Assistance, by State
(Millions of Dollars)
^State^Total^{Market Loss Payments}^{Disaster Payments}^{Grains & Cotton}^a^Dairy^Tobacco^Peanuts^Oilseeds^Crop^Livestock
^Texas^1,186.4^941.5^3.2^0.0^10.4^2.2^188.6^40.5
^Iowa^1,134.4^1,038.8^4.0^0.0^0.0^75.8^15.3^0.4
^Illinois^991.0^906.5^2.4^0.0^0.0^68.9^12.6^0.7
^Nebraska^824.5^775.2^1.1^0.0^0.0^27.3^20.3^0.7
^Kansas^820.4^771.9^1.1^0.0^0.0^15.8^31.6^0.0
^Minnesota^731.5^626.8^10.9^0.0^0.0^46.0^47.8^0.1
^{North Dakota}^641.8^480.5^0.8^0.0^0.0^18.6^141.8^0.0
^Arkansas^572.1^520.4^0.7^0.0^0.1^16.6^23.0^11.4
^Indiana^506.6^447.0^1.9^4.8^0.0^35.5^15.5^1.9
^California^453.6^384.2^7.1^0.0^0.0^1.2^59.7^1.3
^Missouri^434.8^343.8^2.7^1.7^0.0^27.0^39.6^19.9
^{South Dakota}^384.0^315.6^1.5^0.0^0.0^26.5^40.4^0.0
^Ohio^370.2^304.0^4.5^5.6^0.0^29.3^23.0^3.8
^Oklahoma^349.9^291.2^1.0^0.0^3.3^1.8^31.7^20.9
^Kentucky^302.7^112.4^2.1^123.2^0.0^6.5^41.1^17.4
^{North Carolina}^299.7^123.2^1.1^99.7^5.2^6.1^61.9^2.5
^Mississippi^297.5^260.6^0.7^0.0^0.2^9.4^20.7^5.9
^Louisiana^296.2^272.8^0.9^0.0^0.1^4.8^13.5^4.1
^Wisconsin^284.9^241.1^26.6^1.9^0.0^8.4^6.9^0.0
^Montana^282.1^246.7^0.3^0.0^0.0^0.6^31.2^3.2
^Michigan^212.1^188.4^5.1^0.0^0.0^11.1^7.5^0.0
^Georgia^209.7^86.6^0.9^15.0^21.5^0.9^73.2^11.6
^Washington^200.3^177.6^2.1^0.0^0.0^0.1^19.8^0.7
^Colorado^199.0^184.2^0.6^0.0^0.0^0.9^13.3^0.0
^Tennessee^190.9^108.8^1.7^33.8^0.0^6.2^29.1^11.3
^Idaho^147.0^135.1^2.2^0.0^0.0^0.1^9.4^0.1
^Alabama^112.6^76.8^0.4^0.1^7.1^1.1^19.9^7.3
^{South Carolina}^105.5^57.4^0.3^17.8^0.4^1.7^26.3^1.6
^Virginia^89.9^41.8^1.7^19.5^3.5^2.0^15.1^6.4
^Pennsylvania^87.4^45.4^9.4^0.0^0.0^1.6^30.0^1.0
^Arizona^87.3^82.0^0.4^0.0^0.0^0.0^3.4^1.5
^Oregon^86.9^70.8^1.0^0.0^0.0^0.1^14.1^0.8
^{New York}^84.4^58.4^10.8^0.0^0.0^0.7^13.4^1.1
^{New Mexico}^45.4^38.3^0.4^0.0^0.5^0.0^4.2^2.0
^Maryland^42.8^30.7^1.2^0.0^0.0^2.5^7.7^0.7
^Florida^36.6^15.9^0.6^3.6^2.8^0.1^10.8^2.9
^Wyoming^17.7^16.4^0.1^0.0^0.0^0.0^1.2^0.0
^Utah^17.4^14.4^1.0^0.0^0.0^0.2^1.5^0.3
^{Puerto Rico}^17.1^5.2^0.1^0.0^0.0^0.0^11.8^0.0
^{New Jersey}^16.7^5.2^0.3^0.0^0.0^0.5^10.6^0.1
^Delaware^11.7^9.1^0.1^0.0^0.0^1.0^1.5^0.0
^{West Virginia}^11.4^4.2^0.3^1.2^0.0^0.1^3.4^2.2
^Vermont^8.3^2.9^2.8^0.0^0.0^0.0^2.3^0.4
^{Massachusetts}^6.5^1.2^0.5^0.0^0.0^0.0^4.7^0.1
^Connecticut^6.4^1.8^0.5^0.0^0.0^0.0^4.1^0.1
^Maine^4.4^1.7^0.7^0.0^0.0^0.0^1.9^0.1
^Nevada^2.1^1.8^0.1^0.0^0.0^0.0^0.1^0.1
^{New Hampshire}^1.9^0.8^0.3^0.0^0.0^0.0^0.7^0.0
^{Rhode Island}^0.9^0.1^0.0^0.0^0.0^0.0^0.8^0.0
^Hawaii^0.5^0.0^0.0^0.0^0.0^0.0^0.0^0.4
^Alaska^0.4^0.3^0.0^0.0^0.0^0.0^0.0^0.1
^{Virgin Islands}^0.0^0.0^0.0^0.0^0.0^0.0^0.0^0.0
^Total^13,286.1^10,928.3^120.4^328.0^55.0^459.2^1,208.0^187.2^a
^{Payments to grains and cotton were made in two rounds.}^One-half^of^the^total^payments^was^madeⁱⁿ^late^1999,
^under^the^authority^of^P.L.^106-78.^{The other half were made in September 2000, under authority of P.L. 106-}
^224.
^Source:^{Congressional Research Service compilation of USDA Farm Service Agency data.}

Soybeans and Other Oilseeds
P.L. 106-78 authorized USDA to make $475 million in direct payments to growers
of a 1999 crop of soybeans or other oilseeds. The Act established the following formula
for making these payments: (1) a payment rate (to be determined by USDA) multiplied
by (2) a potential recipient’s crop yield (stated in bushels per acre), multiplied by (3) the
applicant’s eligible oilseed acres. Receiving nearly three-fourths of the FY2000 oilseed
payments were producers in Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Indiana, Ohio, Missouri and South
Dakota. Another $500 million in payments will be made to oilseed producers in FY2001,
under the authority provided in P.L. 106-224.
Tobacco
P.L. 106-78 provided $328 million in FY2000 emergency payments to tobacco
farmers who planted a 1998 or 1999 crop and were assigned a quota level for 1999 that
was below their 1998 quota. Because of tobacco market conditions, nearly all tobacco
quota holders were assigned a 1999 quota below 1998, thus making them eligible for
emergency payments. The Act directed USDA to allocate the $328 million to eligible
states, in proportion to the total reduction in quota for each state’s farmers. Consequently,
more than two-thirds of the payments accrued to Kentucky and North Carolina, the two
largest tobacco-producing states. Another $340 million in market loss payments will be
paid to tobacco growers in FY2001 as provided by P.L. 106-224.
Following enactment of P.L. 106-78, an additional $2.8 million in emergency tobacco
payments were made available by P.L. 106-113. These funds were earmarked for any
producer who had in an auction warehouse unsold tobacco that was damaged or destroyed
by a natural disaster. Most of this funding benefitted victims of Hurricane Floyd in North
Carolina.
Peanuts
P.L. 106-78 provided direct payments to producers of a 1999 peanut crop as
compensation for low commodity prices and continued increases in peanut production
costs. Payments were made to producers on produced quota or “additional” peanuts equal
to 5% of the loan rate set for each peanut category, which was $30.50 per ton for quota
peanuts and $8.75 per ton for additionals.² Of the estimated payments of $55 million in
payments made under this provision, approximately $21.5 million was paid to Georgia
producers. P.L. 106-224 provides similar payments in FY2001 for the 2000 peanut crop,
estimated by the Congressional Budget Office at $47 million.
Dairy
P.L. 106-78 required that $125 million be provided in the form of direct payments to
dairy farmers. Similar payments totaling $200 million were made to dairy farmers in 1999

² The federal government supports the farm price of peanuts primarily by limiting the supply of
peanuts for domestic food use (“quota” peanuts) at $610 per ton. Farmers can sell peanuts in
excess of quota (“additionals”) for export or crushing, but 1999 crop peanuts were supported at
$175 per ton.

under the authority of the FY1999 Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 105-
277). Under this program, payments were made to any dairy farmer based on their level
of production. However, a payment limit of $5,000 per producer targeted the payments
toward smaller producers. Milk producers in Wisconsin, Minnesota and New York
received approximately 40 percent of the total FY2000 dairy payments. A separate
provision in P.L. 106-78 extended for one year (through calendar year 2000) USDA’s
authority to administer the dairy price support program, which supports the farm price of
milk through USDA purchases of surplus dairy products at established prices.
Disaster Payments and Livestock Assistance
Crop Disaster Payments. In response to the 1999 Eastern drought, damage caused
by Hurricane Floyd in the Southeast, and other natural disasters, section 801 of P.L. 106-
78 made available $1.2 billion in direct disaster payments to farmers who incurred 1999
crop losses caused by any natural disaster, as determined by USDA. An additional $186
million in disaster payments was subsequently provided by P.L. 106-113.
Any farmer who experienced a natural disaster that reduced 1999 crop yields by more
than 35% of normal yields was potentially eligible for a disaster payment in FY2000.
Because total claims for disaster payments exceeded the amount appropriated, USDA
prorated its payment formula so that producers received 70% of the total payment they
would have received had the formula been fully funded. Disaster assistance for 2000 crop
losses is being considered in the context of the FY2001 agriculture appropriations bill.
(See CRS Report RL30501 for the status of this bill.)
Livestock Assistance. To assist livestock producers who experienced significant
losses caused by a natural disaster in 1999, P.L. 106-78 provided $200 million in livestock
assistance. USDA decided that these funds were to be disbursed primarily through the
Livestock Assistance Program, which financially assists livestock farmers who need to
replace forage losses caused by a natural disaster, and the Livestock Indemnity Program,
which helps producers replenish their livestock inventory when animals are killed by a
disaster. This funding was supplemented by $10 million in livestock assistance in P.L.
106-113, which was earmarked for any producer who raised livestock owned by other
persons and was adversely affected by a 1999 natural disaster. This primarily assisted
contract hog and poultry farmers in North Carolina who were affected by Hurricane Floyd.
Additional assistance for livestock producers is being considered within the FY2001
agriculture appropriations bill. (See CRS Report RL30501 for the status of this bill.)
Other Emergency Farm Assistance
In addition to the $13.3 billion in emergency direct payments provided to farmers
under the four enacted FY2000 supplemental measures, approximately $1.7 billion in
emergency funds was appropriated to various USDA programs under the same four acts.
Among the major provisions included in this amount are:
^!$400 million in additional premium subsidies for producers participating
in the federal crop insurance program in crop year 2000, to reduce the

farmer-paid cost of the program and increase program participation.
Another $250 million in additional program costs associated with higher
projected participation rates was also included.³
^!$201 million for the cotton step-2 export competitiveness program. Step
2 payments provide a subsidy to U.S. cotton users and exporters so that
domestic rather than foreign cotton will be used, even when U.S. cotton
is higher-priced.
^!$178.6 million in loan subsidies for additional farm loans to be made
through the Farm Service Agency. This subsidy was estimated to support
an additional $2.5 billion in direct and guaranteed farm loans.
^!$84 million for the Watershed and Flood Prevention Program to help
repair flood damage to watersheds and waterways near farmland.
^!$81 million in forgiveness of certain commodity price support loans, when
the collateral for the loan was destroyed by a natural disaster;
^!$77.6 million in additional funding for the salaries and expenses of
USDA’s Farm Service Agency, which administers both ongoing and
emergency farm commodity assistance programs;
^!$60 million in Emergency Conservation Program payments to help clean
up and rehabilitate flooded farmland;
^!$55 million for various rural housing and development loan and grant
programs, to help rural areas recover from natural disasters.
^!up to $20 million in additional Noninsured Assistance Program (NAP)
payments to farmers in regions that had been declared a disaster area by
either the President or USDA, but did not meet the 35% area minimum
loss requirement under NAP’s authorizing law. (NAP is a permanently
authorized program that makes disaster payments to growers of crops
that are ineligible for crop insurance. The area loss requirement was
removed permanently by the crop insurance provisions in P.L. 106-224).
^!$16 million in payments to commercial and residential citrus tree growers
in Florida to help replace trees removed to control citrus canker in the
state; and
^!assistance to Oregon for railroad repairs ($5 million) and forage loss
payments ($1.09 million) as a result of flooding.

³ Not included in the emergency spending figures is new spending of $8.2 billion authorized by the
Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-224) over a 5-year period (FY2001-05), to
make permanent enhancements to the crop insurance program.